archaeological report - stagpark 1, co. cork (ireland)

Issue 10 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

04E1120 - Stagpark 1, Co. Cork

Bronze Age and Iron Age features

Eachtra Journal

The Forge,Innishannon, Co. Cork.Tel.: 021 470 16 16Fax: 021 470 16 28E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

Contact details:

July 2006

Client:

Final Excavation Report of Bronze Age and Iron Age features at Stagpark,N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road,Co. Cork

Cork County Council,National Roads Office,Richmond,Glanmire,Co. Cork.

04E1120

Bruce Sutton

Licence No.:

Licensee:

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Stagpark 1, Co. Cork - N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road04E1120 ISSUE 10: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237

Table of Contents

i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ iv

ii Project details .....................................................................................................v

iii Non-Technical Summary ................................................................................... vi

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1

1.1 Site location ..................................................................................................1

1.2 Scope of the Project ......................................................................................1

1.3 Circumstances of discovery ..........................................................................1

1.4 Date and duration of excavation works .........................................................2

1.5 Size and composition of the excavation team ................................................2

2 Receiving Environment ......................................................................................3

2.1 The Natural Landscape ................................................................................3

2.2 The Human Landscape ................................................................................4

3 Original Research Framework ............................................................................8

4 Excavation Results ..............................................................................................9

4.1 Excavation Methodology ..............................................................................9

4.2 Full Stratigraphic Report ..............................................................................9

5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 15

6 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 16

6.1 Other Sources .............................................................................................17

7 Figures ............................................................................................................... 18

8 Plates .................................................................................................................28

9 Appendices ........................................................................................................34

9.1 Appendix 1: Matrices .................................................................................34

9.2 Appendix 2: Context Register .....................................................................44

9.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register .........................................................................71

9.4 Appendix 4: Plant Remains Report for 04E1120 ........................................72

9.5 Appendix 5: Pottery Report ........................................................................74

9.6 Appendix 6: Lithics Finds Report for 04E1020 – Mitchelstown .................76

9.7 Appendix 7: Bone Report ...........................................................................77

9.8 Appendix 8: Summary account of site archive .............................................78

9.9 Appendix 9: Dissemination Strategy ............................................................78

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List of FiguresFigure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. ...........................18

Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO019 & CO010 showing route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. .. ..............................................................................................................................................19

Figure 3: Portion of 1st edition maps sheets 10 & 19 showing Mitchelstown Demesne and the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Road. ................................................................................................................. 20

Figure 4: Route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of all archaeological sites. .......21

Figure 5 Portion of route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of Excavation Areas A, B and C. ..............................................................................................................................................22

Figure 6: Post-excavation plan Area A. .................................................................................................23

Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and section of hearth C.22 Area A. ..................................................... 24

Figure 8: Sections of C.66 and C.110 Area A. ......................................................................................25

Figure 9: Post-excavation plan and sections Area B. .............................................................................26

Figure 10: Post-excavation plan Area C. ...............................................................................................27

List of PlatesPlate 1: Area A post-excavation from east. .............................................................................................28

Plate 2: Area A post-excavation from west. ............................................................................................28

Plate 3: View of hearth C.22 mid-excavation Area A. ...........................................................................29

Plate 4: View of hearth C.22 post-excavation Area A. ...........................................................................29

Plate 5: View of pit C.110 mid-excavation Area A. ................................................................................30

Plate 6: View of pit C.66 mid-excavation Area A. .................................................................................30

Plate 7: View of pit C.83 pre-excavation Area A. ...................................................................................31

Plate 8: View of pit C.83 mid-excavation Area A. .................................................................................31

Plate 9: View of pits C.1014 and C.1001 mid-excavation Area B. ..........................................................32

Plate 10: View of eastern section pit C.1001 Area B. .............................................................................32

Plate 11: View of pit C.2002 Area C. ....................................................................................................33

Plate 12: View of pit C.2004 Area C. ....................................................................................................33

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i Acknowledgements

Eachtra Archaeological Projects would like to acknowledge the following organisations and people for their contributions to this project.

Cork County Council Ken Hanley Project Archaeologist for Cork County CouncilDavid Herbert Plant Hire Ltd

The Site Excavation teamKaren Buckley, Helen Doyle, Ian Magee, Vera Manning, Ciaran O’Seaghdha and Bruce Sutton.

The Post-Excavation teamKaren Buckley, Sara Camplese, Anluan Dunne, Enda O’Mahoney, Bruce Sutton and Robin Turk.

Archaeological SpecialistsPlant remains report by Abigail Brewer and Penny Johnston, Burnt bone report by Linda Fibiger, Pot-tery report by Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan and Lithics report by Farina Sternke.

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Project details

Project N8 Mitchelstown Relief RoadSite Name Stagpark 1Site Type Bronze Age and Iron Age featuresLicence No. 04E1120Licensee Bruce Sutton

Townland StagparkNat. Grid Ref. 180057 111912 – 180042 112007

Report Type Excavation ReportReport Status Final Report

Date of Submission July 2006Distribution Ken Hanley, Project Archaeologist Cork County Council, Dept. of the En-vironment, Heritage and Local Government, National Museum of Ireland and Cork Archaeological Survey Office.

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Non-Technical SummaryThis report details the results of an archaeological excavation undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects of a site on the route of the proposed N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road, on behalf of Cork County Council. The proposed bypass involves the construction of 4.5km of the N8 from Cloonlough, south of Mitchelstown, to the junction of the R513 and the N8, north of Mitchelstown.

Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in June, July and Septem-ber 2004 under licences 04E0889-04E0892 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test sites of ar-chaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying and to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing.

Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the bypass in order to avoid delays and costs during construction works. This phase of the project was carried out from September-December 2004 and excavations were conducted by two licensed directors under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. In total five sites were excavated during this phase of works and all excavations were carried out initially under separate licences issued by DoEHLG and subsequently under Ministe-rial Order.

One of these sites, Stagpark 1 is the subject of this report. It was identified in the testing in the town-land of Stagpark, between chainages 1400-1500 of the proposed road scheme and excavated under Licence Number 04E1120. The site comprised a complex of features dating to the Early Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age and Iron Age.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Site locationThis report details the results of the archaeological excavation of a site on N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road (MRR), County Cork (National Grid Co-ordinates 180057 111912 – 180042 112007). The site is located c.1.5 km to the west of Mitchelstown, 700m south of the N73 Mitchelstown to Mallow road (Figure 1). It is located in the townland of Stagpark, the Parish of Brigown and barony of Condons and Clangibbon.

1.2 Scope of the ProjectThis Archaeological Services Project was carried out on behalf of Cork County Council, National Roads Design Office, Richmond, Glanmire, Co. Cork. This project was funded by the Irish Govern-ment under the National Development Plan, 2000-2006. The purpose of the Project was to conduct Archaeological Site Investigations within the lands made available for the scheme and to assess the nature and extent of any new or potential archaeological sites uncovered. Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in June, July and Septem-ber 2004 under licences 04E0889-04E0892 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test sites of ar-chaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying and to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing. Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the bypass in order to avoid delays and costs during construction works. This phase of the project was carried out from September-December 2004 and excavations were conducted by two licensed directors under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. In total five sites were excavated during this phase of works and all excavations were carried out initially under separate licences issued by DoEHLG and subsequently under Ministe-rial Order.Following completion of fieldwork a dissemination strategy was undertaken and submitted to the project archaeologist. A programme of post-excavation analysis was agreed and commenced. It is pro-posed that all final reports will be submitted to the relevant authorities by December 2005 and that publication and public lectures/seminars will follow thereafter. A lecture on the preliminary findings was given to Mitchelstown Historical Society in May 2005 by the project and senior archaeologists. It is envisaged that a second lecture will be given to Mitchelstown Historical Society during their au-tumn/winter programme 2006-07.

1.3 Circumstances of discoveryPrehistoric archaeological material was discovered at Stagpark 1 during archaeological test trenching undertaken in June 2004 under licence 04E0890. Topsoil in the vicinity of the sites was subsequently stripped by tracked machine using a flat bucket under the direction of the licensed director. When the limits of the site had been determined, full excavation of the site commenced under license 04E1120.



1.4 Date and duration of excavation worksThe excavation commenced on 11th August 2004 under licence 04E1120 and was completed on the 3rd September 2004.

1.5 Size and composition of the excavation teamThe archaeological excavation team consisted of the license holder, one supervisor, three site assistants and one general operative.



2 Receiving Environment

2.1 The Natural Landscape

2.1.1 Geology

The topography of East Cork and Waterford consists of east-west orientated valleys separated by in-tervening ridges. The ridges consist of sandstones and mudstones of the Devonian Period (Old Red Sandstone) laid down 355-410 million years ago and the valleys of Carboniferous limestones laid down 290-355 million years ago. The sediments covering many of the rocks are mainly of glacial origin deposited by glacial ice or meltwater (Sleeman et al. 1995, 1). Major earth movements have resulted in the uplifting and folding of the rock units. Anticlines occur when local uplift results in a convex upward fold. Synclines occur when local uplift results in a concave upward fold (ibid. 3). The Mitchelstown Syncline is composed of a variety of Carboniferous Formations. Three of these for-mations are located in the area of the route of the N8 MRR. The Croane Formation is composed of a mixture of mudstones and cherts and is estimated to be about 300m thick (ibid. 31). The Rathronan Formation is composed of micrites, wackestones and cherts (ibid. 32). The O’Mahony’s Rock Forma-tion consists of micrites, packstones, wackestones and grainstones and is estimated to be about 100m thick. The type area is between Mitchestown Castle and Killee House to the west (ibid.).

2.1.2 Soils and their uses

The soils to the north of the Gradoge River to the west of Mitchelstown are characterised by a mix of acid brown earths, gleys and grey brown podzolics, which are derived from mixed sandstone and limestone glacial till while the underlying rock is Carboniferous limestone. The acid brown earths and gleys occur in the gently rolling valleys of Cork and Waterford mainly at altitudes of 0-75m (Gardiner 1980, 61). The soils have a wide use range and are suitable for tillage and grass production. The soils to the south of the Gradoge River are characterized by a mix of gleys and peaty gleys which are derived from glacial till of mixed sandstone-shale composition with a small admixture of limestone in places. They occur mostly at altitudes of 76m to 152m. The soils have a limited use range as they are poorly drained even on good slopes. They are best suited to grassland (ibid. 77-79)

2.1.3 Topography

The route of the N8 Mitchelstown relief road (MRR) traverses the townlands of Cloonlough, Stag Park and Mitchelstown on the western side of the town of Mitchelstown. The route extends from the N8 c. 1km south of Mitchelstown, crosses the N73 Mitchelstown/Mallow road, the Gradoge River Valley and traverses the ridge on the northern side of the river valley to the junction of the R513 Mitch-elstown/Ballylanders road and rejoins the N8. The northern half of the route traverses Mitchelstown Demesne, breaching the estate wall at the junction with the N73 and the R513. The southern half of the route climbs from c. 120m OD to 130m OD before descending to the banks of the Gradoge River, 80m OD and climbing northwards to the apex of the limestone ridge 110m OD.



The land is for the most part under pasture and is located at an altitude of between 80-130m OD. The landscape of the Mitchelstown area is dominated by the Galtee Mountains to the north, the Bal-lyhoura Mountains to the west and the Kilworth Mountains (the foothills of the Knockmealdown Mountains) to the south. The Gradoge River is a tributary of the Funshion River. It rises south of Mitchelstown on the southern slopes of the Kilworth Mountains and drains into the Funshion to the immediate west of the route of the N8 MRR. The River Funshion drains into the River Blackwater south of Kilworth.

The site of Stagpark 1 was located at the top of a hill in an area of pastoral grassland. The ground sloped away at a gentle gradient on all sides. The area commands extensive views in all directions, par-ticularly to the north and south. The drainage within the field was poor and there was a large active field drain that extended across the southwest corner of the site. The field to the south, which lay down slope, was also extremely waterlogged and an area of rushes could be traced around a depression in the field, possibly delineating the extent of an old pond.

2.2 The Human Landscape

2.2.1 Archaeological Background

There is a paucity of known archaeological sites within a 2 km radius of the route of the N8 MRR. Three prehistoric sites, fulachta fiadh (CO019-019, -020, -021) are recorded in Stagpark and Bal-lykearney between 100-500m of the route corridor. The site of Mitchelstown Castle (CO019-026), the associated demesne and the historic town of Mitchelstown (CO019-149) are the principle medieval and post-medieval sites in the vicinity of the route corridor (Figures 2 and 3).

2.2.2 Mesolithic 7000 BC - 4000 BC

The earliest known human settlement in Ireland dates from the Mesolithic period (c. 7000 BC - 4000 BC). In Munster, the majority of the evidence (flint scatters) for Mesolithic occupation has ‘come from the Blackwater valley in Co. Cork’ (Woodman 1989, 116). Flint scatters were recorded in the townlands of Ballynamona (CO018-099) and Wallstown (CO018-100) on the northern and southern sides of the Awbeg river respectively c. 15km to the west of the route of the N8 MRR (Power et. al. 2000, 2).

2.2.3 Neolithic 4000 BC -2500 BC

The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the beginnings of the clearance of the woodlands. The population increased and became more sedentary in nature. Sub-stantial Neolithic settlement sites have been recorded at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick and Cloghers, Co. Kerry. The material culture includes the manufacture of pottery, flint and stone arrowheads, scrapers, axes etc. The range of monuments types includes Megalithic tombs (court tombs, portal tombs, pas-sage tombs and wedge tombs), single burial graves and stone circles.



There is a paucity of evidence for Neolithic settlement sites in the south-west of Ireland. Recent in-frastructural development has increased the amount of Neolithic sites in County Cork. The nearest known Neolithic house was excavated on the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy in the townland of Gortore. The structure was dated to the Early Neolithic cal BC 3928-3655 (UB 6769). Further evidence of the Neolithic was recorded at Fermoy and Curraghprevin.

