arabia muhammed was born in mecca. arabia before muhammad ► ► mecca one of many busy commercial...

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ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca

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Page 1: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ARABIA

Muhammedwas born in

Mecca

Page 2: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD

► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast

► Mecca contained the Kaaba (square temple containing a sacred black rock that Arabs believed Allah threw down to earth. Kaaba also contained idols to other gods.

► Great Arabian Desert

► Bedouins– desert Arabs who herded flocks, fought among each other, and robbed caravans. Disliked city people

Page 3: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

MUHAMMAD

► Born in Mecca, 570 ADBorn in Mecca, 570 AD► OrphanOrphan► Married wealthy Married wealthy

widowwidow► Traveled to Syria and Traveled to Syria and

may have heard may have heard Christian monksChristian monks

► Familiar with JudaismFamiliar with Judaism► Had first vision in 610Had first vision in 610

Ordered by angel Ordered by angel Gabriel to be a Gabriel to be a messenger for Godmessenger for God

Page 4: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ISLAM

► Koran. Poetic account of Muhammad’s visions

► Moslems—”true believers”

► Muhammad’s vision constitute God’s final message to mankind and the Muhammad was God’s last and greatest prophet

Page 5: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ISLAMIC DOCTRINE► Emphasizes absolute power of Emphasizes absolute power of

AllahAllah► Duty of human beings is to

worship Allah► Islamic prayers are prayers of Islamic prayers are prayers of

praise, not petitionpraise, not petition► Prayer five times a dayPrayer five times a day► Paradise for true believers, Paradise for true believers,

hellfire for the wickedhellfire for the wicked► Fasting from dusk until dawn

during Ramadan► Pilgrimage to the Kaaba in MeccaPilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca► Recognizes Abraham, Moses, and

Jesus as earlier prophets but argues that Muhammad was Allah’s final prophet with his ultimate message for mankind

Page 6: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

HEGIRAHEGIRA► MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE NOT WELL RECEIVED IN

MECCA► FORCED TO FLEE TO MEDINA (HEGIRA)FORCED TO FLEE TO MEDINA (HEGIRA)► WELL RECEIVED AT MEDINA

CONVERTS ENTIRE CITYCONVERTS ENTIRE CITY ORGANIZES CONVERTS INTO UMMA (A

COMMUNITY OF TRUE BELIEVERS THAT TRANSCENDED OLD BONDS OF TRIBE, CLAN, OR CITY)

►A SUPERTRIBE OPEN TO ALL PEOPLE WHO ACCEPTED MUHAMMAD’S MESSAGE

► EVENTUALLY TAKES CONTROL OF MECCA THROUGH MILITARY CONQUEST (629)

► DURING NEXT THREE YEARS, ALL OF ARABIA DURING NEXT THREE YEARS, ALL OF ARABIA CONVERTS TO ISLAMCONVERTS TO ISLAM

Page 7: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

SUCCESS OF ISLAM► SIMPLE, STRAIGHT FORWARD, EASY TO UNDERSTAND► PROMISED AFTERLIFE OF SENSUOUS DELIGHTS TO THE PROMISED AFTERLIFE OF SENSUOUS DELIGHTS TO THE

FAITHFUL AND ETERNAL TORMENT TO UNBELIEBERSFAITHFUL AND ETERNAL TORMENT TO UNBELIEBERS► MUHAMMAD PREACHED THAT HIS MESSAGE BE SPREAD BY

ANY MEANS NECESSARY—EVEN WAR LED TO JIHADS (HOLY WARS) SPOILS OF JIHADS SPLIT AMONG THOSE WHO CONDUCTED

THEM AND ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP IN MECCA► CHRISTIANS AND JEWS ALLOWED TO RETAIN THEIR

RELIGIONS—BUT THEY HAD TO PAY SPECIAL TAX REVENUE FROM TAX SPLIT AMONG ALL MEMBERS OF

UMMA

► THE DESIRE TO CONTINUE THE OLD BEDOUIN CUSTOM OF WARFARE AND THE CHANCE TO ENRICH ONESELF THROUGH THE SPREAD OF ISLAM PLAYED A ROLE IN THE GROWING POPULARITY OF ISLAM IN ARABIA

Page 8: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

CREATION OF THE ARAB EMPIRE

► Abu Bakr named as Muhammad’s successor or caliph

► Bedouin tribes believe Muhammad’s death freed them from all obligations and leave the Umma

► Abu Bakr launches war of reconversion Loyal Moslem forces attack and defeat

all tribes that defected from the Umma

► Long term survival depended on continual military expansion Arabs led on new military expeditions

against non-Moslems Leads to creation of empire

Page 9: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ARAB EMPIRE

Under Umar:

Arab armies conquer Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Egypt

Arab armies even attacked Constantinopl

e but were unable to take

the city

Reduced once huge Byzantine

Empire to a small state

Page 10: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

CALIPHS► Abu Bakr—first caliph► Umar—second caliph► Ali (Muhammad’s nephew)—

fourth caliph► Ali murdered by Ummayad

family Tradition later developed

that leadership of Islamic world could only be held by descendant of Ali

►Shi’ites

Murder of Ali

Page 11: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ARAB DYNASTIES I► UMMAYAD DYNASTY

(661-750 AD)

► Took over after murder of Ali

► Capital at Damascus

► Conquest of North Africa, Spain, and parts of India

► Overthrown in 750 AD

Page 12: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ARAB DYNASTIES II► ABBASID DYNASTY

► (750-1258 AD)► Descended from Muhammad’s

uncle, Abbas► Overthrew Ummayads► Capital at Baghdad► Lost chunks of empire after 1000

Egypt and Spain broke away Syria, North Africa, and Iran

conquered by Seljuk Turks and Berbers

► Last caliph killed by Mongols during their conquest of Baghdad in 1258

Page 13: ARABIA Muhammed was born in Mecca. ARABIA BEFORE MUHAMMAD ► ► Mecca one of many busy commercial cities along Red Sea coast ► ► Mecca contained the Kaaba

ARAB LEGACY• Collected and translated

ancient Persian and Greek scientific and philosophical works• Works of Hippocrates• Introduced “Arabic

numerals” to west and perfected the use of decimal fractions and algebra

• Concentrated on decorative arts (ceramics, tapestries, mosiacs)

• Literature— Arabian Nights and the Koran itself