AD-A 10 011 OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH LONDON (ENGLANO) FIG 5/2EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC NOTES. VOLUME 35, NUMBER ,(U)APR 81 P FIRE, D 4 PETERS

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OEUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC NOTES

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30 APRIL 1981

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Chemistry MeteorologyEducation Ocean SciencesEnergy Operations ResearchEngineering Physics

20. ABSTRACT (Continue en reverse side it necessary aid identify by block naimber)This is a monthly publication presenting brief articles concerning recent

developments in European Scientific Research. It is hoped that these articles

(which do not constitute part of the Scientific Literature) may prove of valueto American scientists by calling attention to current developments and to in-stitutions and individuals engaged in these scientific efforts.

The articles are written primarily by members of the staff of ONRL and occasionally articles are prepared by, or in cooperation with, members of the

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scientific staffs of the United States Air Force's European Office of Aero-space Research and Development and the United States Army Research and Stand-ardization Group. Articles are also contributed by visiting Stateside scien-tists.

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EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC NOTESOFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHLONDONedited by Philip Fire and Don J. Peters

30 April 1981 Volume 35, No. A

CHEMISTRY Photochemical Research at theRoyal Institution A. Paul Schaap 146

EDUCATION The Science of Action R.E. Machol 149

ENERGY Solar Energy in Israel T.C. Cheston 152W.V. Bult

ENMINEEIINGC Data Acquisition and AnalysisCan Be Very Profitable--ServiceTechnique Schlumberger, Paris Y.S. Wu

154

Ocean Bottom and RelatedInvestigations at theUniversity of Bath T.C. Cheston 157

The Istituto di Elettrotecnicaof the University of Genoa P. Fire 158

METEOROL(QY Climate Research at the Univer-sity of East Anglia W.V. Burt 161

Environmental Research inSaudi Arabia L.H. Ruhnke 163

IOCEAN Station Marine d'Endoume -

IENCES Marseilles W.V. Burt 164

Marine Research at the JerusalemEnvironmental Health Laboratory. W.V. Burt 165

OPERATIONS Alimentary Crisis Management inRESEARCH Switzerland R.E. Machol 166

Operations Researoh in Belgium-Part II R.E. Machol 168

PHYSICS Some Solid State Physics inDenmark- J.R. Neighbours 172

Landing in Lund-Some Physicsin Sweden J.R. Neighbours 174

NEWS & News 176ONR Cosponsored Conferences 177

ONRL Vi:rf-ing Scientist Program 178

ONRL REPORTS ONRL Reports 178

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European Scientific Notes is a Class I Periodical preparedand distributed by the Office of Naval Research Londonin accordance with NAVEXOS-P-35. Prepared and submittedby the scientific and technical staff.

W.J. CONDELL PFGIB ERLChief Scientist Captain, USN

Commanding Officer

CDR R.F. Ashford Surface Weapon SystemsMr. T.C. Cheston Underwater Acoustics and

RadarDr. P. Fire Communications and Information

Theory

CDR J.A. Holt Undersea SystemsDr. R.E. Machol Operations Research and Systems

AnalysisDr. J.R. Neighbours PhysicsDr. A.P. Schaap Organic ChemistryCDR C.H. Spikes Environmental Systems and

Military OceanographyCDR J.A. Strada Aerospace SystemsCDR M.G. Surdyk Commland, Control and Communi-

cationsMr. Y.S. Wu Information Systems

ESN 35-4 (1981)

for his work in the development of flashCHEMISTRY photolytic techniques, moved from the

University of Sheffield to become thePHOTOCHEMICAL RESEARCH AT THE ROYAL present director and resident professorM"TION at the RI. Prof. David Phillips has

recently come to the RI with his groupThe Royal Institution (RI) was from the University of Southampton as