2.2.4 Bronze Age 2000 BC -500 BC

The Bronze Age is characterised by the introduction of metallurgy, the mining of copper ores and manufacture of copper, bronze and gold items. The range of burial site types includes, cist graves, pit and urn burials, cremation cemeteries, barrows, ring-ditches and wedge tombs. Stone circles and standing stones also date to the Bronze Age. Both enclosed and unenclosed settlement sites are known. The most prolific Bronze Age site type is the fulacht fiadh, over 2,000 examples have been recorded in County Cork alone. These monuments survive as low mounds of charcoal rich black silt packed with heat-shattered stones and are generally situated close to a water source. In many cases, however, all that survives to the present day are black spreads with fragments of shattered stones visible in ploughed fields. Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cooking places’, whereby stones were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough of water, the water continued to boil with the addition of hot stones and wrapped food was cooked within the hot water. The trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and charcoal that were removed and formed the basis of the familiar mound. The absence of animal remains and the scarcity of associated hearths have fuelled the debate in relation to the func-tion of the sites. Other theories on their interpretation include bathing and dyeing textiles together with the production of hot water and steam for curative purposes and sweat houses (Kelly 1989, 225). Waddell (1998, 177) suggests the semi-industrial purpose of using the boiling water for dipping hides as part of the preparation of the leather, while Dunne (pers. comm.) suggests a relationship between burnt mounds and Bronze Age funerary rites and burial practices.

There are few wedge tombs or stone circles known from north or east Cork. Two of the exceptions are wedge tombs located at Labbacallee (CO027-086) and at Manning (CO027-091) both located c. 8 km south of the N8 MRR. Labbacallee is one of the largest wedge tombs in the country.

The cemetery of Mitchelstowndown West contains 53 small barrows. Four of this group were selected for excavation by the Discovery Programme (Daly et. al. 1992, 44). The site of the cemetery is located 16 km to the north of the N8 MRR.

Until recently Bronze Age settlement sites were a rarity in North Cork. A Bronze Age occupation site was recorded underlying the medieval ringfort Lisleagh I (CO027-158) c.3.5km to the south of the N8 MRR (Power et. al. 2000, 210). A house site was excavated at Killydonoghoe on the route of the N8 Glanmire-Watergrasshill Bypass (Sherlock, 2003). A large Bronze Age settlement site consisting of four enclosures and three circular houses was excavated in 2003 at Ballybrowney on the route of the



N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy (Cotter 2004, 38). A Middle Bronze Age settlement site was excavated in Mitchelstown (04E1072), a complex of Early and Late Bronze Age pits were excavated in Stagpark (04E1120) and three fulachta fiadh were exca-vated in Stagpark (04E1121 & 04E1119) on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. In addition a rare and important hoard of Early Bronze Age pottery was excavated on the banks of the Gradoge River (04E1071).

2.2.5 Iron Age 500 BC – 400 AD

At present, there is little evidence of a significant Iron Age presence in the Cork region. Settlement sites are few and far between as well as being difficult to identify (Woodman, 2000) while the material cul-ture of this period is limited. Linear earthworks, which are believed to have marked tribal boundaries are one of the most visible monuments of the period. Three separate stretches of one such boundary, the Claidh Dubh, have been recorded in County Cork. The longest stretch, c. 24 km extends from the Nagle Mountains, across the Blackwater valley and into the Ballyhoura Hills. The Claidh Dubh crosses the N73 c. 12km west of the N8 MRR. Radiocarbon dating following excavation of a section of it revealed it dated to some time before 100AD (Doody 1995, 23).

Three of the five hillfort sites in Cork are located in North Cork (Power et al, 2000, 205). Caherdrinny is located at the western end of the Kilworth Mountains, c. 3 km to the south of the N8 MRR and Corrin is located at the eastern end of the Nagle Mountains c. 15 km to the south of the N8 MRR.

A complex of monuments in Conva townland (c. 15 km to the southwest of the N8 MRR) was identi-fied by aerial photography in the Blackwater Valley. Crop marks indicated three enclosures (CO034-7201, -7202, -7203) and a number of large pits (CO034-7204) possibly comprising a rectangular enclosure. The site was investigated in 1992 by Martin Doody of the Discovery Programme which involved geophysical prospection, topographic survey and trial excavation. Sections were dug through the three enclosures and through four of the large pits. Metal debris was discovered and radiocarbon dates indicated that the complex dated to the Iron Age/Early Medieval period.

A complex of pits, dating to the Iron Age, cal BC 346-45 (UB6719) was excavated in Stagpark (04E1120) on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

2.2.6 Early Medieval 400 AD – 1000 AD

The Early Medieval Period/Early Christian Period is characterised by the arrival of Christianiaty to Ireland. Early ecclesiastical sites are located at Brigown (CO019-030) on the southeastern side of Mitchelstown and to the west of the N8 MRR at Aghacross (CO019-002), Leabba Molagga and Mar-shalstown. The monastery of Brigown founded in the 7th century gives its name to the modern parish (Power 1996, 3).



The characteristic monument type of the period was the ringfort. Ringforts are the most numerous archaeological monument dating to the Early Christian Period, found in Ireland, with estimates of between 30 and 50,000 illustrated on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6” maps of the 1840’s (Barry, 1987). As a result of continued research these monuments have a narrow date range during the Early Christian period between the 7th and 9th centuries AD. Although there are some very elaborate examples of ringforts they often take the form of a simple earth or stone enclosure and functioned as settlements for all classes of secular society (Stout, 1997). A major research excavation of two ringfort was undertaken at Lisleagh c. 3.5km to the south of the route of the N8 MRR. Structural, domestic and industrial evidence was recorded at both sites. A number of stake and wattle round houses, and iron working were recorded in Lisleagh I. Two phases of occupation were recorded at Lisleagh I. The Lisleagh I was constructed in the early seventh century and was occupied into the ninth century AD (Monk 1995, 105-116).

2.2.7 Medieval 1000 AD – 1300 AD & Late Medieval 1300 AD -1500 AD

The period is characterized by the arrival of the Anglo-Normans. Mitchelstown was formerly known as Brigown / Mitchelstown (CO019-149). It was listed as a market town in 1299 and was located on the southern bank of the Gradoge River, to the east of Mitchelstown Castle (Power, D. et al. 2000, 595). The town developed under the patronage of the House of Desmond. It passed into the hands of the Earls of Kingston in the 17th century (Power 1996, 23). Mitchelstown Castle was located on a limestone ridge on the southern bank of the Gradoge River. The first settlers, the Anglo-Norman FitzGibbons, held the title of White Knights. Their territory extended from Mitchelstown to Kilmallock (Power 2000, 1) and they built a tower house on the ridge. The White Knight lineage ended in the 17th century and the estate passed through marriage into the hands of the Fenton family (ibid. 3) and ultimately to the Kingstons. The earlier castle was destroyed in the wars of 1641.

A corn-drying kiln dating to the Later Medieval Period cal AD 1310-1434 (UB 6833) was excavated in Stagpark 2 (04E1121).

2.2.8 Post-Medieval 1500 AD – 1800 AD

In 1776 Lord Kingsborough, the 2nd earl of Kingston, created the new town of Mitchelstown. He demolished the old town between Kingston College and the Castle. Kingston College developed into a Georgian square. The new town was centred between the two parallel main streets of George Street and Cork Street. King Square and New Market Square became the focal points of the town (ibid.). St George’s Church, built in 1801, was located at the southern end of George Street and King Square at the northern end. New Market Square was located midway and on the western side of Cork Street. The new town was built on 138 acres.

Lord Kingsborough, the second earl of Kingston, built a new mansion on the site of the White Knights castle and a demesne around the mansion in the 18th century. A demesne wall was constructed around



the parkland of some 1240 acres. The wall was ‘six-and-a-quarter-mile long…between eight and ten feet in height’ (Power 1996, 24). All public roads that were located within the area of the demesne were closed and rerouted on the periphery of the wall. Entry to the demesne was gained through Mallow Gate also known as White Gate, Limerick Gate and the main entrance was at King Square. Extensive works were undertaken within the area of the demesne which resulted in ‘a quadrangle of buildings, a garden of five English acres surrounded by a wall, large conservatories and lavishly arranged gardens became part of the scene. Two artificial lakes were developed beneath the rockface on which the castle stood ’ (ibid., 24). Several hundred acres of woodland comprising of oak, ash, larch, beech and alder were planted within the demesne. In 1823 the third earl of Kingston demolished the Georgian house and built a new castle on the same site. The architects James and George Pain designed and built this neo-Gothic castellated mansion. The limestone buildings formed three sides of a courtyard (Power 1996, 42).

Mitchelstown Castle was burnt by Republican forces in 1922. The stone was bought by the Cistercian Monks of Mount Melleray and reused to build a church. Few traces of the castle are visible today. At present, Dairygold occupies the site of the former castle. The 1240 acres of parkland was divided into farms, the town park and a golf course.

3 Original Research FrameworkThe following issues will be addressed in this excavation report.The construction date or date of initial site activity and the date of abandonment.The absolute / relative chronology of site use in terms of phases and events.The location of known contemporaneous and comparable sites.The extent of the viable economic catchment area in terms of sources of water, food, raw materials,

transportation routes etc



4 Excavation Results

4.1 Excavation MethodologyThree areas were excavated under license 04E1120 at Stagpark 1 (Figure 5). The site was divided into three areas of activity, A, B and C. Area A was located on the summit of the hill, it measured 25m N-S by 38m E-W. Area B was located 15m to the north with an area of excavation that measured 15m N-S by 10m E-W. Area C was located 25m downslope to the north. The area of excavation measured 8m N-S by 15m E-W.

A grid was established in each area of excavation of Stagpark 1 and the ground within it was cleaned by hand to locate and identify all archaeological features. Each identified feature was excavated, planned, photographed and recorded, with every fill and cut being assigned a context number. Charcoal and soil samples were taken from appropriate fills where necessary. All artefacts were retrieved, registered, bagged and labelled.

4.2 Full Stratigraphic ReportSee Appendix 1 for the full stratagraphic matrix

4.2.1 Stratigraphic sequencing

4.2.1.1 Area A

A total of 95 features were excavated across Area A at Stagpark 1 (Figure 6). This included 59 stake-holes, 10 postholes and 27 pits of various sizes. An Early Bronze Age date and a Middle Iron Age date were returned for two of the features.

A single fragment of flint (04E1120:213:4) was recovered from the topsoil in Area A; it was identified as a small core, un-diagnostic in nature. Many of the features can be roughly grouped in to clusters of pits, postholes and stakeholes, with some isolated features scattered across the site. Unless otherwise stated the features contained single fill.

Early Bronze AgeTwo small pits (C.83 and C.84) were located in the southern central portion of the site, 1.2m apart. Pit C.83 contained a single silt fill which included frequent charcoal. The charcoal was identified as ash and returned a radiocarbon date of cal BC 1885-1690 (UB-6721). Pit C.84 contained two fills (C.92 and C.93). The upper silt fill included charcoal and minute flecks of burnt bone. The burnt bone was too small and degraded to be extracted and identified but the charcoal from this pit was also identi-fied as ash. While the pits contained burnt fills the material had not been burnt in situ. The pits were similar in terms of size and fill to two pits (C.2002 and C.2004) located c.100m to the north in Area C and they were interpreted as possible cremation pits.



A single pit (C.143) and stakehole (C.136) were located c. 2m to the northeast of the possible cremation pits and another single pit (C.119), stakehole (C.124) and posthole (C.129) were located c. 5m to the south of the possible cremation pits.

Late Bronze Age A large steep sided hearth-pit C.22 was located in the northwestern area of the site. The three fills (C.21, C.26 and C.27) included a large quantity of burnt clay and charcoal. The base of the hearth was heat-scorched. It was the only feature on site that displayed definite evidence of in situ burning. A single stakehole cut the base of the hearth and two stakeholes were located to the south and north of the hearth respectively.

A cluster of three pits (C.13, C.20 and C.29) were located to the southeast of the hearth. The fill of pit C.20 included two sherds of Late Bronze Age pottery (04E1120:19:1 and 2). Another pit C.9 was located to the northwest. Eight stakeholes (C.6, C.15, C.18, C.24, C.31, C.33, C.35 and C.39) were located within 2.5m of the hearth. Although the stakeholes appeared to form no obvious pattern or structure, it is possible that some (C.6, C.39, C.43, and C.45 in particular) may have formed a wind-break, spit or fire-side furniture associated with the hearth.

A shallow pit C.2, 0.05m in depth, was located 9m to the north of the hearth C.22. The base of the pit was cut by two stakeholes (C.4 and C.5).

The features located in the south-western and northern central portion of the site are tentively dated to the Late Bronze Age on the basis of similarity with the Late Bronze Age features already described. A large pit C.66 was located in the south-western portion of the site. Two stakeholes (C.75 and C.77) were located to the north and south of the pit respectively, in a pattern similar to those located on the periphery of the hearth C.22. A further two stakeholes (C.51 and C.57) were located to the northwest. Eight stakeholes, two postholes and a pit were located in isolation or in small clusters c. 4m to the east and west of the pit C.66.

16 stakeholes (C.87, C.94, C.95, C.96, C.98, C.99, C.100, C.101, C.103, C.104, C.106, C.107, C.108, C.112 and C.113), two postholes (C.91 and C.97) and a pit C.90 were located in the northern central portion of the site. Four of the stakeholes cut the base of the pit (C.98, C.99, C.100 and C.101) and the remaining stakeholes, many of which were intercut, were located to the north of the pit. The two postholes were located at the western end of the pit. Four pits (C.162, C.165 C.168 and C.210) and a single stakehole (C.166) were located to the west of the pit C.90 and associated stakeholes.

Middle Iron AgeA large pit C.110 was located in the southern central portion of the site. It had been re-cut twice, initially by pit C.159 and laterally by pit C.109. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 346-45 (UB 6719) was



returned from charcoal retrieved from the fill of pit C.109.

A shallow pit (C.139) and an alignment of six irregularly spaced stakeholes (C.117, C.122, C.126, C.131, C.133 and C.138) were located to the north of pit C.110. The stakeholes extended north-south for a distance of c. 3.5m. A further alignment of two pits (C.147 and C201) seven stakeholes (C.158, C.161, C.170, C.172, C.173, C.185 and C.207) and three postholes (C.183, C.204 and C.212) were located in the central eastern section of the site. The alignment extended c.13 m from east-west and formed a right angle with the alignment of six stakeholes to the west.

