archaeology and the bible the history of archaeology

8/7/2019 Archaeology and the Bible the History of Archaeology

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I. WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGY?

1. Etymology of the word Archaeology�Archaios

�Logos

2. The modern sense of the word archaeology�The study of the material remains of the

past

3. The Aim of archaeology

�to discover, rescue, observe, and preserve

buried fragments of antiquity and to use them

to help construct ancient life.



II. The study of archaeology has four basic divisions:1. Pre-historic archaeology

2. Pre-classical archaeology

3. Classical archaeology4. Historical archaeology

Archaeology, then, is an auxiliary science of history. It is the hand maid of history.



III. The Beginnings of Archaeology

�Herculeaneum (1738)

�Pompeii (1748)

�1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt

IV. Archaeology and the Bible�Archaeology of the Bible f all under the category of

pre-classical .

�Syro-Palestinian archaeology

�Focuses primary on the Bronze Age, the Iron Age,

and the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods in

that land.



I. Six Phases on Archaeology

A. Phase 1: Individual Investigation [1838-1865]

B. Phase 2: Investigation by Society (1865-1890)C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914)

D. Phrase 4: Systematic Archaeology (1918-1940)

E. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948-1967)

F. Phase 6: New Horizons (1967- present)





1.began with topographic surveys andhistorical-geographical studies

i. Edward Robinson (1794-1863)

a) I had long meditated the preparation of a work of biblical geography, and

wished but could f ind no information in

the books of travelers (Robinson 1856,

1:36).







ii. George W. Smith (1856-1942)iii. The works of Robinson and Smith alone

surpass the total of all pervious

contributions to Palestinian geography

from the time of Eusebius and Jerome to

the early nineteenth century. according

to Albrecht (1939, 374),







ii. George W. Smith (1856-1942)iii. Victor Guerin [1852-1875]




B. Phase 2: Investigation by Society (1865-1890

1. This period was categorized by the establishment of learned societies dedicated

to investigation of the ancient Near East.

2. The f irst to be founded was the Palestine Exploration Fund. Wilson.

3. In 1871 the Palestine Exploration Fund

decided to undertake the daunting task of

surveying and mapping the entire land of

Palestine west of the Jordan River. completed

in 1877 published in four volumes in 1880 .




C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914)

A. Herinrich Schlliemann at Troy Schliemann had discovered that the site of ancient Troy

was a mound that represented a series of

occupational layers.B. 1890.William M. Flinders Petrie

1. applied the groundbreaking work of to the

archaeology of Palestine.

2. Petrie appropriated that concept, called

stratigraphy and used it in his excavations

at the Palestinian site of Tell el-Hesse




C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914)

The foundations of the discipline were laid in the

first appreciation of the true nature of the tell and

how it was formed. Archaeologist began to learnhow to disentangle the successive strata and to data

each by its contents, particularly the pottery

(Dever 1980, 42)





1.Between the world wars, archaeology in

Palestine came of age

2.chronology of ancient Palestine came into focus

3. Sophisticated techniques, methodology, and

scholarly competence

4.C.S. Fisher. prof essor of archaeology at the

American School in Jerusalem.i. Beth Shean (1921),

ii. Megiddo (1925),

iii. Beth Shemesh (1928).

5.William F. Albright




5. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948-

1967)1. Between WWII & Israeli War 1948

i. Hostile and Volatile

ii. Little Work in Archaeology took placeiii. Kathlen Kenyon

i. Jericho

ii. Balk Method

Here she dug smaller squares (usually 5 * 5 m) within

a grid, leaving intervening catwalks, or balks, which

were then used to see the debris in section and to

guide caref ul probing and stripping of the debris




5. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948-

1967)Here she dug smaller squares (usually 5 * 5 m) within

a grid, leaving intervening catwalks, or balks, which

were then used to see the debris in section and toguide caref ul probing and stripping of the debris

(Dever 1980, 44).





1. multidisciplinary approach2. osteologists, botanists, geologists,

zoologists, and other specialists.



I. Six Phases on Archaeology (Review)


B. Phase 2: Investigation by Society (1865-1890)C. Phrase 3: Tell Excavation (1890-1914)


E. Phase 5: A Methodological Revolution (1948-1967)


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