founded in London in 1799 by Benjamin Wolfson Professor of Natural Philosophy.Thompson, Count Rumford, to apply basic The research in progress in the Davyscience to the practical needs of society Faraday Research Laboratory (the inde-through research and experimentation. pendent research laboratory at the RI)The RI developed into a place at which is under the overall direction of Porternot only was research conducted, but and Phillips. While the research programsalso science and the latest discoveries of the two groups have a somewhat differ-were announced and interpreted to laymen. ent emphasis, both groups are involvedIn 1826, Michael Faraday began the in the general area of photochemistry.Evening Discourses, a series of lectures These groups work closely togetherfor scientists and interested laymen coy- sharing facilities and holding jointering all aspects of science and technol- research discussions. The research ofogy. These lectures continue today es- Porter's group is in the areas of (1)sentially in their original form and are picosecond kinetics of primary photo-always well attended.. Subjects covered physical processes and (2) model systemsby guest lecturers during the last year for photosynthesis. Phillins' group isincluded stich diverse topics as: physi- primarily concerned with (1) the anplica-cal basis of vision, miniaturization of tion of time-resolved fluorescence spec-electronic components, elementary par- troscopy to the study of molecular motionticles and forces, genetic engineering, in synthetic polymers and biopolymers,modern methods of crime detection, earth- (2) studies of oxidation using low lightquakes, bioluminescence, and solar cells. level chemiluminescence techniques, and

Ine RI has, since its founding, been (3) gas phase photophysics. A briefan ipdependent organization with no review of a few of the interesting re-direct financial support from the govern- search projects in both groups is givenment. It depends on the subscriptions below.of its members (membership in the Society Most of the research in Porter'sis open to all), charitable donations, group on picosecond kinetics is super-and income from endowments in order to vised by Dr. Godfrey Beddard except forcarry out its educational activities, experiments with a Nd laser/streak cameraThe research programs at the RI receive system that are directed by Dr. Alexsipport from a variety of sources Osborne. Beddard in collaboration withincluding the Science Research Council. T.A.M. Doust has been using the technique

Many of Britain's great scientists of "frequency upconversion" to measurehave made important discoveries in the fluorescence lifetimes on a picosecondlaboratories at the RI: Sir Humphrey time scale. In this technique, which usesDavy discovered Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, and the nonlinear optical phenomenon of sumMg; Michael Faraday, probably England's frequency generation in anisotropicgreatest experimental scientist, discov- crystals, a sample is excited with aered electromagnetic induction, eluci- picosecond laser pulse and the resultingdated the laws of electrolysis, and iso- fluorescence from a sample is focusedlate benzene; John Tyndal studied the together with a time-delayed portion ofscattering of light by small particles; the laser pulse into the crystal. LightLord Raleigh discovered argon and carried of frequency w, (W, - W + W,) can beout his classic work on diffraction detected (w is the fluorescence fre-gratings and the polarization of light; quency and w. is the laser frequency).Sir James gewar liquified hydrogen; Sir Since the intensity of the sum frequencyWilliam Bragg discovered X-ray spectra w. is proportional to the product of theand with his son, Sir Lawi.ence Bragg, intensities of w, and w2, one can obtainco-founded X-ray crystallography, a a decoy profile of the fluorescence bytechnique for structure analysis for vary irg the path length of the delayedwhich they received the Nobel Prize in laser .)ulse. Experiments by this groupPhysics in 1.915. Sir Lawrence used have utilized a laser excitation sourceX-ray analysis to obtain the first struc- consisting of a CW rhodamine 6G dyetures of proteins, myoglobin and hemoglo- laser (Coherent Radiation CR 590) whichbin, and of the enzyme, lysozyme. is synchronous!/ pumped by an actively

In 1966 Sir George Porter, who mode-locked argon ion laser. Pulsesshared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in <10 ps duration at S90 nm can be produced.1967 with M. Eigen and R.G.W. Norrish Use of this laser technique permits