An alignment of four pits ((C.176, C.191, C.185 and C.197). three postholes (C.175, C.178 and C.187) and two small stakeholes (C.181 and C.189) was located to the east of pit C.110. The alignment was orientated northeast-southwest.

4.2.1.2 Area B

Early Bronze AgeThree pits (C.1001, C.1016 and C.1014) and a single posthole (C.1012) were excavated in Area B (Fig-ure 2, plate 1). Two of the pits (C.1001 and C.1014) were extremely large. C.1001 measured 6.25m by 3.25m by 2.18m deep and contained clay fills. The lower two fills included charcoal and burnt clay. Very occasional small fragments of burnt bone were retrieved from the lower fills of the pit and they were examined by L. Fibiger. The majority of the bone could not be identified as animal or human, though at least one animal bone fragment was present in the sample. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 2130-1887 (UB 6745) was returned from charcoal retrieved from the basal fill C.1011. 11 stakeholes were located around the upper southern half of the pit and five stakeholes around the upper northern and eastern half.

Pit C.1014 was located c. 1.5m southwest of pit C.1001. It measured 4.3m by 3.64m, by more than 2.05m in depth and had been re-cut. The full depth of the pit could not be realised due to health and safety reasons. The re-cut C.1025 measured 3.64 in diameter by 1.33m in depth.

The third pit C.1016 was located c. 4m to the north-west. It was irregular in plan and measured 0.64m by 0.34m by 0.12m deep. The posthole C.1012 (0.31m by 0.39m by 0.31m in depth) was located c. 3m south of the pit.

4.2.1.3 Area C

Early Bronze AgeThree pits (C.2002, C.2004 and C.2007) were recorded in Area C. The silt fill of pits C.2002 and C.2004 included frequent charcoal. Some of the charcoal was identified as hazel/alder. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 1885-1689 (UB-6720) was returned from charcoal from pit C.2002. The pits were simi-lar in terms of size and fill to two pits (C.83 and C.84) excavated in Area A. Pit C.2007 was located



1m to the north. It contained two clay fills (C.2005 and C.2006) which included occasional flecks of charcoal.

4.2.2 Stratigraphic discussion

A total of 103 features were excavated at Stagpark 1 these included 58 stakeholes, 12 postholes and 33 pits of various sizes, in an area that measured in total c. 48m N-S by 62m E-W. All of the features cut the sub-soil and no occupation horizons or discernible structures were recorded. The features can be grouped on the basis of radiocarbon dates and morphology to the Early Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age and Middle Iron Age. A group of four pits containing burnt fills and two very large pits were dated to the Early Bronze Age, at least three large pits with associated smaller pits, stakeholes and postholes were tentively dated to the Later Bronze Age and a large pit and associated L-shaped alignment of stakeholes and pits are dated to the Middle Iron Age.

4.2.2.1 Radiocarbon dates

Radiocarbon dates were returned from the Radiocarbon Laboratory at Queens University Belfast. The four dates returned were accelerator dates obtained from samples of charcoal. Three of the dates are Early Bronze Age, the fourth is Middle Iron Age.

Table 1Lab. Code Sample Ma-

terialContext No. Yrs BP Calibrated Dates

2 sigmaUB-6719 Charcoal 109 2114 +/- 34 cal BC 346-45UB-6720 Charcoal 2001 3461 +/- 38 cal BC 1885-1689UB-6721 Charcoal 88 3463 +/- 38 cal BC 1885-1690UB-6745 Charcoal 1011 3621 +/- 38 cal BC 2130-1887

4.2.2.2 Plant Remains

The plant remains were examined by A. Brewer and P. Johnston (Appendix 4). No plant remains other than charcoal were recorded from any of the samples taken from 04E1120.

4.2.2.3 Pottery

The pottery was examined by H. Roche and E. Grogan (Appendix 5). A base-angle sherd and a body sherd were uncovered in pit C.20 and represent a single Late Bronze Age flat-based coarse vessel. Traces of carbonised matter are present on the interior surface of the fabric, a probable indication that it had been used at some stage in a domestic context. This type of pottery is consistent with other coarse, flat-based Late Bronze Age vessels found in domestic and funerary contexts throughout the country, for example, at Mondaniel 1, on the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy Bypass (Roche and Grogan 2005).

4.2.2.4 Lithics

The lithics were examined by Farina Sternke (Appendix 6). A single flint core was recovered from the



topsoil. It is undiagnostic in nature but is likely to be associated with the Bronze Age features.

4.2.2.5 Cremated bone

The cremated bone assemblage was examined by L. Fibiger (Appendix 7). 17 fragments were retrieved from a fill of pit C.1001 in Area B. Surface preservation was poor and none of the fragments were diag-nostic. The majority of remains could therefore not be positively identified as either animal or human bone. At least one animal bone fragment appeared to be present, identified through its very smooth and almost polished cortical surface.

4.2.2.6 Discussion & Interpretation

A group of over a hundred pits, postholes and stakeholes were located on the hilltop at Stagpark. The features dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age which would suggest that the hilltop was occupied over a long period of time. Four pits containing burnt fills were recorded in Area A and Area C. The pits were similar in terms of morphology, size and date. The two sets of pits were located within 1m of each other and c. 40m apart. Almost identical Early Bronze Age dates were returned for two of the pits. The pits may have functioned as cremation pits, although minute traces of burnt bone was recorded in only one of the fills. They may also have been utilised for a domestic purpose. One of the two large pits (C.1001) in Area B was dated to the Early Bronze Age. It is difficult to interpret the function of these pits as they are exceptionally large. Stakeholes recorded on the upper sides of pit C.1001, these may have formed a frame or covering for the pit.

The recovery of two sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware from a pit, in the vicinity of the hearth-pit C.22, in the northwest section of Area A, would indicate that this area was utilised during the Late Bronze Age. A cluster of three pits and eight stakeholes were located to the southeast of the hearth. Four of the stakeholes in particular could have formed a shelter around the hearth open to the west. Although no dating evidence was obtained from the features in the vicinity of the large pits C.66 and C.90 it is possible that they are associated with the Late Bronze Age activity surrounding the hearth C.22.

A Middle Iron Age date was returned from the later re-cut of the large pit C.110. An L-shaped align-ment, consisting of three pits, 13 stakeholes and three postholes, extended to the north and east of the pit. The alignment measured c. 6m north-south by 13m east-west. It could be associated with the Middle Iron Age pit C.110, the Early Bronze Age cremation pits or the Late Bronze Age features.

A number of fulachta fiadh were recorded downslope to the north and south of the site. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while four other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 1 (04E1119) was 600m to the south, Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 200m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 1.5km to the north. The fulachta fiadh are located on heavier clay subsoil. Radiocarbon dates obtained from some of the burnt mounds would suggest that these sites were utilized during the Early Bronze Age.



The site, possibly located on the margins of prehistoric settlement, forms an interesting contrast to a Middle Bronze Age settlement site excavated at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072). The remains of at least three circular houses were excavated at Mitchelstown 1. The site was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River. The opposing site on the southern bank of the Gradoge River was subsequently occupied by the Anglo Normans in the thirteenth century. The material evidence recorded on site was scant. No associated pits and stakeholes were associated with the structures. It is possible that these features were located outside the route corridor.



5 ConclusionThe archaeological evidence, including the range of dating evidence, from Stagpark 1 would suggest that the hilltop was occupied on a long-term intermittent basis. It was not possible to discern between all features that related to Bronze Age activity as opposed to Iron Age activity and it is possible that later phases of activity could have destroyed the earlier evidence. The majority of the material evidence would suggest that the occupation was domestic in nature, through the size of the assemblages was scanty. No coherent domestic structure was recorded at Stagpark but the scatter of pits, postholes and stakeholes would suggest that the features were peripheral to the core of the settlement, which may have been located outside the road corridor.



6 BibliographyBarry, T.B. 1987 The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Routledge, London and New York.

Buckley, V. 1990, ‘Experiments using a reconstructed fulacht with a variety of rock types: implications for the petro-morphology of fulachta fiadh’ in Buckley, V. (Ed.) Burnt Offerings: international contributions to Burnt Mound Archaeology, pp.170-172. Dublin.

Cotter, E. (2005) Bronze Age Ballybrowney County Cork in Recent Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes 2004 NRA.

Daly, A., Grogan, E. (1992) Excavation of Four Barrows in Mitchelstowndown West, Knocklong, County Limerick. Discovery Programme Reports 1 pp44-60. Royal Irish Academy.

Doody, M. (1995), ‘Ballyhoura Hills project’, Discovery Programme Reports 2, 12-44. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin.

Doody, M. (1999), ‘Ballyhoura Hills project’, Discovery Programme Reports 5, 97-110. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin.

Kelly, M.J. (1989) Early Ireland An Introduction to Irish Prehistory. Cambridge University Press.

Monk, M. 1995 A Tale of Two Ringforts Lisleagh I and II in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society Vol.100 p105-116.

NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Watergrasshill Bypass.

NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Rathcormac Fermoy.

Power, D., Lane, S., and Byrne, E., Egan, U., Sleeman, M., with Cotter, E., Monk, J. (2000), Archaeological Inventory of County Cork, Volume 4: North Cork Parts I & II. Dublin.

Roche, H. and Grogan, E. 2005 The N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy Bypass. The Prehistoric Pottery. Unpublished Report for ACS Ltd.

Sleeman A. G. and McConnell, B (1995) Geology of East Cork-~Waterford, Geological Survey of Ireland.

Waddell, J. (1998) The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. GUP. Galway.

Woodman, P.C. (1989) ‘The mesolithic in Munster: a preliminary assessment’, in Bonsall, C (ed), The Mesolithic in Europe, 116-24. John Donald. Edinburgh.

Woodman, P.C. (2000) ‘Hammers and Shoeboxes: New Agendas for Prehistory’ in New Agendas in Irish Prehistory. Papers in commemoration of Liz Anderson. Wordwell, 1-10.



6.1 Other SourcesRecord of Monuments and Places (RMP), Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local

Government, 7 Ely Place Upper, Dublin 2.

Topographical Files of the National Museum of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2.



7 Figures

Figure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

Bronze Age

Medieval

Post-medieval

Legend

04E1071Mitchelstown 2

04E1072Mitchelstown 1

04E1121 Stagpark 2

04E1120Stagpark 1

04E1119Spagpark 3



Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO019 & CO010 showing route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

Well Field

Ballyarthur Field

Clyroe Field

Glen Field

Yeomens Field

Parkanimrish

Limekiln Field

GarraneDeer Park

Warren Field

High Field

Brick Field

Turnpike Field

Milk Field

Sund

ay W

ellSandpit Field

Donnellys Field

New Orchard Park

Fishpond

Laknock Field

Mitchelstown Castle

C

B

D

I

J

G

F

E

H

A

Extent of Mitchelstown Demense Line of N8, Mitchelstown Relief RoadA Barrett's GroveB Old PheasantryC Farm YardD Kiltaunave Old Grave YardE Carriganoura WoodF Whitegate GroveG Orchard GroveH Troopers LoughI Site of Church & GraveyardJ Parkaphuca

Reference



Figure 3: Portion of 1st edition maps sheets 10 & 19 showing Mitchelstown Demesne and the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Road.

Area A

Area B



Figure 4: Route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of all archaeological sites.



Figure 5 Portion of route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of Excavation Areas A, B and C.



Figu

re 6

: Po

st-e

xcav

atio

n pl

an A

rea

A.

0 50 cm50 cm

A

A1

A A1

26

27

25

22

21

22



Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and section of hearth C.22 Area A.

0 50 cm50 cm

A A1

B B1

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

# #53

70

7172

73

52

154151

152

153

148

180 149

66

110

120155

109



Figure 8: Sections of C.66 and C.110 Area A.



Figure 9: Post-excavation plan and sections Area B.



Figure 10: Post-excavation plan Area C.



8 Plates

Plate 1: Area A post-excavation from east.

Plate 2: Area A post-excavation from west.



Plate 3: View of hearth C.22 mid-excavation Area A.

Plate 4: View of hearth C.22 post-excavation Area A.



Plate 5: View of pit C.110 mid-excavation Area A.




Plate 7: View of pit C.83 pre-excavation Area A.




Plate 9: View of pits C.1014 and C.1001 mid-excavation Area B.

Plate 10: View of eastern section pit C.1001 Area B.



Plate 11: View of pit C.2002 Area C.

Plate 12: View of pit C.2004 Area C.



