ARCTIC HEATING NOT DUE TO CO2!

LOW DIRECT SOLAR RADIANCECONVECTIVE HEAT FROM TROPICS ( 2ND LAW!!)CLOUDS TRAP THIS HEAT, ANDCLOUDS REDUCE RERADIATION OF IR TO ATMOSPHERE

1.CLOUDS

2.COAL BURNING W/O SCRUBBERSEMIT AEROSOLS AND SOOTAEROSOLS USUALLY RELECT SUN AND LEAD TO COOLINGBUT IF COATED WITH SOOT, AEROSOLS LEAD TO HEATINGSOOT ALSO COATS ICE AND LEADS TO MELTING

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M.E. 2003. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425: 365

1.MODELS PREDICT INCREASED ACIDIFICATION• Caldeira et al predict 0.7 drop in pH by 2003 based on estimated drop of 0.1from pre-industrial level

2.MEASUREMENTS SUGGEST PH VARIES HISTORICALLY•Corals show past pH has been higher and lower than today

Liu, Y., Liu, W., Peng, Z., Xiao, Y., Wei, G., Sun, W., He, J. Liu, G. and Chou, C.-L. 2009. Instability of seawater pH in the South China Sea during the mid-late Holocene: Evidence from boron isotopic composition of corals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73: 1264-1272.

Reconstructed pH history of the South China Sea. Created from Table 1 of Liu et al. (2009).

Reconstructed pH history of Flinders Reef of the Western Coral Sea of the Southwestern Pacific. Adapted from Pelejero et al. (2005).

Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., McCulloch, M.T., Marshall, J.F., Gagan, M.K., Lough, J.M. and Opdyke, B.N. 2005. Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH. Science 309: 2204-2207.

Reconstructed pH history of Arlington Reef off the northeast coast of Australia.

Wei, G., McCulloch, M.T., Mortimer, G., Deng, W. and Xie, L. 2009. Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 73: 2332-2346