are we really what we eat? what is what we eat? organic molecules where does what we eat come from?...
TRANSCRIPT
Are we really what we eat?What is what we eat?
Organic molecules
Where does what we eat come from?
Photosynthesis
What happens to what we eat?Enzymes
Cell transportCellular Respiration
Carbon cycle
How are our bodies specialized to use what we eat?
Cell organellesCell Specialization Gene Regulation
How can a meal become a growing strand of hair?
Mitosis Protein synthesis
Why can we eat the same things, but grow different looking hair?
MeiosisMolecular heredity
Patterns of inheritance
Why do some people have no hair?• Causes of disease
Driving Questions for Photosynthesis
and Cellular Respiration
• Nutrients consist of various chemical substances that make up our diet. We require a certain amount of nutrients to carry out essential life processes which require ENERGY!!!!
• Which of the 4 organic molecules provide us with energy? How?
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
What is what we eat?
Energy• Is the capacity to do work which
comes from the breaking of bonds and rearranging them to form new, and sometimes very different, products during a chemical reaction
• Matter is formed by energy
Watch:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a-kLYerQl8
Through 5:52
- Exothermic
- Endothermic
What is what we eat?
Exothermic• Combustion is an example of an exothermic
process. It is an exothermic chemical reaction (give out heat to the surroundings). E.g., Burning of coal
• The common observation in these reactions is that oxygen combines with carbon to release heat. These chemicals like coal or butane are known as fuels. Most of the fuels contain carbon and release carbon dioxide on combustion. The cleanest fuel is hydrogen because the product is water which is non polluting.
Energy
Endothermic
• Photosynthesis is an example of an endothermic chemical reaction. In this process, plants use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This reaction requires 15MJ of energy (sunlight) for every kilogram of glucose that is produced
Energy
Matter• Determined by the vibrations of
atoms (solids have a much higher vibration, or frequency, than gases)
Energy
Proteins• Composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H),
Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N)
• Enzymatic proteins catalyze chemical reactions by providing the activation energy
• Proteins from plant sources only have some of the amino acids we need (this is why vegetarians must use supplements)
What is what we eat?
• Proteins from animal sources have all of the essential amino acids we need
Carbohydrates• Major source of energy for the body
• Composed mostly of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and (O)
• When these elements bond they provide energy for the body in the form of kilocalories (kcal)
What is what we eat?
The body breaks down carbohydrates into its monomers called…..?
Glucose!!!!
Lipids• Composed of Carbon (C),
Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)– There are fewer O than in
Carbohydrates
• There are two types:1. Saturated
• Mostly from animals, solid at room temperature
• Saturated fatty acids can cause an increase in cholesterol leading to the clogging of arteries and heart disease
2. Unsaturated • Mostly from plants, liquid
at room temperature• Unsaturated fatty acids
help to regulate blood pressure and help to repair cell parts
What is what we eat?
Nucleic Acids• Do not provide us with energy
• Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) are where the instructions for cellular activities come from
• Ribonucleic Acids (RNA) are involved in the production of proteins– We know some proteins are
enzymatic and help to catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy
What is what we eat?
Where does what we eat come from?
Photosynthesis
Overview
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthetic autotrophs use sunlight energy to power chemical reactions which convert CO2 and water into food for themselves like carbohydrates such as cellulose (helps the plant stand up tall), starch, and oxygen which is released into the atmosphere
CO2 + Water Sugar + Oxygen
Light
Where does what we eat come from?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_17euLU_EM&feature=related
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.html
1. CO2 + Water make Glucose
• CO2 and water undergo a chemical reaction and glucose is produced
Photosynthesis
2. Two things can happen to glucose…
1. It can be burned through cellular respiration to make energy for the plant
2. It can be strung together to make carbohydrates like starch and cellulose which help the plant to stand up tall
Photosynthesis
3. Special molecules and structures
• Special molecules called chlorophyll contain specialized structures called chloroplasts which provide a place for photosynthesis to occur
Photosynthesis
What happens to what we eat?