C.1

010

C.1

006

C.2

13

C.1

003

C.1

012

C.1

002

C.1

016

C.1

011

C.1

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C.1

007

C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

017

C.1

013

C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.2

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C.1

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Key

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Phas

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Fo

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Perio

d 2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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Key

Perio

d 1

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Fo

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Perio

d 2

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C.2

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C.7

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C.2

C.2

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C.4

C

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C.6

C.8

C.9

C.2

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C.2

15

C.2

5

C.1

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C.1

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C.1

9

C.2

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C.1

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C.2

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C.1

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C.2

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C.1

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Perio

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Fo

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C.3

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C.2

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C.3

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C.3

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C.3

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C.4

2 C

.23

C.2

9

C.2

8

C.4

3

C.3

8 C

.34

C.3

3 C

.39

C.4

4

C.4

5

C.6

6

C.7

3

C.7

2

C.7

6 C

.71

C.7

0

C.5

3

C.5

2

C.5

1

C.5

0

C.4

9

C.4

8

C.4

7

C.4

6

C.7

7

C.2

14



C.5

5

C.2

13

C.5

6

C.5

7

C.5

8

C.5

9

C.6

0

C.6

1

C.6

2

C.6

3

C.6

4

C.6

5 C

.67

C.6

9

C.6

8 C

.74

C.7

5 C

.78

C.7

9

C.8

4

C.2

14

C.5

4

C.9

3 C

.83

C.8

8

C.8

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C.8

1

C.8

0 C

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C.9

9 C

.100

C

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C.8

9

C.9

1

C.8

5

C.8

6

C.8

7 C

.94

C.9

5

C.9

0

C.9

6

C.1

01

C.9

8 C

.93

C.9

2

C.1

17

C.1

16

C.2

13

C.2

14

Key

Perio

d 1

Phas

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Fo

rmat

ion

of n

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al

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Perio

d 2

Phas

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Bro

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ity



C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

12

C.1

03

C.1

15

C.1

20

C.1

08

C.1

14

C.1

07

C.1

05

C.1

06

C.1

49

C.1

50 C.2

13

C.1

13

C.1

19

C.1

24

C.1

22

C.1

18

C.1

11

C.1

53

C.1

10 C

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C.1

51

C.1

59

C.1

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C.1

02

C.1

21

C.1

26

C.1

23

C.1

25

C.2

14



C.2

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C.1

28

C.1

27

C.1

29

C.1

30

C.1

31

C.1

32

C.1

33

C.1

36

C.1

34

C.1

35

C.1

37

C.1

38

C.1

45

C.1

44

C.1

39

C.1

42

C.1

43

C.1

46

C.1

47

C.1

57

C.1

58

C.1

60

C.1

61

C.1

63

C.1

62

C.1

65

C.2

14

C.1

67

C.1

68

C.1

64 C

.166



C.1

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C.2

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C.1

72

C.1

73

C.1

69

C.1

70

C.1

74

C.1

75

C.1

77

C.1

76

C.1

79

C.1

89

C.1

88

C.1

87

C.1

86

C.1

85

C.1

84

C.1

83

C.1

82

C.1

80

C.1

81

C.1

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14

C.1

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C.1

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C.1

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C.1

95

C.1

96

C.1

97

C.1

98

C.1

99

C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

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C.2

04

C.2

06

C.2

07

C.2

08

C.2

09

C.2

10

C.2

11

C.2

12

C.2

13

C.2

14 C

.205

Key

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owni

sh g

rey

silty

cl

ay w

ith fr

eque

nt c

har-

coal

8O

E10N

99

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of sm

all

pit o

f unk

now

n us

e cl

ose

to

hear

th C

.22

22

Ligh

t gre

yish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

9O

E10N

821

48

Cut

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it cl

ose

to h

eart

h C

.22

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut 0

.48m

x

0.46

m x

0.1

7m d

eep

10O

E10N

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t11

OE1

0NC

ance

lled

cont

ext

12O

E10N

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t

9.2

App

endi

x 2:

Con

text

Reg

iste

r



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

13O

E10N

1621

416

Shal

low

cut

for p

ossib

le

dom

estic

pit

clos

e to

C.2

22

1Su

b-ci

rcul

ar c

ut 0

.4m

x

0.38

m x

0.0

9m d

eep

with

co

ncav

e ba

se a

nd sh

allo

w

sides

14O

E10N

1515

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r st

ake

was

rem

oved

22

Soft

dark

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al

fleck

s15

0E10

N14

214

14D

riven

stak

ehol

e lo

cate

d to

th

e so

uth

of h

eart

h C

.22

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut 0

.2m

x

0.14

m x

0.1

7m d

eep

with

ro

unde

d ba

se a

nd N

W-S

E in

clin

atio

n (T

op -

Base

)16

0E10

N13

1321

3In

fillin

g of

shal

low

pit

afte

r ab

ando

nmen

t2

2So

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith o

ccas

iona

l roo

ts a

nd

char

coal

170E

10N

1818

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke

22

Soft

dark

gre

y sil

ty c

lay.

Mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

180E

10N

1721

417

Driv

en st

akeh

ole

cut.

Cut

s pi

t C.2

02

1C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.22

m d

iam

x 0

.21m

dee

p w

ith ro

unde

d ba

se a

nd

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion.

Cut

s pi

t C.2

019

0E10

N20

2021

3Fi

ll of

ext

rem

ely

shal

low

pi

t. U

nabl

e to

det

erm

ine

func

tion

21

Firm

dar

k gr

ey c

laye

y sil

t 2

sher

ds o

f Br

onze

Age

pot

-te

ry20

0E10

N19

214

19D

omes

tic p

it co

ntai

ning

2

sher

ds o

f Bro

nze

Age

po

tter

y. Lo

cate

d ju

st to

the

sout

h of

hea

rth

C.2

2

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut 0

.46m

di

am x

0.0

9m d

eep

with

fla

t bas

e. C

ut b

y st

akeh

ole

C.1

821

0E10

N22

2621

5U

pper

fill

of p

ossib

le h

eart

h.

Back

fille

d.2

1Fi

rm g

reyi

sh b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal f

leck

s of

cha

rcoa

l and

lum

ps o

f bu

rnt c

lay.

Cut

by

stak

e-ho

le C

.215



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

220E

10N

21,2

6,27

214

27C

ut o

f hea

rth

pit c

onta

inin

g la

rge

amou

nts o

f cha

rcoa

l an

d bu

rnt c

lay.

Smal

l sto

ne

hear

th in

the

basa

l fill

and

he

at a

ffect

ed fi

ll an

d na

tura

l in

dica

te in

-situ

bur

ning

. Li

ttle

evi

denc

e fo

r pit

use.

21

Stee

p sid

ed o

blon

g pi

t cu

t with

roun

ded

corn

ers

1.4m

x 1

.1m

x 0

.58m

de

ep. H

ad u

neve

n ba

se

with

occ

asio

nal s

tone

so

cket

s and

bur

nt n

atur

al

230E

10N

2424

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r rem

oval

22

Mid

pin

kish

gre

y so

ft sa

ndy

clay

. Occ

asio

nal

char

coal

240E

10N

2321

423

Cut

of s

take

hole

just

to

sout

h of

hea

rth

C.2

22

1Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t 0.2

6m

x 0.

23m

x 0

.32m

dee

p w

ith v

ertic

al si

des a

nd

roun

ded

base

250E

10N

215

215

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r rem

oval

of s

take

22

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

loos

e sil

ty c

lay

260E

10N

2227

21Ba

ckfil

l of h

eart

h2

1D

ark

blac

kish

bro

wn

loos

e sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l pi

eces

of c

harc

oal a

nd

larg

e pi

eces

of h

ard

brig

ht

oran

ge b

urnt

cla

y27

0E10

N22

2226

Back

fill o

f hea

rth.

Con

-ta

ins s

mal

l sto

ne h

eart

h in

no

rthe

rn e

nd. S

tone

s lie

on

fill a

nd fi

ll in

mid

dle

has

been

bur

nt o

rang

e. A

ppea

rs

that

the

hear

th w

as p

ut in

af

ter i

nitia

l dep

ositi

on th

en

aban

done

d af

ter i

nfill

ing

built

up

over

the

leve

l of t

he

hear

th a

s thi

s fill

also

lay

abov

e th

e he

arth

.

21

Mid

redd

ish b

row

n lo

ose

sand

y sil

t. La

rge

amou

nt

of c

harc

oal a

nd b

urnt

cla

y pi

eces

.

280E

10N

2929

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of sm

all

pit o

f unk

now

n us

e cl

ose

to

hear

th C

.22

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

290E

10N

2821

428

Cut

of s

mal

l ova

l pit

21

Ova

l pit

cut 0

.3m

x 0

.26m

x

0.2m

with

con

cave

side

s an

d ba

se30

0E10

N31

3121

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le2

2D

ark

brow

nish

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

mod

erat

e ch

ar-

coal

incl

usio

ns31

0E10

N30

214

30C

ut o

f sm

all d

riven

stak

e.

One

of a

gro

up to

the

SE o

f pi

t C.2

2

21

Circ

ular

cut

0.0

5m x

0.

04m

x 0

.08m

dee

p. V

-sh

aped

with

N-S

incl

ina-

tion

(Top

-Bas

e)32

0E10

N33

3321

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

2

2D

ark

brow

nish

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

330E

10N

3221

432

Smal

l sta

keho

le c

ut ju

st to

SE

of h

eart

h C

.22

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut 0

.11m

x

0.07

m x

0.1

m d

eep.

V-

shap

ed w

ith v

ertic

al

incl

inat

ion

340E

10N

3535

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke

22

Dar

k br

owni

sh g

rey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al35

0E10

N34

214

34Sm

all c

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

just

to S

E of

pit

C.2

22

1C

ut o

f ova

l sta

keho

le

0.09

m x

0.0

6m x

0.0

9m

deep

. V-s

hape

d w

ith v

erti-

cal i

nclin

atio

n36

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t37

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t38

0E10

N39

3921

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

2

2M

id b

row

nish

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

mod

erat

e ch

ar-

coal

390E

10N

3821

438

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e ju

st to

th

e SE

of p

it C

.22

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

08m

x 0

.07m

x 0

.09m

de

ep. V

-sha

ped

with

ver

ti-ca

l inc

linat

ion

40C

ance

lled

cont

ext

41C

ance

lled

cont

ext



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

420E

10N

4343

214

Fill

of sm

all p

osth

ole

at S

E en

d of

pit

C.2

22

2Lo

ose

redd

ish b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks a

nd p

ossib

le p

ack-

ing

stone

s on

sout

hern

sid

e43

0E10

N42

214

42C

ut o

f sm

all s

take

hole

at S

E en

d of

pit

C.2

2. F

lat b

ase

indi

cate

s ins

ertio

n of

pos

t af

ter e

xcav

atio

n of

hol

e.

At o

ppos

ite e

nd o

f C.2

2 to

C

.45

21

Obl

ong

cut 0

.08m

x

0.05

m x

0.0

5m d

eep

with

ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd fl

at b

ase

440E

10N

4545

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke. A

t NW

en

d of

pit

C.2

2

22

Mid

bla

ckish

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

450E

10N

4421

444

Driv

en st

ake

cut a

t NW

end

of

hea

rth

C.2

2. O

n op

posit

e sid

e to

pos

thol

e C

.43

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

06m

x 0

.05m

x 0

.08m

de

ep46

0E0N

4747

213

Infil

ling

of d

riven

pos

thol

e af

ter r

emov

al o

f pos

t2

2So

ft m

id g

rey

clay

ey sa

nd

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

incl

usio

ns47

0E0N

4621

446

Cut

of i

sola

ted

driv

en p

ost

21

Circ

ular

pos

thol

e 0.

26m

x

0.24

m x

0.4

9m d

eep.

S to

N

incl

inat

ion

(Top

-Bas

e)48

0E0N

4949

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke2

2Lo

ose

yello

wish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

490E

0N48

214

48C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

just

to

the

SE o

f pit

C.2

22

1C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.1m

x

0.09

m x

0.0

9m d

eep

with

v-

shap

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

in

clin

atio

n50

0E0N

5151

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke2

2So

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l in

clus

ions

510E

0N51

214

51C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

21

Ova

l cut

of s

take

hole

0.

15m

x 0

.1m

x 0

.12m

de

ep. V

-sha

ped

with

ver

ti-ca

l inc

linat

ion



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

520E

0N53

213

Spre

ad o

f mat

eria

l to

the

to th

e sid

e of

and

cut

by

pit

C.6

6

21

Soft

dark

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

sp

read

530E

0N66

7052

Upp

er fi

ll of

pit

C.6

6. R

ede-

posit

ed n

atur

al2

1Fi

rm o

rang

e ye

llow

sand

y cl

ay w

ith m

oder

ate

char

-co

al fl

ecks

540E

0N55

5521

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

22

Har

d ye

llow

ish b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

550E

0N54

214

54C

ut o

f squ

ared

driv

en st

ake

21

Squa

re st

akeh

ole

cut w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers 0

.11m

x

0.1m

x 0

.16m

dee

p. V

-sh

aped

bas

e an

d N

E-SW

in

clin

atio

n (T

op-B

ase)

560E

0N57

5721

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

570E

0N56

214

56C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

13m

x 0

.11m

x 0

.2m

de

ep V

-sha

ped

base

and

ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n58

0E0N

5959

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke2

2M

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s59

0E0N

5821

458

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e 2

1C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.1m

dia

m x

0.2

2m d

eep

with

V-s

hape

d ba

se a

nd

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

600E

0N61

6121

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

22

Mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

610E

0N60

214

60St

akeh

ole

cut.

Cut

has

bee

n w

iden

ed, p

roba

bly

as st

ake

was

rem

oved

21

Obl

ong

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

17m

x 0

.07m

x 0

.09m

de

ep w

ith ro

unde

d ba

se

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

6210

E0N

6363

213

Infil

ling

of fl

at b

otto

med

po

stho

le a

fter r

emov

al o

f po

st

22

Yello

wish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith fr

eque

nt st

ones

. Pa

ckin

g sto

nes a

long

so

uthe

rn si

de



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

6310

E0N

6221

462

Post

hole

cut

. App

ears

to

have

bee

n cu

t prio

r to

inse

r-tio

n of

pos

t

21

Cut

of s

quar

e po

stho

le

with

roun

ded

corn

ers

0.1m

dia

m x

0.2

m d

eep

with

stee

p sid

es ,

flat b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

640E

0N65

6521

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s65

0E0N

6421

464

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. S

take

-ho

le h

as b

een

wid

ened

, pos

-sib

ly o

n re

mov

al o

f sta

ke

21

D-s

hape

d st

akeh

ole

cut

0.1m

x 0

.06m

x 0

.1m

de

ep. V

-sha

ped

with

ver

ti-ca

l inc

linat

ion

660E

0N53

, 70,

71,

72

, 73

214

73C

ut o

f pit

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

surr

ound

ing

stak

ehol

es. P

os-

sibly

dom

estic

pit

but f

unc-

tion

is la

rgel

y un

know

n.

App

ears

to h

ave

been

pu

rpos

eful

ly b

ackf

illed

21

Sub-

rect

angu

lar c

ut o

f pit

1.26

m x

0.9

2m x

0.4

6m

deep

with

stee

p sid

es a

nd

conc

ave

base

670E

0N68

214

68Pa

rt o

f dou

ble

stak

ehol

e,

both

with

the

sam

e fil

l2

1C

ut o

f circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

14m

x 0

.1m

x 0

.19m

de

ep V

-sha

ped

with

ver

ti-ca

l inc

linat

ion

680E

0N67

,69

67,6

921

3Fi

ll of

dou

ble

stak

ehol

e, fi

lls

both

so th

ey a

re c

onsid

ered

ro

ughl

y co

ntem

pora

ry

22

Mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

690E

0N68

214

68Pa

rt o

f dou

ble

stak

ehol

e,

both

with

the

sam

e fil

l2

1St

akeh

ole

cut 0

.12m

x

0.1m

x 0

.19m

dee

p w

ith

V-sh

aped

pro

file

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

700E

0N66

7153

Fill

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic

pit.

