arc hydro: gis in water resources - uf water...

Hydrologic Modeling with Arc Hydro Tools 1

Copyright © 2007 ESRI. All rights reserved. Arc Hydro

Arc Hydro: GIS in Water Resources

Seminar/WorkshopGainesville, Florida – November 15, 2007

Christine Dartiguenave, ESRI [email protected]


2Arc HydroCopyright © 2007 ESRI. All rights reserved.

What is Arc Hydro?

Extension of geodatabase model for support of water resources applications (template data model)

Culmination of a three year process led by D.R. Maidment through GIS in Water Resources Consortium (Arc Hydro book)

Collection of tools for support of Arc Hydro geodatabase design and basic water resources functions

Starting point for water resources database and application development



Overview

Arc Hydro Data Model

Arc Hydro Tools

Model Integration

Applying Arc Hydro



How “Things” Build Up

Database design

Data preparation

Terrain preparation

“Watershed” delineation

“Watershed” characterization

Parameterization

Model pre and post-processing

Generic

Semi-Generic

Model Specific



Geodatabase

MS AccessFile

OracleSQL Server

InformixDB2

FeatureIFeature : IRowIFeature

IFeatureBuffer IFeatureBuffer : IRowBuffer

IFeatureDraw IFeatureDraw : IUnknown

ArcGIS Introduces

New geographic data model

New geographic databaseStored in an RDBMS

Many new capabilities

GeodatabasePersistent store of geographic information in a DBMS



Inside the GeodatabaseGeodatabase

Survey datasets

Survey folder Survey

LocatorsAddressesx,y locationsZip codes

Route eventsRoute locations

Raster datasets

Validation rulesDefault valuesAttribute domains Split/Merge policy

Connectivity rulesRelationship rulesTopology rules

Tables, subtypes

Spatial reference

Multi-patch FCRoute FCDimension FC

Polygon FCLine FCPoint FCAnnotation FC

Feature classes (FCs), subtypes

Relationship classes

Topology

Geometric networks

Feature dataset

Inside the geodatabase

Geodatabases organize geographic data into a hierarchy of data objects. These data objects are stored in feature classes, object classes, and feature datasets. An object class is a table in the geodatabase that stores nonspatial data. A feature class is a collection of features with the same geometry and the same attributes.

A feature dataset is a collection of feature classes that share the same spatial reference. Feature classes that store simple features can be organized either inside or outside a feature dataset. Simple feature classes that are outside a feature dataset are called stand-alone feature classes. Feature classes that store topological features must be contained within a feature dataset to ensure a common spatial reference.

The geodatabase supports a model of topologically integrated feature classes, that is further extended with support for complex networks, topologies and relationships among feature classes, and other object-oriented features.

Feature classes

Collections of points, lines, polygons, or annotation (map text) managed as feature tables. Related feature classes (i.e., those that participate in a topology or a network) are managed as a collection in feature datasets.

Raster datasets

Individual images or multi-tiled rasters managed as raster tables.

Tables

A collection of records (rows) and fields (columns) used to represent non-graphic objects (e.g., parcel owners).



GIS/IT Standards

Parcel …Arc Hydro

Template Data Models (30+)

HEC …FEMA

Project Data Models

Feature TopologyObject

ArcGIS Core Data Model

OGC

FGDC

ISO

Industry

Templates Provide an Important Link Between Project Teams, Standards, and ESRI Software Development

Template Data Models



Arc Hydro

Template Data Model Approaches

Floodplain WQ

Permitting

Water Resources



Arc Hydro Database Definition

A geospatial and temporal data model for water resources that operates within ArcGIS

Five key conceptual areasDrainage - Drainage areas and stream lines defined from surface topography

Flow network - Connected sets of points and lines showing pathways of water flow

Hydrography - The base data from topographic maps and tabular data inventories

Channel description - A 3-D line representation of the shape of river and stream channels

Time series - Tabular attribute data describing time-varying water properties for any hydro feature



Arc Hydro Schema

Flow

Time

Time Series

Hydrography

Network

Channel

Drainage

HydroFeatures



Arc Hydro Data Model


Arc Hydro Tools



Key Concepts

Transitions between the raster and vector worlds –integrated operations

“Relationships between objects linked by tracing path of water movement”

Raster NetworkVector

Logical SchemaExtended Network



Terrain Processing

• Start with the terrain model

• Identify drainage patterns

• Identify catchments



Network Generation

• Start with the drainage pattern

• Define hydro edges from drainage lines

• Generate junctions at confluences

• Build the geometric network



Connecting Catchments to Junctions

• Start with the catchments

• Identify drainage points

• Link drainage points to junctions



Extended (Hydrologic) Network

• Combination of hydro network and drainage areas connected through junctions.

