april 2012 - guest lectures icrep course - financial evaluation and risk assessment in emission...
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Guest lectures in ICREP course 2012TRANSCRIPT
FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF CDM PROJECTSRISK & RETURN IN EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTSERIK JAN RODENHUIS 5 APRIL 2012RISK & RETURN IN EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTSERIK JAN RODENHUIS 5 APRIL 2012
Erik Jan Rodenhuis MSc.
Industrial Engineering & Management at University of TwenteParticipation in ICREP course 2007
Consultant Renewable Energy & InnovationsLecturer Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Feasibility studies on biomass, wind & hydropowerAppropriate technology, emission reduction mechanisms, grant
writing technical and market innovationswww.linkedin.com/in/erikjanrodenhuis
SPEAKER INTRODUCTION
Erik Jan Rodenhuis MSc.
Industrial Engineering & Management at University of TwenteParticipation in ICREP course 2007
Consultant Renewable Energy & InnovationsLecturer Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences
Feasibility studies on biomass, wind & hydropowerAppropriate technology, emission reduction mechanisms, grant
writing technical and market innovationswww.linkedin.com/in/erikjanrodenhuis
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Rationale behind emissions trading Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Market-based system to realize emission reductions in most costeffective way
Emissions trading enables emitters of GHG to choose the least-costlyway to comply with the pollution regulation or voluntary reduceemissions, which will lead to reductions where the least expensivesolutions exist, while allowing emissions that are more expensive toreduce.
RATIONALE BEHIND EMISSIONS TRADINGCOST EFFECTIVE
Market-based system to realize emission reductions in most costeffective way
Emissions trading enables emitters of GHG to choose the least-costlyway to comply with the pollution regulation or voluntary reduceemissions, which will lead to reductions where the least expensivesolutions exist, while allowing emissions that are more expensive toreduce.
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
KYOTO FLEXIBLE MECHANISMS
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
RATIONALE BEHIND EMISSIONS TRADING
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901105000559
ABATEMENT OF GHG OR EMISSIONS TRADING?
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Source: http://www.mepa.org.mt/ets-introduction
PRODUCTION COSTS RENEWABLE ENERGY2006 FIGURE – GETTING CLOSER TO GRID PARITY
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
PRODUCTION COSTS
25-3-2010Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Source: IPCC-SRREN
CO2 ABATEMENT COSTGLOBAL COST CURVE FOR GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT MEASURES
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy & Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy & Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Capital Expenditure “CAPEX”
Operating Expense “OPEX”
Earnings before Interest, Tax and Amortisation “EBITA” = operationalprofit -/- OPEX
FINANCIAL TERMINOLOGY
Capital Expenditure “CAPEX”
Operating Expense “OPEX”
Earnings before Interest, Tax and Amortisation “EBITA” = operationalprofit -/- OPEX
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Balance sheet
Assets Equity
Debt
“Carbon Finance”
SOURCES OF FINANCE
Balance sheet
Assets Equity
Debt
“Carbon Finance”
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT
Profit & loss statement
OPEX Revenues
- energy sales
- carbon sales
If OPEX< revenues if OPEX > revenues
Nett profit Nett loss
25-3-2010Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Profit & loss statement
OPEX Revenues
- energy sales
- carbon sales
If OPEX< revenues if OPEX > revenues
Nett profit Nett loss
TYPE OF FINANCING
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: MAKINSON 2005)
DEBT RATIO
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: FIELDSTONE PRIVATE CAPITAL GROUP LIMITED 2000)
OPERATIONAL & FINANCIAL CASH FLOWS
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Solvency ratio’s
Profitability ratio’s
FINANCIAL RATIO’S
assetsTotaldebtTotalratioDebt
Solvency ratio’s
Profitability ratio’s
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
assetsTotalincomeNett(ROA)AssetsonReturn
EquityDebti)-(ROAROA
EquityTotalinterest-EBITA(ROE)EquityonReturn taxbefore
)EquityDebti)-(ROA(ROArate)tax-(1(ROE)EquityonReturn after tax
Assume:
16 MW wind park
Total investment € 20 million
EBITA = Earnings before Interest, Tax, Amortization = € 2 million
Questions:
1. What is the Return-on-Investment ROI?
2. What is the Return-on-Equity assuming that you are able to:
Attract debt up to an debt ratio of 75%
At an interest rate of 6%
APPLYING THE FINANCIAL RATIO’SEXERCISE 1
Assume:
16 MW wind park
Total investment € 20 million
EBITA = Earnings before Interest, Tax, Amortization = € 2 million
Questions:
1. What is the Return-on-Investment ROI?
2. What is the Return-on-Equity assuming that you are able to:
Attract debt up to an debt ratio of 75%
At an interest rate of 6%
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
ANSWER EXERCISE 1THIS IS WHAT WE CALL “LEVERAGE”
22% ROE = ? %ROE = 22 %
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Totalinvestment: €20M
ROA: 10%
Equity: € 5 M Debt: € 15 M
Interest rate: 6%
10%
6%
The value of $ 1 in 2013?
Nett Present Value
Internal Rate of Return
TIME-VALUE OF MONEY
ni)(1FVPV
The value of $ 1 in 2013?
Nett Present Value
Internal Rate of Return
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
T
1tt
t
r)(1CNPV
T
1tt
t
IRR)(1CNPV then0NPVif
Excel Syntax:
NPV(rate, value1, value2, ..., value N)
IRR(value1,value 2, …, value N, guess)
Debt Service Coverage Ratio
TIME-VALUE OF MONEY
Excel Syntax:
NPV(rate, value1, value2, ..., value N)
IRR(value1,value 2, …, value N, guess)
Debt Service Coverage Ratio
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
repaymentloaninterestEBITA
servicedebtTotalEBITADSCR
OPERATIONAL & FINANCIAL CASH FLOWS
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
CUMULATIVE CASH FLOWS & NET PRESENT VALUE
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Pay-back periodBreak-even
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
INTEREST RATES & EXPECTED ROE
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: FIELDSTONE PRIVATE CAPITAL GROUP LIMITED 2000)
TOOLS
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
ADDITIONALITYINVESTMENT ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR PROVING ADDITIONALITY
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Additionality tool: http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/tools/index.html
STEP 2 – Investment analysis
The project needs to be less financial attractive than realistic &credible alternatives
The project is less financial attractive than continuation of thecurrent situation
The proposed project activity is not financial attractive withoutcarbon revenues
STEP 3 – Barrier analysis
There are investment barriers (lack of capital, risks, current similaractivities only with grant money)
ADDITIONALITYREQUIREMENTS
STEP 2 – Investment analysis
The project needs to be less financial attractive than realistic &credible alternatives
The project is less financial attractive than continuation of thecurrent situation
The proposed project activity is not financial attractive withoutcarbon revenues
STEP 3 – Barrier analysis
There are investment barriers (lack of capital, risks, current similaractivities only with grant money)
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
ADDITIONALITY?