1. Catalytic proteins called enzymes provide the activation energy required to jump start cellular respiration which converts substrates into products
2. Homeostasis is maintained by either the release or uptake of glucose
3. Cellular respiration is the chemical reaction that converts glucose into CO2 and water
4. Finally, energy flows and nutrients cycle!
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Enzyme involvement in cellular respiration
What happens to what we eat?
• Special enzymes speed up the reaction where sugar (solid) substrate bonds are broken and rearranged to form the products H2O and CO2 (gases)
Homeostasis• The blood glucose level is the amount of glucose in
the blood. Glucose is a sugar that comes from the foods we eat, and it's also formed and stored inside the body. It's the main source of energy for the cells of our body, and it's carried to each cell through the bloodstream. Blood glucose levels are regulated by the pancreas and the liver to maintain the delicate balance in the body.
What happens to what we eat?
Click the yellow Click the yellow circles for more circles for more informationinformation
How our bodies use glucose
Hyperglycemic• High blood sugar levels
happen when the body either can't make insulin (Type 1 Diabetes) or can't respond to insulin properly (Type 2 Diabetes). The body needs insulin so glucose in the blood can enter the cells of the body where it can be used for energy. In people who have developed diabetes, glucose builds up in the blood, resulting in hyperglycemia.
• Having too much sugar in the blood for long periods of time can cause serious health problems if it's not treated. Hyperglycemia can cause damage to the vessels that supply blood to vital organs, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, kidney disease, vision problems, and nerve problems in people with diabetes.
Homeostasis
Hypoglycemic
• Hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. When blood glucose begins to fall, glucagon—another hormone made by the pancreas—signals the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream. Blood glucose will then rise toward a normal level. In some people with diabetes, this glucagon response to hypoglycemia is impaired.
Homeostasis
Cellular Respiration
– Aerobic Respiration– Anaerobic Respiration
What happens to what we eat?
Useful Links:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3z6dq-T68zs
Aerobic Respiration
• The breakdown of sugars in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP energy, CO2 and Water
Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
• Two Types:– Alcoholic Fermentation– Lactic Acid Fermentation
• The breakdown of sugars in absence of oxygen, or “without air”, to produce ATP energy
Cellular Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation
• After sugar and starch have metabolized, pyruvic acid (coenzyme) is the end product which then teams up with NADH and undergoes a chemical reaction which yields the products alcohol, CO2 and NAD+
• Yeast use this processWhen yeast run out of oxygen, they begin to ferment which releases alcohol and CO2. The CO2 causes air spaces which make the dough rise and the alcohol is burned off during baking.
Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• In many cells pyruvic acid accumulates as a result of the breakdown of sugars (glycolysis), through a chemical reaction the reactants can be converted into lactic acid and NAD+ which is used to power more glycolysis
• This process can happen in our muscles if our cells aren’t getting enough oxygen during exercise
Anaerobic Respiration
Energy flows and nutrients cycle
• Energy flows from the sun to the autotrophs which do photosynthesis. Consumers like humans use the starch/sugars from plants we eat and the oxygen they provide us to breathe to produce ATP energy, CO2 and H2O
What happens to what we eat?
- Energy
- Nutrients
Energy
• Energy gets used up during chemical reactions, 1% of the suns energy gets passed on to the producers and only 10% is passed on to the higher trophic levels thereafter
En
erg
y F
low
s
Energy flows and Nutrients cycle
Nutrients• Nutrients flow throughout a system
– Example: CO2 is sequestered by plants from the atmosphere, the plants use the CO2 to make glucose and O2. Plants use the glucose to get energy and to make cellulose/starch to stand up tall. Humans breathe oxygen and use it for the process of cellular respiration which produces CO2 that returns to the atmosphere and water. Additionally, when decomposers break down dead organic matter, they release CO2 into the air and some is stored in fossil fuels.
Energy flows and Nutrients cycle
How are our bodies specialized to use what we
eat?
• TBA
How can a meal become a growing
strand of hair?• TBA
Why can we eat the same things but grow different
looking hair?
• TBA
Why do some people have no hair?
• TBA