• Allows tracing through network and selection on drainage areas



Node-Link Schematization (1)

• Start with the catchments

• Find centroids

• Continue with drainage lines

• Find confluences

• Connect nodes



• Transition from geo representation to logical representation

Node-Link Schematization (2)

• Support for various modeling efforts


Arc Hydro Tools Overview



A set of tools that “exercises” the Arc Hydro modelIntegral with standard ArcGIS functionality

Key field (property) management.HydroID & related IDs

Length/Area measures

Core functionsDEM-based watershed delineation

Network generation

Attribute and network tracing and summary operations

Parameters computation

Arc Hydro Tools Overview (1)




Distribution (version 1.2 available – 1.3 to be released soon)A toolbar with packaged menus and buttons

Supporting documentation/help

ArcGIS 9/9.1/9.2 versions

ApFrameworkSimplify boring development tasks

Consistent development structure

Starting point for additional functionality development

ApUtilitiesSet of utilities common to most ArcObject-based applications developed at ESRI Professional Services in water resources area



The Arc Hydro ToolbarTerrain Preprocessing

Terrain Morphology

Watershed Processing

Attribute Tools

Network Tools

ApUtilities

Buttons





Terrain PreprocessingSet of functions for processing of DEMs

Preprocessing of DEM-based data needed for watershed delineation and watershed characteristics extractions



DEM Preprocessing

Goal: develop hydrologically correct DEM and develop layers to optimize performance

Flow direction (D8 method)

Flow accumulation

Stream definition and segmentation

Catchment delineation

Adjoint catchment definition

Iterative processReview results and fix terrain if necessary until “correct” flow patterns are established



DEM Preprocessing (cont.)

Flow direction codes

1

248

16

32 64 128

71

56

445369

74

78 72 69 71

4768

58 55

21

31

67

58

49 46

37 38

64 22

61 16

Digital elevation model (DEM)

22

2 2 2

2

4 4

4 4

1 1 2 4 8

128

128 1 2 4

128 1 41

128

Flow direction grid

Stream NetworkFlow accumulation grid

0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 2 1

0

0

0 0 0

3 8 5 2

1 1 20 0

1 24

Source: Olivera, 1998

Flow direction (D8 method)

Flow accumulation



DEM Preprocessing (cont.)

Stream definition and segmentation

Threshold (performance)

New function to handle loops and flow splits

Catchment delineation

At stream confluences

Adjoint catchmentsPerformance implications



DEM Editing

Sinks: when sinks are (or are not) sinks – lakes, depressions, …

Global fill

Dealing with internal basins

Selective fillDepth

Area

How to include internal basins in hydrologic schema



DEM Editing (cont.)

Streams: when streams are not where they “should” beFlat areas – difficulty in determining the flow pattern

Barriers (roads) diverting the flow pathsHow to “model” bridges and culverts in DEM

How to model dams

Imposing the flow pattern - to burn or not to burn (beware of the scale issues and artifacts – Saunders, 2000)

Simple burn

AGREE

OMNR



AGREE (UT – Hellweger)



DEM Editing (cont.)

Boundaries - when watershed boundaries are not where they “should” be

To fence or not to fence

Ineffective flow areas



Raster Preprocessing Workflows (1)

Complexity depends on the terrain type and level of detail that needs to be established.

Different workflows for different type of terrain configurations:

Dendritic

Deranged

Combined

Can be complex and iterative process.Separate document describing multitude of options using Arc Hydro tools.

Develop your agency’s specific workflows.




Standard dendritic process:

Fill sinks

DEMgrid

HydroDEM (1)grid

Flow direction

Flow directiongrid

Flow accumulation

Flow accumulationgrid

Stream definition

Streamgrid

Stream segmentation

Stream linkgrid

1

Start 1

Catchment grid delineation

Catchmentgrid

Catchment polygon

processing

Catchmentfeature class

Drainage line processing

Drainage linefeature class

Adjoint catchment processing

Adjoint catchmentfeature class

End

Grid datasset

Feature class dataset

Function

Legend

Alte

rnat

ive

Pro

cess

ing




Standard deranged process:



Transition to Geoprocessing Environment

Terrain Preprocessing tools are migrated to the GP environment and available as tools in ArcToolbox.

Can be used in a model to build a workflow

Can be combined with other tools in ArcToolbox, including your own

Will publish development standard for Arc Hydro tools in GP




Terrain MorphologySet of functions for:

Characterization of drainage areas (E-A-V)

Characterization of drainage boundaries (E-A-W)

Area connectivity (“spider web”)




Watershed ProcessingSet of tools for watershed delineation and characteristics extraction

Every menu has a Data Management form for setting up the layers to be used in operations associated with that menu (not required as each tool will request input and output data if necessary).




Attribute ToolsSet of tools for attribute management (some of the tools require geometric network)

Can configure additional parameters (e.g. any grid statistics for grid with values 0/1) – 39 preconfigured

Can define you own set of parameters and share the configuration (USGS)




Network ToolsNetwork specific tools

Create Arc Hydro geometric network.

Create relationship between network junction and drainage area (link network to area).

Initialize flow direction.