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Project lifetime
Residual value after project lifetime
Sunk costs
Project IRR
Required Rate-of Return should reflect risk profile of the project
Guidelines on the Assessment of Investment Analysis
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/reg/reg_guid03.pdf
GUIDELINES ON INVESTMENT ANALYSISISSUES
Project lifetime
Residual value after project lifetime
Sunk costs
Project IRR
Required Rate-of Return should reflect risk profile of the project
Guidelines on the Assessment of Investment Analysis
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/reg/reg_guid03.pdf
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, Uncertainties & Risks
CDM-specific Risks & Returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, Uncertainties & Risks
CDM-specific Risks & Returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Stage-gating with identification of “show-stoppers”
Sources of finance during project development
CDM specific project cycle
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGYAND CARBON PROJECTS
Stage-gating with identification of “show-stoppers”
Sources of finance during project development
CDM specific project cycle
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
PROCESS
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
DEVELOPMENT STAGES
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: MAKINSON 2005)
CDM PROJECT CYCLE
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
5-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Shadow price: the marginal rate of substitution between outputs inquestion, i.e. the amounts of one output we have to sacrifice to obtainanother output, or price in well functioning market
Opportunity cost / opportunity value
SHADOW PRICESDISTORTED MARKETS
Shadow price: the marginal rate of substitution between outputs inquestion, i.e. the amounts of one output we have to sacrifice to obtainanother output, or price in well functioning market
Opportunity cost / opportunity value
25-3-2010Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF CDM PROJECTSRISK & RETURN IN EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTSERIK JAN RODENHUIS 10 APRIL 2012RISK & RETURN IN EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTSERIK JAN RODENHUIS 10 APRIL 2012
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
ADDITIONALITY?
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
FINANCING REQUIREMENTS
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Transaction costs are all costs incurred in making an economicexchange
Search and information costs
Bargaining costs
Enforcement costs
TRANSACTION COSTS
Transaction costs are all costs incurred in making an economicexchange
Search and information costs
Bargaining costs
Enforcement costs
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
CDM-SPECIFIC COSTS
Phase Cost(large-scale)
Cost(small-scale)
Activities
Planning phase $ 38,500 –$ 610,000
$ 18,500 –$ 117.000
PINPDDNew methodologyValidationRegistration
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
PINPDDNew methodologyValidationRegistration
Constructionphase
Usually minimal relative to total plant &equipment cost
Monitoringequipment
Operation phase Variable – minimum 2% of CERs plus$5000/year for annual verification
UN Adaption FundFeeVerification feesSOP-admin
TRANSACTION COSTS FOR CDM PROJECTSINDICATIVE CDM COST PROFILE FOR A TYPICAL CDM PROJECT
53,000
Pre-RegistrationCDM Costs
Post-RegistrationCDM Costs
US$
164,500Assumes a 10-year
project.
Recurrent costsdiscounted at 3%
annual rate to expressin present-value terms.
Registration costs,Administration Fee andAdaptation Fund Levy
not included.
Assumes a 10-yearproject.
Recurrent costsdiscounted at 3%
annual rate to expressin present-value terms.
Registration costs,Administration Fee andAdaptation Fund Levy
not included.
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
13,000
38,000
16,50010,000
34,000
PDD
Validation
InitialMonitoring
OngoingVerification
ByDOE
OngoingAnnual
Monitoring
51,00067,50077,500
111,500
PIN
Assumes a 10-yearproject.
Recurrent costsdiscounted at 3%
annual rate to expressin present-value terms.
Registration costs,Administration Fee andAdaptation Fund Levy
not included.
Assumes a 10-yearproject.
Recurrent costsdiscounted at 3%
annual rate to expressin present-value terms.
Registration costs,Administration Fee andAdaptation Fund Levy
not included.
Assume:
CER price $ 5 / tCO2
CDM planning cost $ 75,000
CDM verification cost $ 5,000
Yearly CER’s 20.000 tCO2
2% of CERs to UN Adaption Fund Fee
How long does the project has to be operational before the CDMspecific costs are recovered?
EXERCISE 1SIMPLE PAY-BACK OF CDM-SPECIFIC INVESTMENT
Assume:
CER price $ 5 / tCO2
CDM planning cost $ 75,000
CDM verification cost $ 5,000
Yearly CER’s 20.000 tCO2
2% of CERs to UN Adaption Fund Fee
How long does the project has to be operational before the CDMspecific costs are recovered?
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Simple pay-back of CDM-specific costs
EXERCISE 1SIMPLE PAY-BACK OF CDM-SPECIFIC INVESTMENT
costion verificatannual-price)CERyearly t(0.98costplanningCDMt
CO2
Simple pay-back of CDM-specific costs
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
years0.85,000-$5)20,000(0.98
75,000$t
Assume:
VER price $ 5 / tCO2
VCM planning cost $ 40,000
VCM verification cost $ 10,000
ERPA 7 years
What is the minimum project size to recover the Carbon specificcosts?
