archaean crustal evolution - james madison...
TRANSCRIPT
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~ 4.0 Ga. One of the first islands to form on the Earth. The picture shows a bright sunny day, but the atmosphere is likely to have been dark and smoggy. All land at this time was formed by volcanic activity, either from hot spots or subduction zones. Continents, even small ones, are still a distance in the future.
Archaean Crustal Evolution
Protocontinents to Microcontinents
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4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.04.5
Archaean Proterozoic Phanero
Grenville
Just How Long is Earth History ?And When Did the Important Things Happen ?
Hadean
Billions of Years
OldestRocks
Origin of ContinentsOrigin of
Earth4.5-4.0
Plate Tectonic Processes
First RecordOf liquid Water
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Archaean Crustal EvolutionCentral Problems
1. What was the composition of the original crust?
2. Have the continents always existed, or have they grown with time?
3. Has plate tectonics always existed? In essence, have the earth's processes remained basically the same
(steady state), or have earth processes evolved with time?
4. Why are there ancient rock types, and ancient kinds of land forms that are not forming today?
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A Plate Tectonic Primer
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MajorDivisions
Of theEarth
P 197
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Structure Of the EarthAsthenosphere and Lithosphere
P 198
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ConvergentPlate Boundary
Continent/ContinentCollision
DCM
Back ArcBasin
ROB
TransformBoundary
CordilleranOrogeny
VolcanicArc
Lithosphere
MicroCont
Asthenosphere
PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATE PLATEPLATE
The Varieties of Plate Boundaries and Inter-Plate Relationships Defined ByPlate Tectonic Theory
Subduction zo
ne
VolcanicArc Ocean Basin
ContinentalCraton
DivergentPlate Boundary
ROBDCM DCMDCM
Subduction zone
Extinct Subduction zone
P 199
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ArchaeanProto and
Micro Continents
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RisingDecompressingMafic Parent
Rifting Center
Mafic(Basalt/Gabbro)
UltramaficFractionation Residue
(Peridotite/Dunite)
Early FractionalMelting
Intermediate(Diorite/Andesite)Ultramafic
Crystalline Residue
Late FractionalMeltingFelsic
(Granites)
By igneous fractionation processes we already understand.
Mafic
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P 210. . . volcanic island arcs
The result was the formation of . . .
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Aleutian Islands
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Java Island Arc
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Japan Island Arc
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Aleutian Island Arc
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P 210The result was the formation of . . . . . . Or hot spot volcanoes
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Hawaii
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http://austral.chez.tiscali.fr/v3/accueil.php?nav=galleries&page=gallery2
Or, this . . .
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P 210That evolved into microcontinents . . .
Growing as more and more diorite and plagiogranitebatholiths emplaced to form larger and larger continental masses . . .
. . . which because they are light weight rocks compared to the ocean floor basalts and gabbros float higher in the lithosphere emerging above sea level.
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http://ace.acadiau.ca/science/geol/rraeside/quizzes/worldmap3p.h
At this early Earth had no continental land areas, perhaps not even large islands.
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Java
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New Zealand
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Madagascar
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P 211
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P 211But these processes where going on all over the
planet in dozens of places.
Subduction creates volcanic arc
2nd subductioncreates 2nd volcanic arc
Remnant ocean basin closes; arcs collide
Creating proto-continent
Another proto-continent slides in from the left
Leading to remnant ocean basins and collisions among the newly forming islands
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P 211But these processes where going on all over
the planet in dozens of places.
Creating micro-continent
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The process continues in multiple combinations and permutations all over the globe
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Leading to the growth of continentsP 211
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. . . that grew with time, lots of time. About2 billion years worth into larger continents.
Leading to the growth of continentsP 211
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Today rocks from this period of time are preserved in a number of places, like Western Greenland.
http://www.geosciences.unl.edu/~faebly/photos/greenland/photo001.html
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http://www.geosciences.unl.edu/~faebly/photos/greenland/photo001.html
Today rocks from this period of time are preserved in a number of places, like Western Greenland.
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And, Scourie Scotland
http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/nws/loc-scourie.html
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• Fiskanaesset Complex = Anorthosite
• Meta-volcanic Amphibolites = rest of the layered igneous complex
• "Mostly gneiss" = Granulite-gneiss belts
Oceanic lithospheric rocks
Proto-continent rocks
And the rocks are folded, stretched, twisted, mangled, and metamorphosed, . . . more than once, and are in general FUBAR.
F#�*&#@ Up Beyond
All Recognition
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Stretched, twisted, folded, and refolded like taffy . . .