ApUtilitiesVarious utilities common to multiple applications

Access to Arc Hydro tools configuration through XML Manager

Switch between configuration

Access Export to Excel function



ButtonsFlow path tracing

Interactive flow path tracing

Point delineation

Batch point generation

Assign related identifier

Global point delineation

Trace by NextDownID

Main Flow Path




Phase II of Arc Hydro

More Tools Time series, ID management, ...

Groundwater extension to the data modelTrainingStatus

Self-sustaining

Get involved into Consortium activitiesMeetingsContributorsPersonal communicationProjects



Integration of Surface Water and Groundwater Models

HydrographyHydrography

Hydro NetworkHydro Network

Channel SystemChannel System

Drainage SystemDrainage System Hydrogeologic unit Borehole

Layers Solid

Groundwater models

Simulated results

Surface water models

Simulated results

Arc Hydro data model

This also leads us into integration of surface water and groundwater models.

If the core geographical data model describes the surface water and groundwater objects, and if relationships are established between those objects, surface and groundwater models can be integrated.

Each model will interface to the common underling data model and results of one simulation can be integrated into other models.



Where is Arc Hydro?

Hydro model page at: support.esri.com/datamodels

Arc Hydro home page at GIS Water Resources Consortium at: www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr/hydro

Dr.Maidment’s home page at: www.ce.utexas.edu/profile.cfm?profilePK=110



FTP Download Site

ftp: ftp.esri.com

username: RiverHydraulics

password: river.1114

directory: ArcHydro

Case sensitive

Make sure you log in (most browsers will log you in as anonymous and you will not be able to download)



Arc Hydro Support

Water Resources/Arc Hydro Discussion Forum at: http://forums.esri.com/Forums.asp?c=121

[email protected]



Model Integration



Data Exchange with model

GIS

DB

GIS

DB

Model Input/Output

Excel spreadsheet – configure Arc Hydro configuration XML

Input/Output files:XML based data exchange –

GeoRAS, GeoHMS, iCPR

Custom coding (NSS: Streamstats/Wisconsin DNR)

Model DB



XML(1)-Based Spatial Data Exchange

Semantic tags for spatial data are user specified

Easy customization of data structure for different systems

Data structure is extensible

Good for data distribution on Internet (multi-platform)

Existing technologies for XML management (parsers, editors, viewers, components, checkers, converters, …) – economy of development

(1) XML – eXtensible Markup Language



Anatomy of an XML File



System Design of the XML-Based ExchangeArchitecture

A central exchange mechanism accompanied by customizable XML structures

Three componentsCentral data exchange mechanism embedded in GIS (ArcMap-based) Predefined XML structure for import Customizable control XML structure for export

Different than the “standard” ArcGIS XML I/O formatSimpler and more focused on model interfaces (not everything can be exported and imported)

Public domain code and documentation for direct or code implementation



GIS

External Data Analysis Package

Customizable ExportXML Structure

Predefined ImportXML Structure

Import Data as XML Document

Export GIS Data as XML Document

Import Engine

Export Engine

Import

Export

Central Exchange Mechanism

System Design of the XML-Based Exchange



Applying Arc Hydro



Applying Arc Hydro

Extension of Arc Hydro data model for support of water resources applications

Addition of features and feature classes

Addition of functionality (tools)

Various entitiesESRI

CRWR (SFWMD, SARA, WAM, …)

Other (USGS, OMNR, SJRWMD, PBS&J, …)



Applying Arc Hydro (ESRI)Examples

USGS Streamflow Statistics Application (StreamStats)

So.Cal fires debris flow predictions

DEM editing tools

NHDinGeo editing tools



StreamStats (USGS)Implementation of USGS regression equations for flow computations at ungaged locations (WDNR ArcView 3 implementation)

Web based application (and desktop)

Full implementation in Arc Hydro – all additional GIS functionality is rolled-into Arc Hydro



Functionality:Select point of interest

Delineate watershed

Extract watershed characteristics (area, CN, 10-85 slope, mean elevation, relief, etc.)

Send to NSS and get results back

“Publish” results

StreamStats (USGS)



StreamStats (USGS) - WEB

1) Select area

2) Delineate watershed

3) Get results



StreamStats (USGS) - Desktop1) Select area and delineate watershed

3) Get results

2) Get parameters



DEM Editing Tools (HEC)

Tools for micro-editing of DEM (grid)Develop “hydrologically”-correct DEM

Status – application delivered to HEC

FunctionalityRaise or drop a point of interest

Burn/fence local lines/polys

DEM QC functions

DEM assembly



DEM Editing Tools (HEC)



NHDinGeo Editing Tools (FS/USGS)

Editing application for NHD data (NHDinGeo)Process-driven (workflow)

NHDinGeo data model completed

NHDinGeo and NHDinGeoARC data being generated

Work on making NHDinGeo Arc Hydro compliant (take advantage of Arc Hydro functionality with NHDinGeo geometry)



Questions

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