Are you organized?

organization

Life is characterized by hierarchical levels of organization.

Animals are multicellular organisms with their specialized cells grouped into tissues.

Combinations of various tissues make up functional units called organs

Groups of organs that work together form organ systems.

Cell Tissues Organ Organ system

ORGANIZATION

organs

In all but the simplest animals (sponges and some cnidarians) different tissues are organized into organs

These organs also organized to form a group working together called ORGAN SYSTEMS.

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Immune Lymphatic Muscular

Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Excretory Reproductive Circulatory

Organ systems

Each organ system consists of several organs and has specific functionsOrgan system Main components Main Function

Digestive Mouth,pharynx, esophagus,stomach, intestines,liver, pancreas, anus

Food processing ( mastication, ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood

Internal distribution of materials

Respiratory Lungs, trachea, alveolus

Gas exchange (uptake of O2, disposal of carbon dioxide

Organ system Main Component Main Function

Immune and Lymphatic

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

Body defense

Excretory Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Endocrine Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, other hormone secreting glands

Coordination of body activities (digestion, metabolism)

Reproductive Ovary, testes, other associated organs

Reproduction

Organ system Main Component Main Function

Nervous Brain, spinal chord, nerves, sensory organs

Coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of response to them

Integumentary Skin and its derivatives

Protection against mechanical injury, infection, drying out

Skeletal Skeleton ( bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments)

Body support, protection of internal organs

Muscular Skeletal muscles Movement, locomotion

Digestive system

Digestion-The breakdown of large molecules (food) into small soluble molecules.

This is done by digestive juices and enzymes.

Once food is digested it can pass through your gut wall into your blood.

Your blood then carries the digested food all around your body where it is used for growth, movement and repairing cells.

Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary glands (chemical digestion) (MASTICATION).

The salivary glands produce enzymes (PTYALIN,AMYLASE) that are mixed with the food, breaking down the starches.

PERISTALSIS is the muscular action that moves the food through the esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow

STOMACH

stomach

The food (through peristaltic movement) moves into your stomach, which contains chemicalssuch as hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

FUNCTIONS:1.Storage and mixing of food bolus

from the esophagus2.Secrete substances that start

digestion of protein (enzymes, mucus, and HCl)

3.Help control the rate at which food moves into the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter.

Distention of stomach as food bolus enters Pepsin breaks proteins, and other enzymes (HCl)

break down fat

Salts and simple sugars can be absorbed rapidly

3-4 hours after a meal, stomach contents have been sufficiently mixed and are a semiliquid mass (CHYME)

Your stomach gradually releases these materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum), where digestion is completed.

Your stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to keep it from digesting itself!

Empty stomach- peristaltic waves stop. 10 hours of fasting- new waves occur

( HUNGER PANGS)

LIVER

largest and heaviest organ of your body breaks down many substances and toxins, and produces bile- a substance that helps

break down fat. The bile flows from the liver into the gall

bladder, where it is stored until needed. The pancreas lies between the stomach and

the duodenum and produces enzymes that flow into the small intestines, helping to break up complex starches, proteins, and fats.

FUNCTIONS

Conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into fat

Detoxification Heat producer ( raising

temperature of blood passing through it)

Manufacture bile salts Main storage center

SMALL INTESTINE

CHYME passesthrough an opening (called thepylorus sphincter)into the small intestines.

all the nutrients are absorbed leaving undigestible wastes.

These wastes pass into the largeintestines, where water is removed.

Then the wastes arestored in the rectum until they are released by the anus.

The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food andnutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your smallintestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.

trivia

• The human large intestine, or colon, ishome to many microorganisms, such asthe bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli).

• Certain foods contain large amounts of carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes cannot break down.

When these carbohydrates reach the largeintestine, our gut microbes respond by"having a party³ (reproducing rapidly,giving off gases such as methane andhydrogen sulfide as natural by-products oftheir activities).

This is the cause of the discomfort and flatulence associated with eating beans, cabbage, and other gas-promoting foods.

Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymesthat enable our microbes to break downcomplex carbohydrates are now availablein pill form.

If these are taken before a meal, the enzymes break down the carbohydrates in the small intestine so that they can be absorbed by the body before they reach the hungry throngs of bacteria living in the colon.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NASAL OR ORAL CAVITIES PHARYNX-common area for

respiratory and digestive tract Larynx- connected with the pharynx Epiglottis- flap, prevents food from

entering trachea when swallowing

INHALATION Air from the larynx moves into the

trachea (windpipe) Branches into right and left

bronchioles Then to terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles that connect

to the gas exchange portion of respiratory system

Gas exchange

Surrounding alveoli are many capillaries

Alveoli- functional unit of the lungs (gas exchange portion)

It is here that oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli

Pulmonary ventilation(breathing)2 PHASES

1.INHALATION-intake of air

2.EXHALATION-outflow of air

inhalation

Several sets of muscles contract (diaphragm and intercostal muscles)- ENLARGEMENT OF THORACIC CAVITY

Thoracic cavity is enlarged further when the diaphragms contracts and flattens

The increase size of the thoracic cavity causes the pressure in the cavity to drop below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to rush into the lungs, and they inflate.

exhalation

The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relaxes- smaller thoracic cavity

Abdominal muscles contract pushing the abdominal organs against the diaphragm, increasing pressure on thoracic cavity

Contraction of lungs and compression of air in alveoli-great alveolar pressure ( greater than atmospheric pressure)-expulsion of air

alveoli