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fluorescence from 6PO to 1,000 nm, where Both picosecond time-resolved fluorescencephotomultiplier tube sensitivity is low, spectroscopy and circularly polarizedto be upconverted to 300 to 370 nm where luminescence techniques have been used.photomultinlier sensitivity is high. They have found that bilirubin showsBy deconvolution of the observed decay double exponential decay of the fluores-signal for the autocorrelation function cence in all three environments withof the laser pulse, fluorescence decay >99% of the emission at 525 nm occurringtimes <10 ps can be determined. This from the shorter-lived component (69 toresolution is an order of magnitude 98 ps) and <1% from the longer-livedbetter than single photon counting tech- component (I to 2.1 lisec). However, atniques and comparable to that of a streak an emission wavelength of 575 nm thecamera. In some experiments nolarized fraction of the longer-lived componentexcitation light is used and subsequent increases to Ql.3%. Prior irradiation,fluorescence depolarization due to rota- for one hour, of bilirubin bound to thetional liffusion and energy transfer is surfactant vesicles was found to resultmeasured. Beddard, Doust, and Prof. M.W. in an increase in the contribution toWindsor (Washington State Univ.) have the fluorescence by the longer-livedrecently used fluorescence upconversion component to 4.1%. This effect wastechniques to study the relaxation of found to be reversible upon storage ofthe S state of triphenylmethane dyes the irradiated vesicles in the dark atsuch as crystal violet and malachite 50 C. These results and those of a studygreen. The fluorescence quantum yields of circularly polarized luminescenceand decay rates of these dyes are both indicate that there are two emittingfound to be dependent on solvent viscos- excited state species, one of which hasity. These observations have been inter- the same conformation as the ground statepreted in terms of a model in which ro- and emits at <530 nm. It is concludedtational relaxation of the phenyl rings that an excited state species with ain the excited state is effected by the conformation distinct from that of theviscous drag of the solvent, ground state emits at longer wavelengths.

Beddard, A.C. Winkworth, and Dr. These workers have interpreted theseP. Heathcote have studied the infrared results as evidence for the photoisomer-fluorescence of bacteriochlorophyll from ization of bilirubin from its groundwhole cells of the green photosynthetic state Z-Z conformation to Z-E, E-Z, andbacterium, chiorobium. Using upconver- E-E isomers.sion techniques with the mode-locked Beddard and Dr. R.J. Cherryargon ion laser and synchronously pumned (Eidgenbssiche Technische Hochschule,dye laser, they have been able to show Zurich) have collaborated on a study ofthat the fluorescence decay rates were molecular motions and interactions ona function of emission wavelength, indi- the surface of human erythrocytes usingcating that energy transfer processes a chemically-attached fluorescent probeare involved. In a related study, these molecule. Selective oxidation of sialicworkers have compared the fluorescence acid or galactose residues of oligosac-decay rates of chloroplasts from lettuce, charide side chains of the glycoproteinspeas, and sninach. In each case the and glycolipids that are present in thefluorescence decays were more than doubly membrane produces aldehydic groups.exponential. Further, the various cor- Subsequent reaction with the fluorescentresponding fluorescence lifetimes dif- probe, eosin 5-thiosemicarbazide, yieldsfeted significantly indicating that en- the labeled erythrocytes. Time-resolvedergy-transfer processes were, in fact, fluorescence depolarization followingnot alike in the chloroplasts obtained picosecond laser excitation has been usedfrom these three sources. In an inter- to study fast molecular motion. Beddardesting series of experiments these workers and Cherry observed that both eosin-found that lettuce chloroplasts with labeled sialic acid and galactose resi-varying (chlorophyll a)/(chlorophyll b) dues exhibit a ranid motion with a cor-ratios (selected by using older outer relation time of approximately 3 ns.leaves or new inner leaves in the preDara- This motion has been assigned to a local-tion) exhibited fluorescence lifetimes ized independent motion of the eosinwhich were a function of this ratio, probe, possibly associated with a shortThey observed that the older leaves with segment of the oligosaccharide chain.more chlorophyll b gave longer fluores- Slower motions of the probe have beencence decays. investigated by observing microsecond

Beddard and Dr. C.D. Tran have in- transient dichroism. This second, slowervestigated nhotophysical processes of motion has been ascribed to cooperativebilirubin bound to bovine serum albumin, motion of the oligosaccharide chains.human serum albumin, or vesicles of di- These measurements provide a method foroctadecyldimethylaminonium chloride, analyzing the dynamic properties of cell

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surfaces and could be of particular inter- by this group at the RI, as well-as byest in investigations of the effects of other investigators, the photoox'dationagents such as antibodies and viruses of water to oxygen is more problematic;which interact with glycoproteins and very few sacrificial systems yield oxygenglycolipids on the cell surface, upon illumination with visible light.