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"The complexes range up to about 1 km in thickness but often, due to tectonic disruption and thinning, they are only tens of metres to 100 m or so thick, and where extensively migmatized (invasion by late gneisses) they may be represented by only a few meter-sized pods" (Windley, Brian 1984, The Evolving Continents, 2nd editions, page 14)
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http://mineral-rock.blogspot.com/2005/12/yellowknife.html
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http://mineral-rock.blogspot.com/2005/12/yellowknife.html
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Dating from the Hadean at least 4.03-4.055 Ga, is Earth's oldest known crustal rock outcrop. The complex comprises
mostly Gray gneiss (granodioritic gneiss), White gneiss (tonalitic to granitic gneiss), foliated granite (3.6 Ga)
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http://mineral-rock.blogspot.com/2005/12/yellowknife.html
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Archaean Growth of the North American
Continent
First Phase: Building the Core
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United Plates of North America P 212
Archaean MicroContinents
ProterozoicLater
Additions
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Rae Province
Hearne Province
Archean cratons(positions unconstrained;Rae and Hearne inpresent-day locations)
> 2000 Ma
Assembly ofLaurentiancraton
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Rae Province
Hearne Province
Slave-Rae collision,Arc accretion: Rimbey,Taltson, Thelon, etc.
1950-1920 Ma
Assembly ofLaurentiancraton
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Rae Province
Hearne Province
Arc accretion:Great Bear, La Ronge,Torngat arcs, etc.
1880-1860 Ma
Assembly ofLaurentiancraton
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Rae Province
Hearne Province
Arc accretion: Narsajuaq,Pembine-Wausau, etc.
Wopmay orogen,Southeast thrusting alongSnowbird tectonic zone
1860-1840 Ma
Assembly ofLaurentiancraton
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Rae Province
Hearne Province
Trans Hudson / Penokean orogens:accretion of Sask Block, SuperiorProvince, and Marshfield terrane
1840-1820 Ma
Assembly ofLaurentiancraton
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Rae Province
Hearne Province
Trans Hudson / Penokean orogens:accretion of Medicine Hat Block,and Wyoming Province;
Makkovik orogen in northeast
1820-1800 Ma
Assembly ofLaurentiancraton
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Stage Four2. 39 – 2.33
Stage One4.0 – 3.0
Stage Two2.7 – 2.5
Stage Three2.7 – 2.5
ConstructingThe HeartOf the
NorthAmerica
Continent
Stage Five1.8 – 1.7 Stage Six
1.8 – 1.6
P 331
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P 331
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Proterozoic Growth of the North American
Continent
Second Phase: Adding the Central United
States
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Accretion of ArcheanGrouse Creek Block,Selway Terrane, andMojave Province;
Yavapai arcs outboard
TDM = 2.5 - 2.3 Ga
1790-1770 Ma
Juvenileterraneaccretion
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Yavapai Province:A Banda Sea-styleassembly of arcs
1750-1720 Ma
Juvenileterraneaccretion
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Yavapai province:Yavapai granitoids stitchjuvenile terranes with olderprovinces;
~1700 Ma quartzite deposition
1750-1700 Ma
Granitoidintrusion
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Mazatzal Province:includes LabradorianProvince
1650-1600 Ma
Juvenileterraneaccretion
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1650-1600 Ma
Mazatzal granitoids:Stitch juvenile terraneswith older provinces;
~1650 Ma quartzite deposition
Granitoidintrusion
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Granite-Rhyolite Province:includes Elzevir Block &Pinware Terrane;Note Appalachian outliers
1550-1350 Ma
Juvenileterraneaccretion
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Granite-Rhyolite granitoids:A-type plutons stitch muchof southern Laurentia
1550-1350 Ma
Granitoidintrusion
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Grenville Province:includes Llano Province& Frontenac Block;transfer of Caborca Block
1300-1000 Ma
Continent-continentcollisions
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Grenville granitoids:intrude older terranesas far west as Colorado
1300-950 Ma
Granitoidintrusion
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1200-1100 Ma
Intracontinentalrifting
Midcontinent Rift system:Keweenawan,Fort Wayne, etc.;
Intrusion of MacKenzieand Animikie dikes
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780-680 Ma
Westernrifting
Rodinia breakup:Rifting along westernmargin of Laurentia;
Intrusion of Gunbarreldikes, deposition ofWindermere Supergroup
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650-550 Ma
Easternrifting(stage 1)
Rodinia breakup:Main rifting alongeastern margin ofLaurentia; openingof Rome Trough
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~ 535 Ma
Rodinia breakup:Rifting of ArgentinePrecordillera fromTexas embayment;
Opening of OklahomaAulacogen, ReelfootRift
Easternrifting(stage 2)
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But, none of this is happening in isolation . . .