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Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process

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Page 1: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process

Page 2: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area of Palestine. Movement began late 1800’s.

Many Jews began to immigrate to Palestine in the late 1800’s.

Pre-WWI: Area of Palestine under Ottoman Empire After WWI: Area of Palestine under control of British

(British Mandate) until it became independent Balfour Declaration: 1917: Britain supports idea of a

Jewish homeland w/ rights of non-Jews protected

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Page 3: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Israelis Palestinians

• Ancestors lived in area nearly 2000 years ago

• Jerusalem home to most important Jewish site—Western Wall

• Ancestors have been living in area nearly 2000 years

• Jerusalem home to 3rd most important Muslim site-Dome of the Rock/Al-Aqsa Mosque

Page 4: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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South West Asia 1914

Page 5: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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The Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 1916, was a secret agreement by two British and French diplomats, Sir Mark Sykes and Georges Picot. The Sykes-Picot Agreement involved itself with the partition of the Ottoman Empire once World War I ended. France controlled Syria, Lebanon and Turkish Cilicia to the French and Palestine, Jordan and areas around the Persian Gulf and Baghdad to the British. While neither France nor Britain actually ‘owned’ these territories, they were to effectively control them at a governmental and administrative level.

Page 6: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Balfour Declaration: 1917:

•Letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild that made public the British support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

• The Balfour Declaration led the League of Nations to entrust the United Kingdom with the Palestine Mandate in 1922.

Page 7: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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UN Plan for Palestine (1947)• Partition (separate) the area into 2 countries• Israel (Jewish State) and Palestine (Arab State)• 55% of land goes to the Jews • 45% of land goes to the Arabs • Total Population: 1.8 million

• 1.2 million Arabs living in area • 600,00 Jews living in area

• Jerusalem:“international city” controlled by UN • Accepted by Jews• Rejected by Arabs• No Arab on committee

Page 8: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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1948 War • May 14,1948: Israel is officially formed

• May 15, 1948: Israel attacked by six Arab nations

• Approx. 750,000 Palestinians fled or were forced to leave

• Over approx. 800,000 Jews in Arab countries also fled or were forced to leave for Israel

• Israel After War: Jordan controls West Bank and Egypt controls Gaza Strip

• Israel takes much of Palestine and West Jerusalem—East Jerusalem, including many religious sites taken by Jordan, who denied Israelis access

Page 9: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Perspectives on Partition and 1948 War

Israelis Palestinians Creates state of Israel

War of Independence

Holocaust and other periods of violence against Jews throughout the past centuries might not have happened if there was a Jewish Homeland

• They had no input

•Nabka: “Catastrophe”

•Land set aside for Palestinians now under control of Arab countries or Israel

Page 10: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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1956 Suez Canal Crisis

• Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal in 1956 and closed the Straits of Tiran to Israel, which blocked Israeli access to the Red Sea.

• Israel attacks Egypt with later reinforcements from France and the United Kingdom

• Ceasefire agreement and withdrawal of Israeli troops

• United Nations Peacekeepers sent to maintain peace in the area

Page 11: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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1967 War • Israel believes neighbors are preparing for war

– Egypt requests withdrawal of UN in May 1967 and denies Israel access to the Red Sea by closing Straits of Tiran

– Jordan and Egypt sign mutual defense agreement

– Continued terrorist attacks from Syria’s Golan Heights region

• Israeli surprise attack against Egypt on June 5, 1967

– Also attacks Syria, Jordan

– Within six days Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan

• Takes control of West Bank and East Jerusalem (from Jordan)

• Control of Sinai and the Gaza Strip (from Egypt)

• Control of Golan Heights (from Syria)

Page 12: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Perspectives on and Aftermath of 1967 War

Israelis Palestinians

•Land gained is a buffer zone to deter future attacks

•Begin to build settlements in West Bank, Gaza Strip and Golan Heights

•Unified Jerusalem under Israeli control

• West Bank and Gaza Strip become known as “Occupied Territories”

•Some will accept Israel at pre-1967 War borders

•Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) later begins to use terrorism to attract attention to its cause of an independent state.