EXERCISE 2CALCULATION OF MINIMUM PROJECT SIZE
Assume:
VER price $ 5 / tCO2
VCM planning cost $ 40,000
VCM verification cost $ 10,000
ERPA 7 years
What is the minimum project size to recover the Carbon specificcosts?
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Break-even VCM project size
EXERCISE 2CALCULATION OF MINIMUM PROJECT SIZE
price)CER(Tcost)ion verificatannual*(TcostplanningVCM/year)(tx e-CO2
Break-even VCM project size
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
/year t3,142$5)(7
$10,000)*(7$40,000/year)(tx e-CO2e-CO2
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
•Accuracy of estimates
• Is my estimate of the total investment accurate?
•Uncertainties & risks
• Does my project obtain the necessary licenses/permits to operate?
• What will be the price for a MWh?
• What will be the price for a carbon credit?
ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES, UNCERTAINTIES & RISKS
•Accuracy of estimates
• Is my estimate of the total investment accurate?
•Uncertainties & risks
• Does my project obtain the necessary licenses/permits to operate?
• What will be the price for a MWh?
• What will be the price for a carbon credit?
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: RETSCREEN)
CER SPOT MARKET PRICES (ONE YEAR AGO…)
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: BLOOMBERG NEW ENERGY FINANCE 2011)
CER SPOT MARKET PRICES (TODAY)
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: BLOOMBERG NEW ENERGY FINANCE 2012)
• Knight (1921):“risk is an uncertainty with a probability that is known through pastexperience”
• Risk = (probability of occurrence) x (severity of theconsequences)
• Risk volatility = variability in possible outcomes within a certainconfidence interval
UNCERTAINTY & RISK
Uncertainties
• Knight (1921):“risk is an uncertainty with a probability that is known through pastexperience”
• Risk = (probability of occurrence) x (severity of theconsequences)
• Risk volatility = variability in possible outcomes within a certainconfidence interval
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
RisksUncertainties
•Technical risks
•Wind resources•Sufficient grid capacity•Municipality zoning plan
•“Safety assessment”
UNCERTAINTY & RISK IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
•Technical risks
•Wind resources•Sufficient grid capacity•Municipality zoning plan
•“Safety assessment”
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
RISK VERSUS RETURN
(Source: Sonntag-O’Brien &Usher 2004)
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
TYPICAL PLANNING RISKS
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION RISKS
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
TYPICAL OPERATIONAL RISKS
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
PROJECT RISKS
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns Risk evaluation
Questions
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
CDM EMISSIONS REDUCTION OTC PRICESCARBON FINANCE
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: NISHIDA, CARBON EXPO 2007)
CARBON FINANCE
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: UNEP ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT GROUP 2003)
MORE FLEXIBLE DEAL STRUCTURES
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: UNEP ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT GROUP 2003)
VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET OTC PRICES
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: STATE OF THE VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET 2009)
CDM RISK ADJUSTED PRICES
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE CER PRICE RISK
frequent probable casual imaginable improbable unthinkable
Future spot markettrades of CERs
Carbon Finance andfixed-price agreementfor Verified EmissionReductions delivered
ERPA states a fixedannual amount of
CERs to be delivered
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
frequent probable casual imaginable improbable unthinkable
Future spot markettrades of CERs
Carbon Finance andfixed-price agreementfor Verified EmissionReductions delivered