App

ears

to h

ave

been

pu

rpos

eful

ly b

ackf

illed

21

Soft

dark

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

pie

ces

710E

0N66

7270

Fill

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic

pit.

App

ears

to h

ave

been

pu

rpos

eful

ly b

ackf

illed

21

Soft

mot

tled

brow

n/lig

ht

grey

sand

y sil

t with

mod

-er

ate

char

coal

flec

ks



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

720E

0N66

7371

Fill

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic

pit.

App

ears

to h

ave

been

pu

rpos

eful

ly b

ackf

illed

21

Soft

light

bro

wni

sh y

ello

w

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

730E

0N66

6672

Fill

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic

pit.

App

ears

to h

ave

been

pu

rpos

eful

ly b

ackf

illed

21

Soft

light

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al

fleck

s74

0E0N

7575

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke2

2Fi

rm d

ark

brow

nish

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks75

0E0N

7421

474

Stak

ehol

e cu

t ass

ocia

ted

with

bac

kfill

ed p

it C

.66.

At

oppo

site

end

to st

akeh

ole

C.7

7

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

085m

x 0

.09m

x 0

.11m

de

ep w

ith ro

unde

d ba

se

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

760E

0N77

7721

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

. Sim

ilar t

o up

per f

ill o

f nea

rby

pit C

.66

21

Soft

dark

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al

fleck

ing

770E

0N76

214

76St

akeh

ole

cut n

ext t

o ba

ck-

fille

d pi

t C.6

6. A

t opp

osite

en

d to

stak

ehol

e C

.75

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

125m

x 0

.11m

x 0

.095

m

deep

with

roun

ded

base

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n78

0E0N

7921

479

Driv

en st

ake

cut.

Driv

en o

n to

ston

e at

bas

e 2

1C

ut o

f circ

ular

stak

ehol

e.

0.08

m d

iam

x 0

.11m

dee

p w

ith fl

at b

ase

due

to b

eing

dr

iven

on

to a

ston

e.79

0E0N

7878

213

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

afte

r re

mov

al o

f sta

ke2

2M

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

800E

0N82

8280

Upp

er fi

ll of

smal

l sha

llow

po

ssib

le d

omes

tic p

it. A

p-pe

ars t

o ha

ve b

een

back

-fil

led

21

Soft

mid

bro

wn

clay

ey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

810E

0N82

8280

Low

er fi

ll of

smal

l sha

llow

po

ssib

le d

omes

tic p

it. A

p-pe

ars t

o ha

ve b

een

back

-fil

led

21

Soft

mid

bro

wn

clay

ey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

820E

0N80

,81

214

81Sh

allo

w p

it, u

pper

fill

cont

aine

d a

larg

e am

ount

of

cha

rcoa

l but

ther

e w

ere

no si

gns o

f in-

situ

burn

ing,

su

gges

ting

it w

as b

ackf

illed

21

Ova

l pit

cut 0

.45m

x

0.25

m x

0.1

1 de

ep w

ith

roun

ded

base

8310

E0N

8821

488

Cut

of s

mal

l pit.

App

eare

d to

be

a cr

emat

ion

due

to

the

fill b

ut n

o bu

rnt b

one

evid

ent.

Clo

se to

cre

mat

ion

buria

l C.8

4

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut 0

.4m

x

0.38

m x

0.0

7m d

eep

with

flat

une

ven

base

8410

E0N

93,9

221

493

Cut

of p

ossib

le c

rem

atio

n bu

rial.

Clo

se to

sim

ilar

feat

ure

C.8

3

21

Sub-

circ

ular

cre

mat

ion

pit c

ut 0

.36m

x 0

.26m

x

0.15

m d

eep

with

roun

ded

base

8510

E0N

87,9

4,95

,96

8621

3U

pper

fill

of st

akeh

ole

grou

p. O

rigin

ally

thou

ght

to b

e a

smal

l pit

. Fill

s all

4 st

akeh

oles

22

Soft

brow

nish

bla

ck

clay

ey sa

nd w

ith fr

eque

nt

char

coal

8610

E0N

87,9

4,95

,96

87, 9

4,

95, 9

685

Low

er fi

ll of

stak

ehol

e gr

oup,

infil

ling

afte

r re-

mov

al o

f sta

kes

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

clay

ey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

8710

E10N

85, 8

621

486

Driv

en st

akeh

ole

cut,

part

of

a g

roup

of 4

orig

inal

ly

thou

ght t

o be

a sm

all p

it

21

Tria

ngul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.15

m x

0.1

m x

0.2

m

deep

. V-s

hape

d w

ith S

W-

NE

incl

inat

ion

(Top

-Bas

e)88

10E1

0N83

8321

3Fi

ll of

pit,

thou

ght t

o be

po

ssib

le c

rem

atio

n bu

rial.

Blac

k ch

arco

al ri

ch m

ater

ial

simila

r to

typi

cal c

rem

atio

ns

but c

onta

ined

no

evid

ent

burn

t bon

e

21

Firm

bla

ck m

ix o

f cha

r-co

al a

nd si

lt.

8910

E10N

90, 9

1, 9

7,

98, 9

9, 1

00,

101

90, 9

1, 9

7,

98, 9

9,

100,

101

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

it an

d st

akeh

oles

afte

r use

an

d ab

ando

nmen

t. St

akes

re

mov

ed p

rior t

o in

fillin

g

22

Ligh

t red

dish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

9010

E10N

8921

489

Pit o

f unk

now

n fu

nctio

n co

ntai

ning

4 st

akeh

oles

and

2

post

hole

s

21

Cut

of o

blon

g pi

t 1.1

m x

0.

6m x

0.15

m

9110

E10N

8921

489

Post

hole

with

in p

it C

.90

21

Circ

ular

pos

thol

e cu

t 0.

3m d

iam

x 0

.15m

dee

p w

ith c

onca

ve si

des a

nd

roun

ded

base

9210

E10N

8493

213

Upp

er fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

ma-

tion

pit

21

Soft

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

with

m

oder

ate

frag

men

ts o

f bu

rnt b

one

and

freq

uent

ch

arco

al93

10E1

0N84

8492

Low

er fi

ll of

pos

sible

cre

ma-

tion

pit

21

Mot

tled

yello

wish

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks94

10E1

0N85

,86

214

86St

akeh

ole

cut.

Part

of a

gr

oup

of 4

whi

ch w

ere

orig

inal

ly th

ough

t to

be a

sm

all p

it

21

Cut

of o

val s

take

hole

0.

09m

x 0

.05m

x 0

.1m

de

ep. V

-sha

ped

9510

E10N

85,8

621

486

Stak

ehol

e cu

t. Pa

rt o

f a

grou

p of

4 w

hich

wer

e al

l to

geth

er a

nd o

rigin

ally

th

ough

t to

be a

smal

l pit

21

Circ

ular

cut

with

con

cave

sid

es a

nd V

-sha

ped

base

. 0.

05m

dia

m x

0.1

m d

eep

9610

E10N

85,8

621

486

Stak

ehol

e cu

t. O

ne o

f 4

stak

ehol

es w

hich

wer

e al

l gr

oupe

d to

geth

er

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut w

ith

V-sh

aped

bas

e. 0

.09m

x

0.08

m x

0.15

m d

eep

9710

E10N

8921

489

Cut

of p

osth

ole

with

in sh

al-

low

pit

C.9

02

1O

blon

g po

stho

le c

ut w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

0.35

m

x 0.

2m x

0.2

m d

eep

with

st

eppe

d sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase

9810

E10N

8921

489

Stak

ehol

e cu

t with

in p

it C

.90

21

Ova

l cut

0.1

m x

0.0

7m x

0.

18m

dee

p w

ith ro

unde

d ba

se99

10E1

0N89

214

89St

akeh

ole

cut.

One

of a

nu

mbe

r cut

into

the

base

of

pit C

.90

21

D-s

hape

d cu

t with

ver

tical

sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase

0.1m

di

am x

0.1

m d

eep



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

100

10E1

0N89

214

89St

akeh

ole

cut i

n th

e ba

se o

f sh

allo

w p

it C

.90

21

Ova

l cut

0.15

m x

0.0

7m x

0.

15m

dee

p w

ith V

-sha

ped

base

and

W-E

incl

inat

ion

(Top

-Bas

e)10

110

E10N

8921

489

Stak

ehol

e cu

t in

the

base

of

shal

low

pit

C.9

02

1C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.1m

x 0

.08m

x 0

.12m

w

ith v

ertic

al si

des a

nd V

-sh

aped

bas

e10

210

E10N

103

103

213

Fill

of d

oubl

e st

akeh

ole,

fills

bo

th so

they

are

con

sider

ed

roug

hly

cont

empo

rary

22

Soft

mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

103

10E1

0N10

221

410

2C

ut o

f sta

keho

le, p

art o

f do

uble

stak

ehol

e w

ith C

.104

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut 0

.1m

x

0.05

m x

0.15

m d

eep

with

ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd v

-sha

ped

base

104

10E1

0N10

221

410

4C

ut o

f sta

keho

le, p

art o

f do

uble

stak

ehol

e w

ith C

.103

21

Ova

l cut

0.1

3m x

0.0

8m x

0.

25m

dee

p w

ith v

ertic

al

sides

and

V-s

hape

d ba

se10

510

E10N

106

106

213

Fill

of tr

iple

stak

ehol

e af

ter

rem

oval

of s

take

s, al

l are

fil

led

with

the

sam

e m

ater

ial

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s10

610

E10N

105

214

105

Stak

ehol

e cu

t, pa

rt o

f trip

le

stak

ehol

e al

ong

with

C.1

07

and

C.1

08

21

Sub-

circ

ular

cut

0.1

m

x 0.

08m

x 0

.23m

dee

p w

ith v

ertic

al si

des a

nd V

-sh

aped

bas

e10

710

E10N

105

214

105

Stak

ehol

e cu

t, pa

rt o

f trip

le

stak

ehol

e w

ith C

.106

and

C

.108

21

Ova

l cut

mea

surin

g 0.

07m

x 0

.05m

x 0

.13m

de

ep w

ith c

onca

ve si

des

and

V-sh

aped

bas

e10

810

E10N

105

214

105

Cut

of s

take

hole

, one

of

thre

e w

hich

form

a tr

iple

st

akeh

ole.

All

are

fille

d w

ith

the

sam

e m

ater

ial

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

06m

dia

m x

0.1

2m d

eep

with

V-s

hape

d ba

se

109

10E0

N11

4,11

511

521

4C

ut o

f pit

cont

aini

ng m

ate-

rial t

ypic

al o

f a c

rem

atio

n.

Cut

into

larg

er p

it C

.110

21

Circ

ular

cut

0.4

5m x

0.3

m

x 0.

09m

with

con

cave

sid

es a

nd b

ase



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

110

10E0

N15

1,15

2,15

3,

154

214

153

Cut

of l

arge

irre

gula

r pit

of

unkn

own

func

tion.

It h

as

been

re-c

ut tw

ice,

onc

e by

an

ash

fille

d pi

t, an

d la

ter

by a

pos

sible

cre

mat

ion.

Ap-

pear

s to

have

bee

n pu

rpos

e-fu

lly b

ackf

illed

21

Irre

gula

r D-s

hape

d cu

t 2.

3m x

1.4

m x

0.6

7m w

ith

irreg

ular

side

s and

bas

e.

111

10E1

0N11

211

221

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

dou

ble

stak

ehol

e af

ter r

emov

al o

f st

akes

, fill

s bot

h so

they

are

co

nsid

ered

roug

hly

cont

em-

pora

ry

22

Mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s

112

10E1

0N11

121

411

1C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole,

pa

rt o

f dou

ble

stak

ehol

e2

1O

val s

take

hole

cut

0.3

m

x 0.

07m

x 0

.25m

with

V-

shap

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s11

310

E10N

111

214

113

Cut

of d

riven

stak

ehol

e, o

ne

half

of d

oubl

e st

akeh

ole,

bo

th a

re fi

lled

with

the

sam

e m

ater

ial

21

Tria

ngul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut.

0.18

m x

0.1

2m x

0.2

m

with

ver

tical

side

s and

V-

shap

ed b

ase

114

10E0

NFi

ll of

pit.

The

mat

eria

l is

typi

cal o

f cre

mat

ion

buria

ls in

gen

eral

but

con

tain

ed n

o ev

iden

t bur

nt b

one

21

Firm

bla

ck si

lt w

ith fr

e-qu

ent c

harc

oal p

iece

s and

oc

casio

nal s

tone

s

115

10E0

N10

910

911

4Ba

sal f

ill o

f pit

21

Mid

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

oc

casio

nal m

ediu

m si

zed

stone

s11

610

E0N

117

117

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r rem

oval

of s

take

22

soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

s11

710

E0N

116

214

116

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e2

1C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.07

m d

iam

x 0

.18m

de

ep w

ith v

ertic

al si

des

V-sh

aped

bas

e an

d E-

W

incl

inat

ion

(Top

-Bas

e)



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

118

10E0

N11

911

921

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

shal

low

pi

t of u

nkno

wn

func

tion

22

soft

grey

ish b

row

n cl

ayey

sa

nd w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

119

10E0

N11

821

411

8C

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

with

no

obvi

ous f

unct

ion

21

Sub-

squa

re p

it cu

t with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s and

fla

t bas

e 0.