The second major area of research Harriman and P.C. Walters have recentlyin Porter's group involves investigations studied the bipyRu2 photosensitizedof model systems for photosynthesis, irreversible reduction of electron ac-These studies which are supervised by Dr. ceptors such as S.042 and Co(NH9)SC12 .Anthony Harriman are directed towards the Subsequent reaction of the oxidized formdevelopment of methods for solar energy of the sensitizer with water affordsconversion through the photodissociation oxygen. As part of these studies, twoof water by visible light into hydrogen types of catalysts, colloidal RuO andand oxygen. Much of the work in this area soluble Co 2 ions, are being tested forrecently has dealt with the possible use enhanced oxygen production in aqueousof the metal porphyrins as photosensi- solution. Kinetic studies on these cata-tizers for the reaction. A wide variety lysts are being carried out in order toof these metal complexes have been syn- evaluate whether reversible acceptors canthesized and their photophysical proper- be used in place of the sacrificialties studied in detail. Metalloporphyrins components.are believed to be potentially quite A major area of research for theuseful as photosensitizers for water- Phillips' group involves the use of time-splitting as they absorb strongly in the resolved fluorescence to study molecularvisible region, are relatively inexpen- motion in synthetic polymers. For thissive, and are known to undergo photoredox work the polymers are synthesized withreactions with added electron donors or pendant fluorescent groups such as ben-acceptors. Further, the redox potentials zene, naphthalene, or carbazole attachedof the metalloporphyrins are such that to the polymer backbone. Fluorescencethey may be able to effect the production anisotropy measurements on these systemsof hydrogen and oxygen from water. The provide additional insight into thenature of the central metal atom influ- nature of the molecular motion in polymers.ences the ground state absorption of the Phillips and Dr. D.V. O'Connor areporphyrins as well as the lifetimes of presently investigating the interactionsthe excited singlet and triplet states, in a homopolymer of 2-(9-carbazolyl)ethyl

Harriman and P. Douglas are inyolved methacrylate and in a copolymer of thisin a study of Cd(II) porphyrins which have substrate with methyl methacrylate di-properties similar to the previously methylterephthalate. These polymers haveinvestigated Zn(If) porphyrins but exhibit been studied in dilute solutions ofhigher quantum yields for the formation benzene, methylene chloride and tetra-of the triplet excited state. A water- hydrofuran. Unlike poly(N-vinyl)car-soluble sulfonated Cd(lt) porphyrin bazole, this homopolymer does not showderivative has been prepared which seems spectral evidence for excimer formation.to hold considerable promise in the photo- However, measurements of the fluorescencereduction of methyl viologen via a sacri- decay using a frequency-doubled syn-ficial system. These workers are also chronously pumped dye laser and singleinvestigating possible oxygen production photon counting techniques exhibit twousing Mn porphyrins. These sensitizers decay times. These results indicate thatare of particular interest because of the excimers are formed in the homopolymerrole Mn plays in the natural photosynthe- even though its fluorescence is too weaktic process in green plants in which an to be detected on a conventional fluoro-Mn complex is thought to catalyze the meter. In contrast, the fluorescenceoxidation of water to oxygen. s-,ectra.of the copolymer exhibits two

As part of the program on photochem- solvent-dependent exiplex emissions.ical water-splitting, Harriman and A. Decay time measurements on the copolymerMills have constructed a two-electrode, have been carried out with a hydrogenmembrane polarographic detector for the flash lamp with triple exponential decaysquantitative analysis of low concentra- observed.tions of hydrogen and oxygen in aqueous Phillips, A.J. Roberts, and Dr. I.solution. This instrument shows good Soutar (Heriot-Watt Univ.) have studiedstability, short response times, and intramolecular excimer formation inprovides linear correlations of hydrogen several polymers containing aromaticand oxygen concentrations over three groups (poly[l-vinylnaphthalene], poly-orders of magnitude. acenaphthylene and poly[N-vinyljcarbazole)

While the photosensitized production using time-resolved fluorescence spectros-of hydrogen from water has now been ac- copy. They have also investigated acomplished with reasonably high efficiency series of copolymers in which the intra-