ERPA states a fixedannual amount of
CERs to be delivered
“RISK-RETURN HURDLE LINE”
RE project with carbon credits
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
RE project without carbon credits
ADDITIONALITY? (REPRISE)
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: CD4CDM 2007)
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy and Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation Questions
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
RISK EVALUATION
•Identification of risks
•Use scenario’s (with/without carbon credits; sensitivity analysis)
•Risk management
•Qualitative/semi-quantitative risk evaluation
•Sensitivity analysis
•Quantitative risk analysis using Monte-Carlo simulations
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
•Identification of risks
•Use scenario’s (with/without carbon credits; sensitivity analysis)
•Risk management
•Qualitative/semi-quantitative risk evaluation
•Sensitivity analysis
•Quantitative risk analysis using Monte-Carlo simulations
IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS
•Risk classification according to successive project phases
• Planning risks
• Construction risks
• Operational risks
•Functional risk categories
• Regulatory risks
• Development & Construction risks
• Operational risks
• Revenue risks
• Financial risks
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
•Risk classification according to successive project phases
• Planning risks
• Construction risks
• Operational risks
•Functional risk categories
• Regulatory risks
• Development & Construction risks
• Operational risks
• Revenue risks
• Financial risks
RISK MANAGEMENT
no
yes
Risk assessed
Acceptable? Monitor risk
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: SADGROVE 2005)
no yes
no
Risk treatment- Minimize- Spread
Acceptable?Avoid
UNEP/MARSH RISK PRIORITY 100 MW WIND FARMCHINA100 MW WIND FARM CHINA
1. Contract bankability (risk of being unable to secure bankable off-takercontracts)
2. Warranty non-performance (risk of the warranty provider failing tomeet contractual obligations)
3. Off-taker default (risk of the electricity off-taker defaulting oncontractual obligations under PPA)
Based on survey voting by 31 qualified experts
UNEP Marsh 2007, available athttp://www.unep.fr/energy/activities/frm/publications.htm
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
1. Contract bankability (risk of being unable to secure bankable off-takercontracts)
2. Warranty non-performance (risk of the warranty provider failing tomeet contractual obligations)
3. Off-taker default (risk of the electricity off-taker defaulting oncontractual obligations under PPA)
Based on survey voting by 31 qualified experts
UNEP Marsh 2007, available athttp://www.unep.fr/energy/activities/frm/publications.htm
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE RISK EVALUATION
frequent
probable
casual Risk Priority
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
imaginable
improbable
unthinkable
inessential marginally critical disastrous
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE RISK EVALUATIONEXAMPLE FOR OPERATIONAL RISK WIND TURBINE
frequent
probable
casual
imaginable
Probability ofoccurrence
SimpleMaintenance
without insurance
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
imaginable
improbable
unthinkable
inessential marginally critical disastrous
Severity of the consequences
Complete O&Mincl. Insurance
SimpleMaintenance
without insurance
O&M and insuranceincrease operational costand lower IRR.But also decrease riskprofile!!!
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE RISK EVALUATIONRISK TREATMENT STRATEGIES
frequent
probable
casual
imaginable
improbable
unthinkable
inessential marginally critical disastrous
Severity of the consequences
Probabilityof
occurrence
Showstoppers that leadto avoidance of theproject
Showstoppers that couldpossibly be mitigated
Risks that are beingassumed to occur byusing a conservativeestimate
Acceptable risk range
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
frequent
probable
casual
imaginable
improbable
unthinkable