25m

x 0

.3m

x

0.09

m12

010

E0N

159

155

150

Cha

rcoa

l ric

h lo

wer

fill

of

pit C

.159

whi

ch is

re-c

ut

into

C.1

10

21

soft

blac

k ch

arco

al ri

ch

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

s12

110

E0N

122

122

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r rem

oval

of s

take

21

Soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

incl

usio

ns12

210

E0N

121

214

121

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e2

1C

ut o

f circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

08m

dia

m x

0.15

m d

eep

with

ver

tical

side

s and

V-

shap

ed b

ase

123

10E0

N12

412

421

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e,

char

coal

rich

but

with

no

evid

ence

for s

take

22

Firm

bla

ck c

laye

y sil

t w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

and

occa

siona

l bur

nt c

lay

fleck

s. N

ot re

pres

enta

tive

of in

-situ

bur

ning

124

10E0

N12

321

412

3C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake,

mos

t lik

ely

asso

ciat

ed w

ith o

ther

s lo

cate

d in

sam

e ar

ea

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

1m x

0.1

2m x

0.1

1m

deep

with

ver

tical

side

s an

d ro

unde

d ba

se12

510

E0N

126

126

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r rem

oval

of s

take

22

Soft

grey

ish b

row

n cl

ayey

sa

nd

126

10E0

N12

521

412

5C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake,

pos

-sib

ly a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith o

ther

st

akeh

oles

in th

e sa

me

area

of

the

grid

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut 0

.11m

x

0.14

m x

0.1

8m d

eep

with

stee

p sid

es a

nd

roun

ded

base



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

127

10E0

N12

912

821

3U

pper

fill

of p

osth

ole,

ap

pear

s to

have

bee

n ba

ckfil

led

due

to th

e la

rge

amou

nt o

f cha

rcoa

l in

the

2 fil

ls

21

Loos

e m

id b

row

nish

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

freq

uent

ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

128

10E0

N12

912

912

7Ba

sal f

ill o

f pos

sibly

bac

k-fil

led

post

hole

21

Loos

e m

id re

ddish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt

larg

e ch

arco

al p

iece

s and

oc

casio

nal f

leck

s of b

urnt

cl

ay12

910

E0N

127,1

2821

312

8C

ut o

f pos

thol

e, a

ppea

rs to

ha

ve b

een

back

fille

d af

ter

the

rem

oval

of t

he p

ost d

ue

to th

e fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

and

occa

siona

l bur

nt c

lay

incl

usio

ns

21

Shee

t miss

ing

130

10E0

N13

113

121

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le a

fter t

he re

mov

al o

f the

st

ake

22

Soft

grey

ish b

row

n cl

ayey

sa

nd

131

10E0

N13

021

413

0C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake,

pos

sibly

as

soci

ated

with

oth

er st

akes

in

clo

se p

roxi

mity

in th

e sa

me

grid

21

Cut

of o

val s

take

hole

0.1

m

diam

x 0

.09m

dee

p w

ith

vert

ical

side

s and

roun

ded

base

132

10E0

N13

313

321

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e af

ter

the

rem

oval

of t

he st

ake

22

Soft

grey

ish b

row

n cl

ayey

sa

nd w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

133

10E0

N13

221

413

2C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

with

pos

sible

ass

ocia

tion

to

near

by st

akeh

oles

in sa

me

grid

21

Circ

ular

cut

0.0

9m x

0.1

m

x 0.

12m

dee

p w

ith v

ertic

al

sides

and

roun

ded

base

134

10E0

N13

613

521

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e. A

p-pe

ars t

o ha

ve fi

lled

natu

rally

de

spite

the

fact

that

ther

e ar

e 2

fills

22

Soft

light

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

135

10E0

N13

613

613

4Ba

sal f

ill o

f sta

keho

le, a

p-pe

ars t

o be

nat

ural

infil

ling

afte

r rem

oval

of t

he st

ake

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

136

10E0

N13

4,13

521

413

5C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

with

th

e st

ake

rem

oved

prio

r to

infil

ling

21

Circ

ular

cut

0.2

m x

0.1

8m

x 0.

1m d

eep

with

stee

p to

p ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd

roun

ded

base

137

10E0

N13

813

821

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le a

fter r

emov

al o

f sta

ke2

2So

ft br

own

sand

y cl

ay

138

10E0

N13

721

413

7C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

with

po

ssib

le a

ssoc

iatio

n to

oth

er

simila

r sta

keho

les i

n th

e ar

ea

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

07m

dia

m x

0.0

8m d

eep

with

ver

tical

side

s and

ro

unde

d ba

se13

910

E0N

144,

145

214

144

Cut

of s

hallo

w ro

unde

d pi

t whi

ch a

ppea

rs to

hav

e fil

led

in n

atur

ally.

Pos

sible

do

mes

tic p

it

21

Ova

l pit

cut 0

.89m

x

0.66

m x

0.1

2m d

eep

with

st

eep

sides

and

flat

bas

e

140

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t14

1C

ance

lled

cont

ext

142

10E0

N14

314

321

3Si

ngle

fill

of sm

all p

ossib

le

dom

estic

pit.

App

ears

to

have

infil

led

natu

rally

afte

r us

e

22

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mid

gr

eyish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y

143

10E0

N14

214

221

4C

ut o

f pos

sible

dom

estic

pit

21

Sub-

rect

angu

lar c

ut w

ith

conc

ave

sides

and

bas

e slo

ping

from

E-W

0.4

5m x

0.

20m

x 0

.15m

144

10E0

N13

913

914

5N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pos

sible

do

mes

tic p

it. L

ower

fill

22

Soft

grey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

char

coal

flec

k in

clus

ions

145

10E0

N13

914

421

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pos

sible

do

mes

tic p

it af

ter u

se. U

p-pe

r fill

22

Soft

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith c

harc

oal f

leck

incl

u-sio

ns14

620

E0N

147

147

213

Infil

ling

of p

ossib

le sh

allo

w

dom

estic

pit.

2

2Fi

rm d

ark

grey

cla

yey

silt

with

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al

fleck

s



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

147

20E0

N14

615

714

6C

ut o

f sha

llow

pos

sible

do-

mes

tic p

it, p

roba

bly

asso

ci-

ated

with

nea

rby

stak

ehol

es

asso

ciat

ion

21

Ova

l pit

cut w

ith v

ertic

al

sides

and

flat

bas

e 0.

5m x

0.

44m

x 0

.09m

dee

p

148

10E0

N15

915

910

9Fi

ll of

re-c

ut o

f lar

ge p

it C

.110

. The

re-c

ut a

ppea

rs to

ha

ve b

een

back

fille

d du

e to

so

me

of th

e fil

ls co

ntai

ning

la

rge

quan

titie

s of a

sh. T

his

fill h

as b

een

cut b

y po

ssib

le

crem

atio

n C

.109

21

Mod

erat

e m

ottle

d br

own-

ish g

rey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

149

10E0

N15

915

014

8Fi

ll of

re-c

ut C

.159

of la

rge

pit C

.110

. The

re-c

ut a

p-pe

ars t

o ha

ve b

een

back

-fil

led

due

to so

me

of th

e fil

ls co

ntai

ning

larg

e qu

antit

ies

of a

sh.

21

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ligh

t gr

ey si

lt/cl

ay/a

sh m

ix w

ith

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l inc

lu-

sions

150

10E0

N15

912

014

9Fi

ll of

re-c

ut C

.159

of la

rge

pit C

.110

. The

re-c

ut a

p-pe

ars t

o ha

ve b

een

back

-fil

led

due

to so

me

of th

e fil

ls co

ntai

ning

larg

e qu

antit

ies

of a

sh.

21

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mid

gr

ey c

laye

y sa

nd/a

sh w

ith

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l inc

lu-

sions

151

10E0

N11

015

215

9Fi

ll of

larg

e irr

egul

ar p

it of

un

know

n fu

nctio

n, la

ter r

e-cu

t by

C.15

9 an

d cr

emat

ion

C.1

09

21

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mot

-tle

d ye

llow

ish/b

luish

gre

y cl

ayey

sand

with

occ

asio

n-al

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns15

210

E0N

110

153

152

Fill

of la

rge

irreg

ular

pit

of

unkn

own

func

tion,

late

r re-

cut b

y C

.159

and

crem

atio

n C

.109

21

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

blu

-ish

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s

153

10E0

N11

011

015

4Fi

ll of

larg

e irr

egul

ar p

it of

un

know

n fu

nctio

n, la

ter r

e-cu

t by

C.15

9 an

d cr

emat

ion

C.1

09

21

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

or

ange

/bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

incl

usio

ns



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

154

10E0

N11

015

211

0Fi

ll of

larg

e irr

egul

ar p

it of

un

know

n fu

nctio

n, la

ter r

e-cu

t by

C.15

9 an

d cr

emat

ion

C.1

09

21

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed

mot

tled

grey

ish b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

155

10E0

N15

915

912

0Fi

ll of

re-c

ut C

.159

of la

rge

pit C

.110

. The

re-c

ut a

p-pe

ars t

o ha

ve b

een

back

-fil

led

due

to so

me

of th

e fil

ls co

ntai

ning

larg

e qu

antit

ies

of a

sh.

21

Firm

ver

y lig

ht b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks

156

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t15

720

0E0N

158

158

147

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r rem

oval

of s

take

. C

ut b

y pi

t C.1

46

21

Soft

dark

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks15

820

E0N

157

214

157

Cut

for d

riven

stak

e. C

ut b

y pi

t C.1

46. P

ossib

le re

latio

n-sh

ip w

ith n

earb

y st

akeh

oles

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t with

ver

tical

side

s and

V-

shap

ed b

ase.

0.0

9m x

0.

1m x

0.1

1m d

eep

159

10E0

N14

8, 1

49, 1

50,

120,

155

155

151

Cut

of b

ackf

illed

ash

rich

pi

t whi

ch tr

unca

tes e

arlie

r la

rge

irreg

ular

pit

C.1

10.

Thi

s re-

cur w

as la

ter c

ut b

y po

ssib

le c

rem

atio

n C

.109

21

Take

n fr

om se

ctio

n fa

ce.

Cut

of p

it w

ith c

onca

ve

sides

and

roun

ded

base

0.

8m a

cros

s and

0.3

m

deep

160

20E1

0N16

116

121

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le a

fter t

he re

mov

al o

f the

st

ake

22

Soft

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

161

20E1

0N16

021

416

0C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

with

pos

sible

rela

tions

hip

to n

earb

y pi

t C.1

46 a

nd

stak

ehol

e C

.158

21

Circ

ular

pit

cut w

ith v

erti-

cal s

ides

and

roun

ded

base

0.

11m

x 0

.1m

x 0

.15m

de

ep16

220

E10N

163

214

162

Cut

of i

sola

ted

shal

low

pit.

Po

ssib

ly d

omes

tic p

it bu

t ac

tual

pur

pose

unk

now

n

22

Circ

ular

pit

cut w

ith c

on-

cave

side

s and

bas

e 0.

6m

diam

x 0

.16m

dee

p



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

163

20E1

0N16

216

321

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

shal

low

po

ssib

le d

omes

tic p

it2

1Fi

rm m

id g

reyi

sh b

row

n fin

e sa

ndy

silt w

ith

freq

uent

dec

ayed

ston

e in

clus

ions

164

20E2

0N16

5,16

621

316

5,16

6N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

dom

es-

tic p

it w

ith st

akeh

ole

in th

e ba

se. F

ills b

oth

feat

ures

.

22

Soft

dark

gre

yish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks16

520

E20N

164

214

164

Cut

of s

hallo

w d

omes

tic p

it w

ith a

stak

ehol

e in

the

base

. Bo

th a

re fi

lled

with

C.1

64

21

Ova

l pit

cut w

ith v

ertic

al

sides

and

flat

bas

e 0.

45m

x

0.35

m x

0.0

7m d

eep

166

20E2

0N16

421

416

4C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

in

the

base

of p

it C

.165

. Bot

h ar

e fil

led

with

C.1

64

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut 0

.25m

x

0.14

m x

0.1

2m d

eep

with

ver

tical

side

s and

ro

unde

d ba

se16

720

E10N

168

168

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

ossib

le

dom

estic

pit

22

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mid

gr

eyish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y16

820

E10N

167

214

167

Cut

of p

it w

ith u

nkno

wn

func

tion,

pos

sibly

dom

estic

21

D-s

hape

d pi

t cut

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s, ve

rtic

al

sides

and

flat

bas

e. 0

.45m

x

0.4m

x 0

.2m

dee

p16

920

E0N

170

170

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of d

riven

st

akeh

ole

afte

r rem

oval

of

stak

e

22

Firm

gre

yish

bro

wn

silty

cl

ay

170

20E0

N16

921

416

9C

ut fo

r driv

en st

ake.

Cut

by

pit C

.146

. Pos

sible

rela

tion-

ship

with

nea

rby

stak

ehol

es

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

13m

x 0

.1m

x 0

.11m

de

ep w

ith ro

unde

d ba

se

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

171

20E0

N17

2,17

317

2,17

321

3In

fillin

g of

dou

ble

stak

ehol

e af

ter r

emov

al o

f sta

kes

22

Mod

erat

e/lo

ose

oran

ge

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

172

20E0

N17

121

417

1C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake,

par

t of

a do

uble

stak

ehol

e 2

1C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.1m

in d

iam

eter

x 0

.28m

de

ep w

ith v

ertic

al in

clin

a-tio

n of

axi

s and

V-s

hape

d ba

se



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

173

20E0

N17

121

417

1C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake,

one

hal

f of

dou

ble

stak

ehol

e2

1C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut

0.07

m in

dia

met

er x

0.

25m

dee

p w

ith V

-sh

aped

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

174

20E0

N17

517

521

3In

fillin

g of

pos

thol

e af

ter

the

rem

oval

of t

he st

ake

22

Soft

dark

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

ing

175

20E0

N17

421

417

4C

ut o

f pos

thol

e, w

ould

ap-

pear

that

the

cut w

as m

ade

prio

r to

the

inse

rtio

n of

the

post

21

Cut

of c

ircul

ar p

osth

ole

0.18

m x

0.1

9m x

0.1

m

with

ver

tical

side

s and

flat

ba

se17

620

E10N

177

214

177

Smal

l dom

estic

pit

with

pos

-sib

le st

akeh

ole

in th

e ba

se2

1Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t 0.2

3m

x 0.

2m x

0.1

9m d

eep.

Bas

e is

roun

ded

with

V-s

hape

in

mid

dle.

The

pit

has

conc

ave/

vert

ical

side

s17

720

E10N

176

176

213

Infil

ling

of sm

all d

omes

tic

pit a

fter u

se2

2So

ft lig

ht-m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks17

820

E0N

179

214

179

Cut

of p

osth

ole.

Fla

t bas

e w

ould

indi

cate

that

cut

was

m

ade

prio

r to

inse

rtio

n of

th

e po

stho

le

21

Circ

ular

pos

thol

e cu

t 0.