Page 13: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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The Yom Kippur War, 1973• On Yom Kippur in 1973, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, but Israel pushed back the attack

• For many Israelis, the war reinforced the need for buffer zones gained in 1967

•After the war, Israel retained the territories captured in 1967 (West Bank, Gaza, Golan Heights) but gave back land gained in the 1973 war

• Eventually, in 1979, Egypt became the first Arab country to recognize Israel and entered into a peace treaty

Page 14: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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The Camp David Accords • 1977: Egypt (led by Anwar Sadat) engages

Israel in peace efforts

• 1978: Camp David Accords

– U.S. President Carter invites Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Camp David

– Egypt recognizes Israel as a country

– Israel gives Sinai peninsula back to Egypt

– First agreement between Israel and an Arab nation

Page 15: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Page 16: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Perspectives on Camp David AccordsIsraelis Palestinians

• Shows that the country is willing to trade land it has conquered for peace

• Egypt recognizes that Israel is a country and exists

• Sadat assassinated in 1981 by Muslim extremists

• Jordan signs peace agreement with Israel in 1994.

Page 17: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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The Intifada • Palestinian uprising or Intifada against Israeli

occupation, living conditions, and to demand independence that begins in 1987.

– Includes Palestinian demonstrations, strikes, boycotts, rock throwing and gasoline bombs.

• Israeli military response

• Over approx. 400 Israelis killed

• Over approx. 1500 Palestinians killed, some a result of Palestinian in-fighting

Page 18: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Page 19: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Oslo Accords, 1993• In the 1990’s several advances towards peace were

made with several meetings taking place in places such as Egypt, Spain, the United States, and Norway. – 1993 Oslo Accords: Palestinian Leader Yasser Arafat and

Israel’s Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin met to begin to work out a peace deal that included each side recognizing the right of the other to exist.

– Arafat and Rabin received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts

• In 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement

• Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist in November of 1995

Page 20: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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The Camp David Summit

• In 2000, President Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian President Yasser Arafat met at Camp David to negotiate a final peace agreement

•Prime Minister Barak agreed to pull out from the majority of the West Bank but President Arafat refused

•The two sides were not able to bridge their differences to reach an agreement

•Though the negotiations were conducted secretly, some say that President Arafat refused to compromise and made no proposals

Page 21: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Second Intifada• By 2000, peace process has faded. •In 2000, Israeli political figure Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount (Western Wall area and Al Aqsa Mosque area) in Jerusalem• Palestinian violence erupts beginning the Second Intifada •Buses, discos, hotels, fast food restaurants, etc in Israel blown up by Palestinian suicide bombers • Israel responds militarily • From 2000-June 2008

•Over 4500 Palestinians killed •Over 1000 Israelis killed • In 2002, Israel begins building a security barrier in the West Bank, to protect Israelis from terrorists

Page 22: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Peace Proposals• In 2002, the prince of Saudi Arabia proposed the Arab Pease Initiative, endorsed by all members of the Arab league

- it calls for Israel to return to its pre-1967 territories, recognition of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital, and a solution for Palestinian refugees

•Road Map for Peace is proposed in 2003 by the U.S., Russia, EU, and UN

- three phases to attain an independent Palestinian state and secure Israel- has never progressed due to the 2006 Hamas election

Page 23: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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The Gaza Strip• In 2005, Israel removed its settlements from the

Gaza Strip and gave much control of the area to the Palestinian government (with exceptions such as the border, airspace, coastline)

• Gaza later comes under the control of Hamas, a group considered by Israel and other countries to be a terrorist organization.

• As of June 2008, Hamas and Israel have entered into a cease fire agreement.

Page 24: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Current State of Affairs• With the election of a majority of Hamas to the Palestinian Authority (PA) legislature in 2006, and their platform calling for the destruction of Israel, violence and tension erupted once again. Hamas is internationally recognized as a terrorist organization; thus many countries have imposed sanctions and suspended aid to the PA.

•The rise of the radical organization Hezbollah has further increased violence and instigated the 2006 Lebanon War.

• After Hamas attacked PLO Fatah members, the PA president dissolved Hamas. Now, Hamas controls Gaza and the PA controls the West Bank. Suicide bombings through the use of human shields (including women and children) continues to kill Israelis.