inessential marginally critical disastrous
Severity of the consequences
Probabilityof
occurrence
Showstoppers that leadto avoidance of theproject
Showstoppers that couldpossibly be mitigated
Risks that are beingassumed to occur byusing a conservativeestimate
Acceptable risk range
SENSITIVITY ANALYSISSensitivity analysis
Perform analysis onSensitivity rangeThreshold 10 %
€/MWh76,50 80,75 85,00 89,25 93,50
€ -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%16.650.000 -10% 9,9% 12,0% 14,1% 16,1% 18,1%17.575.000 -5% 8,3% 10,4% 12,3% 14,3% 16,2%18.500.000 0% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,6% 14,5%19.425.000 5% 5,6% 7,5% 9,3% 11,1% 12,9%20.350.000 10% 4,3% 6,2% 8,0% 9,8% 11,5%
€/MWh76,50 80,75 85,00 89,25 93,50
€ -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%612.000 -10% 7,7% 9,6% 11,5% 13,4% 15,2%646.000 -5% 7,3% 9,3% 11,2% 13,0% 14,8%680.000 0% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,6% 14,5%714.000 5% 6,5% 8,5% 10,4% 12,3% 14,1%748.000 10% 6,1% 8,1% 10,0% 11,9% 13,7%
€/MWh76,50 80,75 85,00 89,25 93,50
€/tCO2 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%5,40 -10% 6,8% 8,7% 10,6% 12,5% 14,3%5,70 -5% 6,8% 8,8% 10,7% 12,6% 14,4%6,00 0% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,6% 14,5%6,30 5% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,7% 14,5%6,60 10% 7,0% 9,0% 10,9% 12,8% 14,6%
RETScreen Sensitivity and Risk Analysis - Power project
After-tax IRR - equity10%
Electricity export rateInitial costs
Electricity export rateO&M
Electricity export rateGHG reduction credit rate
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Sensitivity analysis
Perform analysis onSensitivity rangeThreshold 10 %
€/MWh76,50 80,75 85,00 89,25 93,50
€ -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%16.650.000 -10% 9,9% 12,0% 14,1% 16,1% 18,1%17.575.000 -5% 8,3% 10,4% 12,3% 14,3% 16,2%18.500.000 0% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,6% 14,5%19.425.000 5% 5,6% 7,5% 9,3% 11,1% 12,9%20.350.000 10% 4,3% 6,2% 8,0% 9,8% 11,5%
€/MWh76,50 80,75 85,00 89,25 93,50
€ -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%612.000 -10% 7,7% 9,6% 11,5% 13,4% 15,2%646.000 -5% 7,3% 9,3% 11,2% 13,0% 14,8%680.000 0% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,6% 14,5%714.000 5% 6,5% 8,5% 10,4% 12,3% 14,1%748.000 10% 6,1% 8,1% 10,0% 11,9% 13,7%
€/MWh76,50 80,75 85,00 89,25 93,50
€/tCO2 -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%5,40 -10% 6,8% 8,7% 10,6% 12,5% 14,3%5,70 -5% 6,8% 8,8% 10,7% 12,6% 14,4%6,00 0% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,6% 14,5%6,30 5% 6,9% 8,9% 10,8% 12,7% 14,5%6,60 10% 7,0% 9,0% 10,9% 12,8% 14,6%
RETScreen Sensitivity and Risk Analysis - Power project
After-tax IRR - equity10%
Electricity export rateInitial costs
Electricity export rateO&M
Electricity export rateGHG reduction credit rate
QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSISPROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
(SOURCE: MARSH 2007)
QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSISIMPACT OF VARIOUS RISK
Risk analysis
Perform analysis on
Parameter Unit Value Range (+/-) Minimum MaximumInitial costs € 18.500.000 15% 15.725.000 21.275.000O&M € 680.000 20% 544.000 816.000Electricity export rate €/MWh 85,00 10% 76,50 93,50GHG reduction credit rate €/tCO2 6,00 60% 2,40 9,60Net GHG reduction - credit duration tCO2 232.801 232.801 232.801Debt ratio % 60% 60% 60%Debt interest rate % 7,00% 7,00% 7,00%Debt term yr 15 15 15
Impact - After-tax IRR - equity
Relative impact (standard deviation) of parameter
After-tax IRR - equity
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Net GHG reduction - credit duration
Debt ratioDebt interest rateDebt termGHG reduction credit rateO&MElectricity export rateInitial costs
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Risk analysis
Perform analysis on
Parameter Unit Value Range (+/-) Minimum MaximumInitial costs € 18.500.000 15% 15.725.000 21.275.000O&M € 680.000 20% 544.000 816.000Electricity export rate €/MWh 85,00 10% 76,50 93,50GHG reduction credit rate €/tCO2 6,00 60% 2,40 9,60Net GHG reduction - credit duration tCO2 232.801 232.801 232.801Debt ratio % 60% 60% 60%Debt interest rate % 7,00% 7,00% 7,00%Debt term yr 15 15 15