2m in

dia

met

er x

0.1

3m

deep

with

ver

tical

side

s an

d fla

t bas

e17

920

E0N

178

178

213

Infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

afte

r th

e re

mov

al o

f the

pos

t2

2M

id g

rey/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

mod

erat

e ch

ar-

coal

flec

ks18

020

E0N

181

181

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

ake-

hole

afte

r sta

ke re

mov

al2

2Fi

rm li

ght b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s18

120

E0N

180

214

180

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. P

rob-

ably

ass

ocia

ted

with

a

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

e ar

eas

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t 0.

07m

x 0

.065

m x

0.1

m

deep

with

ver

tical

side

s, ro

unde

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al

incl

inat

ion



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

182

20E0

N18

318

321

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le a

fter r

emov

al o

f sta

ke2

2Fi

rm g

reyi

sh b

row

n cl

ayey

sil

t18

320

E0N

182

214

182

Cut

of f

lat b

ased

pos

thol

e,

indi

catin

g th

at c

ut w

as

mad

e pr

ior t

o in

sert

ion

of

post

21

Post

hole

cut

0.2

5m x

0.

19m

x 0

.12m

dee

p w

ith

vert

ical

side

s and

flat

bas

e

184

20E0

N18

518

521

3Fi

ll of

driv

en st

akeh

ole.

Fi

lled

natu

rally

afte

r re-

mov

al o

f sta

ke

22

Loos

e da

rk g

reyi

sh b

row

n cl

ayey

silt

185

20E0

N18

421

418

4C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake.

One

of

a nu

mbe

r in

this

area

whi

ch

are

mos

t lik

ely

rela

ted

21

Key

hole

shap

ed st

akeh

ole

cut w

ith st

eep

sides

and

V-

shap

ed b

ase

0.13

m x

0.

12m

x0.

2m d

eep

186

20E0

N18

718

721

3Fi

ll of

smal

l pos

thol

e w

hich

fil

led

in a

fter r

emov

al o

f the

po

st

22

Mod

erat

e da

rk g

rey/

brow

n fin

e cl

ayey

sand

w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

18

720

E0N

186

214

186

Smal

l fla

t bot

tom

ed p

ost-

hole

cut

, ind

icat

ing

that

cut

w

as m

ade

prio

r to

inse

rtio

n of

pos

t

21

Circ

ular

pos

thol

e cu

t 0.

15m

x 0

.13m

x 0

.11m

de

ep w

ith c

onca

ve si

des,

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

and

flat b

ase

188

20E0

N18

918

921

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le a

fter t

he re

mov

al o

f the

st

ake

22

Firm

dar

k br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

189

20E0

N18

821

418

8C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

likel

y as

soci

ated

with

oth

er

near

by st

akeh

oles

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut 0

.3m

x

0.2m

x 0

.07m

dee

p w

ith

vert

ical

side

s, ro

unde

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

a-tio

n19

020

E0N

191

191

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of sm

all

dom

estic

pit

22

Firm

mot

tled

whi

te/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks

and

freq

uent

dec

ayed

sto

ne



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

191

20E0

N19

021

419

0C

ut o

f sm

all o

val p

it. F

unc-

tion

unkn

own

but a

ssum

ed

to b

e do

mes

tic. P

ossib

ly a

s-so

ciat

ed w

ith n

earb

y st

akes

21

Ova

l pit

cut 0

.28m

x 0

.1m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

a fl

at

base

and

slop

ing

sides

192

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t19

3C

ance

lled

cont

ext

194

20E-

0N19

519

521

3Po

ssib

le b

ackf

ill o

f sm

all

dom

estic

pit

21

Dar

k gr

ey/b

lack

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt in

clus

ions

of

char

coal

195

20E-

0N19

421

419

4C

ut o

f sm

all i

sola

ted

pit.

Unk

now

n us

e bu

t ass

umed

to

be

dom

estic

21

Circ

ular

pit

cut 0

.14m

di-

amet

er x

0.1

1m d

eep

with

co

ncav

e sid

es a

nd sl

ight

ly

roun

ded

base

196

20E0

N19

719

721

3Fi

ll of

ext

rem

ely

shal

low

pit.

La

rge

amou

nt o

f cha

rcoa

l gi

ves e

vide

nce

of b

urni

ng

but l

ack

of h

eat a

ffect

ed

natu

ral w

ould

indi

cate

th

at b

urni

ng to

ok p

lace

el

sew

here

and

mat

eria

l was

du

mpe

d he

re

21

Har

d or

ange

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith fr

eque

nt c

har-

coal

incl

usio

ns

197

20E0

N19

621

419

6Ve

ry sh

allo

w c

ut fo

r pit

of

unkn

own

use.

Fre

quen

t ch

arco

al in

the

fill w

ould

in

dica

te th

at th

e m

ate-

rial w

as d

umpe

d he

re fr

om

som

ewhe

re e

lse

21

Ova

l pit

cut w

ith c

onca

ve

sides

and

flat

bas

e 0.

85m

x

0.56

m x

0.0

6m d

eep

198

30E0

N19

919

921

3Ba

ckfil

l of s

hallo

w p

it, in

di-

cate

d by

the

larg

e am

ount

of

stone

s and

cha

rcoa

l

21

Firm

dar

k gr

eyish

bla

ck

clay

ey si

lt w

ith fr

eque

nt

char

coal

and

dec

ayed

sto

ne19

930

E0N

198

214

198

Cut

of p

it of

unk

now

n fu

nctio

n w

hich

trun

cate

s st

akeh

ole

C.2

03. A

ppea

rs to

ha

ve b

een

back

fille

d

21

Ova

l pit

cut 1

.31m

x 0

.9m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

gen

tly

slopi

ng si

des a

nd fl

at b

ase



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

200

30E0

N20

120

121

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pos

sible

do

mes

tic p

it.

22

Har

d or

ange

y br

own

silty

cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecki

ng in

clus

ions

201

30E0

N20

021

420

0C

ut o

f pit

of u

nkno

wn

func

tion

but a

ssum

ed to

be

dom

estic

pit

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut 0

.6m

x

0.2m

x 0

.15m

dee

p w

ith

stee

p sid

es a

nd ro

unde

d ba

se20

230

E10N

203

203

199

Infil

ling

of d

riven

stak

e af

ter t

he st

akes

rem

oval

21

Soft

light

gre

y sa

ndy

silt

203

30E1

0N20

221

420

2C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake.

Tru

n-ca

ted

by C

.199

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e cu

t w

ith v

ertic

al si

des a

nd

roun

ded

poin

t bas

e 0.

085m

x 0

.09m

x 0

.07m

de

ep20

430

E10N

205

214

205

Cut

of p

osth

ole

with

flat

ba

se. A

ppea

rs to

hav

e be

en

cut p

rior t

o in

sert

ion

of

post

. Sto

nes i

n th

e ba

se o

f th

e cu

t

21

Ova

l pos

thol

e cu

t with

ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd u

neve

n ba

se d

ue to

ston

es 0

.23m

x

0.19

m x

0.1

4m d

eep

205

30E1

0N20

420

421

3Po

ssib

le b

ackf

ill o

f pos

thol

e du

e to

larg

e am

ount

of

char

coal

. Doe

s not

seem

to

indi

cate

that

pos

t was

still

pr

esen

t in

the

cut

22

Com

pact

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd p

iece

s

206

30E1

0N20

720

721

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

e-ho

le a

fter t

he re

mov

al o

f the

st

ake

22

Com

pact

gre

yish

blu

e sa

ndy

clay

207

30E1

0N20

621

420

6C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le c

ut w

ith

stee

p sid

es a

nd c

onca

ve

base

208

30E1

0N21

020

921

3Fi

ll of

mod

ern

larg

e lin

ear

feat

ure

31

Soft

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

amou

nts o

f ch

arco

al

Mod

ern

pott

ery

sher

d

209

30E1

0N21

021

020

8Fi

ll of

larg

e sh

allo

w m

oder

n fe

atur

e3

1So

ft m

ottle

d bl

uish

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

210

30E1

0N20

8, 2

0921

420

9Ir

regu

lar s

hape

d fe

atur

e.

Mod

ern

31

Irre

gula

r sha

ped

cut,

all

sides

shal

low

gra

dien

t and

fla

t/irr

egul

ar b

ase.

2.15

m

x 0.

76m

x 0

.16m

dee

p21

130

E10N

212

212

213

Infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

afte

r th

e re

mov

al o

f the

pos

t2

2C

ompa

ct g

reyi

sh b

lue

sand

y cl

ay

212

30E1

0N21

121

421

1C

ut o

f fla

t bot

tom

ed p

ost-

hole

, ind

icat

ing

the

cut w

as

mad

e pr

ior t

o th

e in

sert

ion

of th

e po

st

21

Ova

l pos

thol

e cu

t with

sh

arp

sides

and

flat

bas

e du

e to

ston

es 0

.22m

x

0.12

m x

0.0

9m d

eep

213

entir

e sit

eTo

psoi

l3

1So

ft da

rk b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal m

oder

n po

tter

y sh

ards

. App

rox

0.3m

dee

p

Thr

ee p

ost-

med

ieva

l pot

tery

sh

erds

& f

lint

core

214

entir

e sit

eN

atur

al1

1O

rang

e/ye

llow

cla

y 21

50E

0N25

2125

Cut

of s

take

hole

in th

e to

p of

hea

rth

C.2

2.

21

Stak

ehol

e cu

t onl

y ev

iden

t in

sect

ion

face

0.0

5m x

0.

32m

dee

p w

ith v

ertic

al

sides

and

V-s

hape

d po

int.

Vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

AR

EA B

**

**

**

**

**

1001

B10

02, 1

003,

10

04, 1

005,

10

06, 1

007,

10

08, 1

009,

10

10, 1

011

214

1011

Cut

of e

xtre

mel

y la

rge

pit

with

evi

denc

e of

in-s

itu

burn

ing

and

stak

ehol

e gr

oups

in th

e no

rth

and

sout

h sid

es. N

ext t

o a

pit o

f sim

ilar s

ize

C.1

014.

Fun

c-tio

n un

know

n. T

he p

it di

d co

ntai

n so

me

smal

l pie

ces o

f bu

rnt b

one

21

Cut

of s

ub-c

ircul

ar p

it 6.

25m

x 3

.25m

x 2

.18m

de

ep w

ith st

eep

sides

and

ro

unde

d ba

se

1002

B10

0110

0321

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pit

afte

r ab

ando

nmen

t2

2Li

ght b

row

nish

ora

nge

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

0.1

2m

deep



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

1003

B10

0110

0410

02N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pit

afte

r ab

ando

nmen

t2

2M

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

fleck

s 0.4

m d

eep

1004

B10

0110

0510

03N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pit

afte

r ab

ando

nmen

t2

2Li

ght b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks 0

.37m

dee

p10

05B

1001

1006

1004

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

it af

ter

aban

donm

ent

22

Ligh

t bro

wni

sh g

rey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith c

harc

oal i

nclu

-sio

ns 0

.12m

dee

p10

06B

1001

1007

1005

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

it af

ter

aban

donm

ent

22

Ligh

t bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s 0.3

m d

eep

1007

B10

0110

0810

06N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pit

afte

r ab

ando

nmen

t2

2M

id b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks 0

.35m

dee

p10

08B

1001

1009

1007

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ural

infil

ling

of p

it af

ter

aban

donm

ent

22

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t bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s 0.3

3m d

eep

1009

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0110

1010

08N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pit

afte

r ab

ando

nmen

t2

2D

ark

brow

nish

gre

y sil

ty

clay

with

occ

asio

nal c

har-

coal

0.15

m d

eep

& fl

ecks

of

bur

nt b

one

1010

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0110

1110

09T

his w

as a

laye

r of b

urnt

fill

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ch la

y cl

ose

to th

e ba

se

of th

e pi

t

21

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nge

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l. A

p-pe

ared

to h

ave

been

hea

t af

fect

ed 0

.15m

dee

p10

11B

1001

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y ch

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ch

fill a

t the

ver

y ba

se o

f c10

012

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ght b

row

nish

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sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

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al fl

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& fl

ecks

of

burn

t bon

e 0

.1m

dee

p10

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214

1013

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of p

ossib

le p

osth

ole.

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at b

ase

wou

ld in

dica

te

that

cut

was

prio

r to

inse

r-tio

n of

pos

t

21

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gula

r sha

ped

pit c

ut

with

stee

p sid

es a

nd fl

at

base

0.3

1m x

0.3

9m x

0.

31m

dee

p



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text

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ll of

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tion

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ase

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22

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occa

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1014

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2221

410

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ut o

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rem

ely

larg

e pi

t. N

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iden

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situ

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ing

but a

larg

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ount

of

cha

rcoa

l in

som

e of

the

low

er fi

lls. L

ater

re-c

ut b

y C

.102

5. In

clo

se p

roxi

m-

ity to

sim

ilar p

it C

.100

1.

Func

tion

unkn

own.

Thi

s pi

t was

not

bot

tom

ed d

ue to

he

alth

and

safe

ty re

ason

s so

the

true

dep

th is

unk

now

n bu

t the

re a

ppea

red

to b

e fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal d

epos

its a

t th

e ba

se. A

s the

re is

no

fur-

ther

evi

denc

e fo

r sub

sequ

ent

occu

patio

n on

the

sites

I am

go

ing

to a

ssum

e th

at th

is pi

t was

bac

kfill

ed a

nd la

ter

re-c

ut d

urin

g th

e sa

me

oc-

cupa

tiona

l pha

se

21

Sub-

oval

larg

e pi

t cut

with

st

eep/

vert

ical

side

s. N

ot

botto

med

due

to h

ealth

an

d sa

fety

reas

ons 3

.64m

x

4.3m

and

exc

avat

ed

dept

h w

as 2

.05m

1015

B10

1610

1621

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pos

sible

pi

t afte

r aba

ndon

men

t2

1Bl

uish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

mod

erat

e sm

all c

har-

coal

pie

ces

1016

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1521

410

15cu

t of i

rreg

ular

pit

with

un

know

n fu

nctio

n2

1Ir

regu

lar s

hape

d pi

t cut

w

ith g

entle

slop

ing

sides

0.