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molecular concentration of a chromophore The tuition for the 1-year coursewas varied. The decay kinetics of the (from September through July) is 100,0001fluorescence have indicated that the francs. Living expenses are not includedpreviously accepted kinetic scheme for in this figure. (The costs to theintramolecular excimer formation in macro- school are exceedingly high-some ofmolecules, derived by analogy with that them are described below-and there isfor intermolecular processes in small actually a good deal of additional sup-molecules, is inappropriate. They have port from the government over and aboveproposed an alternative scheme which what is collected in tuition.) Whileinvolves a heterogeneous distribution the institute is, indeed, expensive byof chromophores in the polymer. These its very nature, this incredibly highstudies are continuing with an evaluation tuition can only be understood withof the effects of polymer tacticity on the knowledge that an early managementintramolecular excimer formation. Time- decision was made to have the highestresolved fluorescence depolarization meas- tuition in the world as one of theurements will be used to characterize methods of attaining prestige. Theresegmental motions whizh occur in polymers. are about SO students, mostly in their

Phillips, J.R. Darwent, and I. early 30s, all with considerable exper-McCubbin are investigating the photophys- ience and considerable promise. Theyical and photochemical properties of are sent to this institute by theirwater-soluble metallophthalocyanines. employers, who may be industry, theThese substrates can function both as government itself, or the so-calledsensitizers for electron-transfer reac- national enterprises (e.g., the railroadtions with selected acceptors and for system) which are run by the government.energy transfer to oxygen to generate The institute was started in 1978singlet oxygen. Fluorescence lifetimes at the personal instigation of Presidenthave been determined in solution using Giscard D'Estaing on the ground thata synchronously pumped dye-laser system. the existing management schools wereThis fluorescence was found to be quenched not turning out the kinds of talentefficiently by both electron donors needed. Giscard D'Estaing personally(hydroquinones) and electron acceptors appoints not only the head of the(viologens). The triplet excited state institute, but the entire board ofwas also quenched by these compounds and directors. The head is Michel Lafon,sulphonated anthraquinones; heavy atom who was with the Ministry of Telecom-quenching using bromide and iodide ion :aunications. The chairman of thewas found to be negligible, board is Roger Martin who was chairman

In summary, it is evident that the of the board of St. Gobain Pont h Mous-Royal Institution today under the direc- son, a large French organization manufac-tion of Sir George Porter continues in turing industrial raw materials. Therethe tradition of Faraday with significant are also representatives on the boardcontributions to the understanding and from several of the ministries, espe-appreciation of science by laymen and cially those which provide fundingwith research at the frontier of an and send students. First among theseimportant area of science. The results is Defense, but the Ministries ofof the research now in progress at the Agriculture, Education, and EquipmentRI will undoubtedly play a major role (the Ministry of Equipment is respon-in the solution of important problems sible for roads and buildings) aresuch as solar energy conversion, also represented. In addition, the(A. Paul Schaap) heads of some other schools, but not

schools of management, are membersof the board. This is explicitly nota school of management.

EDUCATION The institute occupies the buildingsof the old Ecole Polytechnique, a

THE SCIENCE OF ACTION famous French institution which hasexnanded to the point that it was forced

The Institut Auguste Compte "pour to leave its old facilities and moveL'Etude des Sciences de L'Action" in to the suburbs. Most of the studentsParis translates literally as "for the are engineers who have had technicalstudy of the sciences of the action." positions and are attempting to gainIt is a school, and I was told by one a broader view during theiryear ofof my informants, "it may not be instruction, in addition to learningbetter or worse than other schools how to "take action." Half of eachbut it is surely different.' student's time is spent on a project;

all of these projects are action-oriented,being designed not like projects in

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most other European schools ('S;N 32-12: tion behavior, which is especially im-428 [19781) but to make something go. portant because it is often inadequatelySeveral typical projects are described considered by the students (who havebelow. One quarter of the time is primarily been trained in engineering).spent in "personal development" including The course also covers the economicsforeign languages, sports, public speak- and legal aspects of such things asing, how to run a meeting, and even such unions; typically the lecturers includethings as personal medical care. The high-ranking labor leaders.remaining quarter of the time is spent The course on economics is headedin the more conventional educational by G.E. Worms who is the president ofactivities of lectures and conferences; Ilachett, the largest French publishingthere are never any grades or examina- company. Again there is none of thetions. usual content of elementary microeconom-