• President Obama continues to try to facilitate negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

Page 25: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of HezbollahIslamic militant group based in Lebanon

Hamas- Islamic political party that controls Gaza Strip

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)- paramilitary group

Palestinian Authority (PA)- governs West Bank and Gaza Strip after Olso

Page 26: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Page 27: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Current Issue : Is Resolution Possible?

Palestinian and Israeli leaders backed by US and other countries are working towards the existence of Israel and of Palestine. But the following issues remain:

•Jerusalem

•Settlements

•Security (including barriers, terrorism, checkpoints)

•Refugees and Right of Return

•Two States or One/Borders

Page 28: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Challenges to ResolutionIssue Israelis Palestinians

Jerusalem See united Jerusalem as its capitol See East Jerusalem as its capitol

Settlements For religious, political, and security reasons a large number of Israeli settlements exist in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

270,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank

Israeli settlements go against the idea of a future Palestinian state.

Security Barriers, Movement, and Terrorism

Israel is building a barrier between it and the West Bank. Israel sees this as a way to prevent further suicide bombings.

Palestinians need permission to leave West Bank. Israelis see this as needed security to prevent terrorism.

Terrorist organizations like Hamas (which controls the Gaza Strip) and Hezbollah (based in Lebanon and who was at war with Israel in the summer of 2006) continue to fire rockets into Israel. Individuals also continue to commit other acts of terror.

The barrier goes beyond the border between the West Bank and Israel: the barrier route is 449 miles, while the “Green Line”—the “border” between the West Bank and Israel is 199 miles

The restriction on movement limits jobs, health care, education, etc. contributing to standard of living in West Bank being significantly less than that of Israel.

Can’t stereotype all Palestinians as terrorists as the majority are not terrorists. Palestinian government denounced terrorism.

Refugees & the Right of Return

If Palestinians living in Arab nations or in the Occupied Territories return to Israel to reclaim land, it can mean the end of Israel as a Jewish state.

As refugees, Palestinians believe they should be able to return to their or their families land in Israel and receive reimbursement for expenses incurred as refugees.

Two States or One/borders

Israelis do not want to give up Jerusalem to Palestinian Authority. Many Israelis do not recognize Palestinians as a people separate from Arabs, therefore, they are not entitled to their own state.

Palestinians should be granted all of the West Bank and Gaza independently and as a separate state, and that Israelis settled there should leave.

Page 29: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Economic Comparative Analysis

Sources: United Nations 2009 Human Development Index (HDI): http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/2009 CIA World Fact Book: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

Statistic Israel West Bank Gaza Strip 1

GDP $194 billion $12.79 billion22 See West Bank figures

Per Capita $28,400 $2,900 See West Bank figures

Annual Budget (expenditures)Annual Budget (revenue)

$58.6 billion$45 billion

$30.8 billion$1.63 billion

See West Bank figures

Human Development Index3 27 out of 182 110 out of 182 (Palestinian Territories)

Unemployment Rate 7.4% 19% 40%

Population below the Poverty Line

23.6% 46% 70%1 The CIA Fact Book lists the West Bank and Gaza Strip settlements separately as part of the Palestine Authority due to PA and Hamas control. The Fact Book does not report independent GDP, Per Capita, and Annual Budget figures for the Gaza Strip.

2 The West Bank experienced a revival in its economy in 2009 due to a lifting of some restrictions by the Israeli government and an increase in aid donations.

3 The HDI – human development index – is a summary composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Health is measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge is measured by a combination of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio; and standard of living by GDP per capita (PPP US$).

Page 30: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

2010 World Bank GDPIsrael & Palestine Territories

World Bank Indicators: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators?cid=GPD_WDI

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Page 31: Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process. Historical Background Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Zionist: Supporter of a homeland for the Jews in the area

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Works Cited

MaryLynne Fillmon, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Lesson in Perspective: 2008. http://www.cmes.arizona.edu/outreach/files/Sec.%20Lesson%20-%20%20Israeli-Palestinian%20Conflict%20-%20Perspective/The%20Israeli-Palestinian%20Conflict%20A%20Lesson%20in%20Perspective.ppt

United Nations 2009 Human Development Index (HDI): http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/

2009 CIA World Fact Book: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

World Bank Indicators: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators?cid=GPD_WDI

A Historical Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict and Peace Process: A Curriculum for Modern World History Teachers. Institute for Curriculum Services, www.icsresources.org.