64m

x 0

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x 0

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de

ep10

17B

1025

1018

213

Upp

er fi

ll of

larg

e pi

t. A

p-pe

ars t

o be

a n

atur

al fi

ll af

ter a

band

onm

ent

22

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k br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al p

iece

s

1018

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2510

1910

17N

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al in

fillin

g of

re-c

ut o

f la

rge

pit

22

Mid

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l fle

cks

of c

harc

oal0

.58m

dee

p



Con

text

#G

ridFi

ll of

Fille

d w

ithA

bove

Belo

wBa

sic In

terp

reta

tion

Perio

dPh

ase

Basic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

1019

B10

2510

2010

18N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

re-c

ut o

f la

rge

pit

22

Ligh

t ora

nge

clay

with

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s 0.

34m

dee

p10

20B

1025

1021

1019

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of re

-cut

of

larg

e pi

t2

2M

id o

rang

e cl

ay w

ith

char

coal

flec

ks 0

.28m

de

ep10

21B

1025

1025

1020

Cha

rcoa

l ric

h la

yer a

t the

ba

se o

f the

re-c

ut o

f lar

ge p

it C

.101

4. P

ossib

ly d

epos

ited

laye

r

21

Dar

k br

owni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

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eque

nt

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd p

iece

s 0.

08m

dee

p10

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1014

1014

1025

Thi

s is t

he in

itial

fill

of

larg

e pi

t c10

14, i

t was

re-c

ut

by C

.102

5

21

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bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cl

ay w

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oder

ate

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clus

ions

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214

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as th

e nu

mbe

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en

to a

gro

up o

f sta

keho

les t

hat

wer

e sit

uate

d in

the

sout

h-er

n ha

lf of

pit

C.1

001

in th

e up

per h

alf o

f the

side

21

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up o

f 11

stak

ehol

es

all w

ere

circ

ular

in p

lan

with

N-S

incl

inat

ion

(top-

base

) and

dim

ensio

ns

of 0

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0.06

m d

iam

eter

x

0.06

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m d

epth

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as th

e nu

mbe

r giv

en

to a

gro

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per h

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side

21

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up o

f 5 st

akeh

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on

the

nort

h an

d ea

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des

of p

it C

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1. A

ll w

ere

circ

ular

in p

lan

with

in-

clin

atio

n S-

N (T

op-B

ase)

. D

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e 0.

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0.12

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018,

10

19, 1

020,

10

21

1021

1022

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s is t

he re

-cut

of l

arge

pi

t C.1

014.

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ppea

rs to

ha

ve w

iden

ed th

e cu

t alo

ng

with

trun

catin

g fil

l C.1

022.

T

here

is a

cha

rcoa

l ric

h la

yer

in th

e ba

se b

ut n

o sig

n of

in-

situ

burn

ing

sugg

estin

g th

is ch

arco

al w

as d

epos

ited

here

21

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ut o

f lar

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it.

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ular

in p

lan

with

a

V-sh

aped

pro

file.

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en

from

sect

ion

3.64

m a

cros

s x

1.33

m d

eep



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text

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ridFi

ll of

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d w

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terp

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tion

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dPh

ase

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des

crip

tion

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efac

ts

AR

EA C

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**

**

**

**

2001

C20

0220

0221

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ll of

pit.

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eria

l is t

ypic

al

of c

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atio

ns b

ut n

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rnt

bone

was

evi

dent

dur

ing

exca

vatio

n

22

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sh b

lack

cla

yey

silt

with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l

2002

C20

0121

420

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f pit.

2

1C

ircul

ar c

ut w

ith g

radu

-al

ly sl

opin

g sid

es a

nd c

on-

cave

bas

e 0.

4m x

0.3

3m x

0.

1m d

eep

2003

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0420

0421

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eria

l is t

ypic

al

of c

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atio

ns b

ut n

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dent

dur

ing

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n

22

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lt w

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2004

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2

1Su

b-ov

al c

ut w

ith st

eep

sides

and

irre

gula

r bas

e 0.

45m

x 0

.4m

x 0

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dee

p20

05C

2007

2006

213

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of sh

allo

w

pit w

ith u

nkno

wn

func

tion

22

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nish

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low

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

2006

C20

0720

0720

05N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pit

with

un

know

n fu

nctio

n2

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owni

sh g

rey

clay

with

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s an

d de

caye

d sto

ne20

07C

2005

200

621

420

06C

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

of

unkn

own

func

tion.

Pos

sibly

ju

st a

nat

ural

dep

ress

ion

21

Ova

l fea

ture

with

ver

y gr

adua

lly sl

opin

g sid

es a

nd

flat b

ase.

1.0

5m x

1.1

m x

0.

13m

dee

p



9.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register

Licence:Context:Find number Artefact Type Period04E1120:19:01 Pottery Late Bronze Age 04E1120:19:02 Pottery Late Bronze Age 04E1120:208:01 Pottery Post med/early modern04E1120:213:01 Pottery rim Post-medieval04E1120:213:02 Pottery base Post-medieval04E1120:213:03 Pottery handle Post-medieval04E1120:213:04 Flint Prehistoric



9.4 Appendix 4: Plant Remains Report for 04E1120

By: Abigail Brewer

Introduction

This report presents the results from scanning eleven bulk soil samples taken at a site at Stagpark 1, Co. Cork (04E1120). The site was excavated in three areas; samples from Area A included the fills of four pits, one stakehole fill and one pit fill, two samples from Area B were from charcoal rich fills of two large, adjacent, pits and three samples from Area C were from pits.

Methodology

The samples were collected on site as bulk soil and were processed using a simple flotation method. Each sample was saturated in water to allow carbonised plant material to float; this “flot” (the floating material) was then poured into a stack of geological sieves and trapped in the sieve meshes (the small-est measured 250µm). When all the carbonised material was collected the flot was then air-dried in paper-lined drying trays prior to storage in airtight plastic bags. Scanning of the flots was carried out using a low-powered binocular microscope (magnification x10 to x40) and the results are presented in Table 1 at the end of this report.

Results and Discussion

No plant remains other than charcoal were recorded from any of the samples taken from 04E1120. Although there was some cremated bone from the site, this was generally un-diagnostic, and one fragment was identified as potentially animal. This suggests a secular rather than ritual origin for the excavated deposits. The absence of charred plant remains from domestic contexts is perhaps surprising, although the site consisted of ephemeral archaeological deposits that were scattered over a large area, and with a range of dating evidence that suggests long-term, yet intermittent activity in the area (Early Bronze Age radiocarbon dates, Late Bronze Age ceramic fragments and Middle Iron Age radiocarbon dates). These anomalous archaeological remains may possibly be typical of activity associated with the margins of settlement in prehistory and, if this is the case, it is likely that activities such as cooking and processing of plant foods, when charring is likely to occur, was carried out closer to the structures and focus of the settlement(s). However, even within well defined house deposits there is often a dearth of plant remains material; the plant assemblage retrieved from Mitchelstown I (04E1072), where three Bronze Age structures were excavated, was small, it consisted mostly of weed seeds, and it was difficult to interpret. The presence or absence of plant remains in prehistoric site assemblages is often related to taphonomy; while plant resources were presumably widely used throughout prehistory, they are gener-ally only preserved at dryland sites if they were charred, and if the plant material at any given site was not brought into contact with fire no plant remains will be recovered.



Table 1: Scanning results for samples from Stagpark 1, Co. Cork (04E1120)

Context S.S. No. Cereals Weeds Charcoal Comments1021 8 **** poss ID 24g2001 9 **** 32g1011 11 **** 7g123 7 **** 5g2003 10 **** 137g109 5 **** 18g84 3 **** 15g2001 9 **** 31g114 5 * mod seed + nutshell **** poss ID 14g88 2 **** poss ID 250g120 6 **** 170g



9.5 Appendix 5: Pottery Report

Stagpark 1, Co. Cork(04E1120)

A base-angle sherd and a body sherd (19:1-2) were uncovered in pit C.20 and represent a single Late Bronze Age flat-based coarse vessel. The fabric of the weathered sherds is thick-walled (averaging 12.8mm thick) and coarse in texture with a high content of large inclusions (≤ 9.0mm) that protrude through the exterior surface. The fabric is buff-orange in colour and traces of carbonised matter are present on the interior surface, a probable indication that it had been used at some stage in a domestic context. This type of pottery is consistent with other coarse, flat-based Late Bronze Age vessels found in domestic and funerary contexts throughout the country, for example, at Mondaniel 1, on the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy Bypass (Roche and Grogan 2005) and to the west at Knockadoon, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick (Ó Ríordáin 1954, figs 16-7, pl. 46a; Grogan and Eogan 1987, 476-479). Small assem-blages have been found to the south, from the megalithic tomb at Harristown (Hawkes 1941), at Kil-greany Cave, and at Ahanaglogh (field 5), Co. Waterford (Tratman 1928; Movius 1935; Tierney et al. 2002). Larger assemblages of Late Bronze Age coarse vessels have also been found on settlement sites such as Freestone Hill, Co. Kilkenny (Raftery 1969, 86-96), and the lakeside settlements at Clonfin-lough, Co. Offaly, and Knocknalappa, Co. Clare (Moloney et al. 1993, 42-47, 129-131; Grogan et al. 1999, 111-123). Pottery of this type has been dated at Haughey’s Fort, Co. Armagh (Mallory 1995), and Mooghaun South, Co. Clare (Grogan 2005), to between 1200BC and 800 BC.

References

Grogan, E. 2005 The North Munster Project. Volume 1: The later prehistoric landscape of south-east Clare. Discovery Programme Monographs 6, Wordwell, Dublin

Grogan, E. and Eogan, G. 1987 Lough Gur excavations by Seán P. Ó Ríordáin: further Neolithic and Beaker habitations on Knockadoon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 87C, 299-506.

Grogan, E., O’Sullivan, A., O’Carroll F. and Hagen, I. 1999 Knocknalappa, Co. Clare: a reappraisal, Discovery Programme Reports 6, 111-123, The Discovery Programme/Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.

Hawkes, J. 1941 Excavations of a megalithic tomb at Harristown, Co. Waterford, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 71, 130-47.

Mallory, J. 1995 Haughey’s Fort and the Navan Complex in the Late Bronze Age. In J. Waddell and E. Shee Twohig (eds) Ireland in the Bronze Age, 73-89. Stationery Office, Dublin.

Moloney, A. Jennings, D., Keane, M. and McDermott, C. 1993 Excavations at Clonfinlough County



Offaly. Irish Archaeological Wetland Unit Transactions 2, Office of Public Works/University College Dublin, Dublin.

Movius, H. 1935 Kilgreany Cave, County Waterford, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 65, 254-96.

Ó Ríordáin, S.P. 1954 Lough Gur Excavations: Neolithic and Bronze Age Houses on Knockadoon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 56C, 297-459.

Raftery, B. 1969 Freestone Hill, Co. Kilkenny: an Iron Age hillfort and Bronze Age cairn, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 68C, 1-108.

Roche, H. and Grogan, E. 2005 The N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy Bypass. The Prehistoric Pottery. Unpublished Report for ACS Ltd.

Tierney, J., Richardson, A. and Frazer, B. 2002 Ahanaglogh-Graigueshoneen. Prehistoric. In I. Bennett (ed.) Excavations 2000, 328-31. Wordwell, Dublin.

Tratman, E.K. 1928 Excavations at Kilgreany Cave, Co. Waterford, Proceedings of the Bristol Speleological Society 3, 109-153.



9.6 Appendix 6: Lithics Finds Report for 04E1020 – Mitchelstown

1. Stagpark (04E1020)

The lithic assemblage from Stagpark consists of a small flint core (04E1120:213:4) which was recov-ered from the topsoil.

Condition:

The flint is in slightly rolled condition.

Technology:

The core appears to have rested on an anvil during flake removal and was probably produced on a split pebble. It displays the negative removal scars of at least 6 small flake removals.

Dating:

The artefact is undiagnostic in nature, but is likely to be associated with the complex of Bronze Age pits and cremation pits at Stagpark which produced a radio-carbon date of cal BC 1885-1690.

Interpretation:

The core can be interpreted as a discarded waste product which is likely to be associated with the Bronze Age pits excavated at Stagpark.

Find No. Context Material Type Cond. Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickn. (mm) Complete Retouch

04E1120:213:4 Topsoil Flint Core Rolled 17 20 8 Yes No



9.7 Appendix 7: Bone Report

A Short Note on the Cremated Skeletal Remains from Mitchelstown, Co. Cork(04E1120)

Linda Fibiger BA (Hons) MSc MIAI

November 2005

One sample was submitted for analysis. It consisted of 17 bone fragments measuring between 0.2 and 2.3 cm in maximum length and weighing approximately 2 grams. All remains were greyish-white in colour, indicating that they had been thoroughly burned. Surface preservation was poor and none of the fragments were diagnostic. The majority of remains could therefore not be positively identified as either animal or human bone. At least one animal bone fragment appeared to be present, identified through its very smooth and almost polished cortical surface.

1001 - Sample 12Number of Fragments: 17Weight: 2 gSize: 0.2-2.3 cmColour: Greyish-WhiteIdentification: Includes cortical and trabecular bone



Appendix 8: Summary account of site archive

STAGPARK 1 04E1120Type Description Quantity NotesContexts Area A Validated contexts from excavation 215Area B 25Area C 7Plans 1:100 plan (sheets) 0

1:50 plan (sheets) 41:20 plan (sheets) 2

Sections 1:20 sections and profiles (Sheets) 12

Matrices 1Photographs 126 6 rollsRegisters Context 1

Photograph 1Drawing 1Finds 1Samples 1

9.9 Appendix 9: Dissemination Strategy

STAGPARK1 04E1120PublicationsExcavations 2004 Text submitted January 2004 Publication pending

NRA publication Text submitted February 2006 Publication pendingPresentation Lecture given to Mitchelstown and Mallow Historical Societies May & October 2005

Overview of the Scheme was given to the IAI conference in Cork April 2005

It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated publication requirements, either in part or in full, should it so decide, and that copyright is aggisned to the Council in order that it may make such information available to the public.

It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated presentation requirements, either in part or in full, should it so decide.

archaeological report - stagpark 1, co. cork (ireland)

Education

mitchelstown demesne

04e1020 mitchelstown

portion of route

04e1120 stagpark

excavation team

duration of excavation

excavation results

excavation methodology