Impact - After-tax IRR - equity
Relative impact (standard deviation) of parameter
After-tax IRR - equity
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
Net GHG reduction - credit duration
Debt ratioDebt interest rateDebt termGHG reduction credit rateO&MElectricity export rateInitial costs
QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSISDISTRIBUTION AFTER 100 SIMULATIONS
Median % 10,8%Level of risk % 5,0%Minimum within level of confidence % 7,1%Maximum within level of confidence % 15,2%
Distribution - After-tax IRR - equity
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
5,8% 7,1% 8,5% 9,9% 11,3% 12,7% 14,1% 15,4% 16,8% 18,2%
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Median % 10,8%Level of risk % 5,0%Minimum within level of confidence % 7,1%Maximum within level of confidence % 15,2%
Distribution - After-tax IRR - equity
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
5,8% 7,1% 8,5% 9,9% 11,3% 12,7% 14,1% 15,4% 16,8% 18,2%
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy & Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
LECTURE OUTLINE
Rationale behind emissions trading
Financial Management crash-course
Investment Analysis of CDM projects
Development process of Renewable Energy & Carbon projects
Shadow pricing
Transaction Costs
Accuracy of estimates, uncertainties & risks
CDM-specific risks & returns
Risk evaluation
Questions
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Essential reading:Guidebook to Financing CDM Projects
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/Home/ClimateChangeFinance/tabid/612/language/en-US/Default.aspx
Recommended reading concerning Carbon Finance:World Bank Carbon Finance Libraries:
http://go.worldbank.org/D2V9XWYHM0
http://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=DocLib&ItemID=24703
FURTHER READING
Essential reading:Guidebook to Financing CDM Projects
http://www.unep.org/climatechange/Home/ClimateChangeFinance/tabid/612/language/en-US/Default.aspx
Recommended reading concerning Carbon Finance:World Bank Carbon Finance Libraries:
http://go.worldbank.org/D2V9XWYHM0
http://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=DocLib&ItemID=24703
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Recommended reading concerning Voluntary Carbon MarketEcosystem Marketplace (e.g. State Voluntary Carbon Market 2009)
http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/carbon_market.landing_page.php
Recommended reading concerning Sustainable Energy Finance
UNEP Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative
http://sefi.unep.org/
FURTHER READING
Recommended reading concerning Voluntary Carbon MarketEcosystem Marketplace (e.g. State Voluntary Carbon Market 2009)
http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/carbon_market.landing_page.php
Recommended reading concerning Sustainable Energy Finance
UNEP Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative
http://sefi.unep.org/
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Recommended reading concerning Risk and Renewable EnergyProjectsUNEP Financial Risk Management Instruments for Renewable EnergyProjects in Emerging and Developing Countries
http://www.unep.fr/energy/activities/frm/
Risk analysis tool for renewable energy project development
http://purl.org/utwente/e58464
FURTHER READING
Recommended reading concerning Risk and Renewable EnergyProjectsUNEP Financial Risk Management Instruments for Renewable EnergyProjects in Emerging and Developing Countries
http://www.unep.fr/energy/activities/frm/
Risk analysis tool for renewable energy project development
http://purl.org/utwente/e58464
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects
Erik Jan Rodenhuis MSc
Rodenhuis Energy & Innovation
The Netherlands
I. www.rodenhuisenergy.eu
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Erik Jan Rodenhuis MSc
Rodenhuis Energy & Innovation
The Netherlands
I. www.rodenhuisenergy.eu
10-4-2012Financial Evaluation of CDM Projects