The lectures and conferences are ics or macroeconomics courses whichorganized largely into five "lines" or involve mathematical theory. Hferecourses: decision science, international people talk about things like inflation;affairs, sociology of organizations, or they pick some particular strategiceconomics, and environment. Most of material such as cobalt or manganesethese titles are somewhat misleading, and discuss the availability and require-as will be seen. The head of each course ments of such materials in France.is usually a very important person from There are also some lectures on finance.outside the organization who works at Economics is the largest course, andthe institute on a part-time basis for Worms has three assistants whereasone or two years, and is chosen largely most of the courses have only one orfor his network of contacts, influence, two. Finally, the environment courseand his ability to bring in recognized is headed by i. Michardiere, the headand useful guest lecturers. The guest of the Cour des Comptes, the Frenchlecturer is typically the chief execu- equivalent of our General Accountingtive officer of a large organization Office. While there is some study ofor a corresponding person in government, what is commonly called environmentA small group of students works with in America (that is, questions ofthe lecturer before the presentation, pollution and how to avoid it), mostdiscussing the subject and how it will of the course is about the environmentbe handled. In most cases students de- of business and other large organiza-vote some time to studying the problem tions. Typically, for example, thebefore attending the lecture. There class goes to the mayor of a smallmay be three or four such lectures a town outside Paris and talks to himweek, but not all students attend every about his problems. A few other topicslecture because many of them are away are selected near the beginning of theworking on their projects or involved year. In this selection, as in mostin their "ateliers," or workshops, everything else, the students partici-Students are able to promote activities pate. This year, these nroblems includeof their own; for example, one is a the problem of forests in France amidnaval officer who has decided to organize the problem of harbors.a 2-day conference or workshop on French I talked at considerable lengthdefense, and is bringing a number of to JoFl Malkin, an assistant in thehigh-ranking people from the military economics course, who teaches theto speak at this conference, material on finance and also runs

The manager of the decision science three projects. Malkin received hiscourse is J. Lesourne, whose publications dinloma in engineering from the Ecoleon likely developments in the 1980s and Centrale in 1962, the MBA from the1990s have been well received in France. Graduate School of Management at North-This course is not at all like "decision western University in 1972, and thescience" curricula in most universities; Phi) in finance from the same schooltypically, in addition to futurism, in 1977 (having spent most of thethere are lectures on how to find and intervening time in France). Nominally,select a consultant, and the managers he spends half of his time at theof the largest consulting firms in France institute and half at the Ecole Centralecome and discuss their methods. The where he holds the rank of professor,head of the international affairs course but in fact he spends most of his timeis J. Maisonrouge, the chairman of the at the institute, especially becauseIBM World Trade Corporation. M. Crozier, the supervision of projects is sowho heads the sociology of organizations time consuming. lach of his threecourse, is one of the best-known soci- project has three students.ologists in the world. Much of the France, like almost all developedcontent of this course is on organiza- countries, has a severe balance-of-

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payments problem. The leading contribu- techno to,,y and economics, but also oftor to these deficits is of course sociolov, because the ownership of thepetroleum and petroleum products, but forests that are involved is in the handssurprisingly the second is wood, furni- of many different local French peopleture, paper, and related products, and and some of these private owners may bethe third is soybeans, edible oils, and reluctant to cooperate in the study.related produicts. Two of Malkin's proj- One aspect on which they are working isects are related to the second and third to use the stumps of trees as a sourcecategories, of energy. These are usually abandoned

Edible oils and cattle feed are or burned or pulverized and left in situ.closely related, because in general one Apparently there are methods of gettingtakes the appropriate oil-bearing mate- such stumps out and using them as fuel;rials, usually the seeds of plants, and they plan to visit wood technology organ-squeezes them to extract the oil; the cake izations in both Finland and the LS towhicc is left then becomes cattle feed. find out how this is done. They are alsoFrance is capable of producing-and does looking into the use of agriculturalproduce in small quantities-colza and wastes. There are two ways of recoveringsunflower seeds which are quite adequate energy from these. One is the "moist"sources of these materials, hut apparently method, which is biological fermentation,continiues to import enormous quantities to create fuel gases such as methane.of soybeans and other ed.hle oil sources The other is 'dry," which involves puttingfrom the US and from Brazil. Malkin and the material into something like a cokehis students have been working primarily oven where it is heated to yield charcoalthrough C.NTA (National Center for Agricul- and possibly some gaseous or liquid fuels.tural 'techniques), a private company In California, there is apparently awhose stockholders are agricultural coop- mobile device for utilizing such wasteseratives. "We ask people why they don't by the dry method. This device convertslike rolza oil and we ask cows why they all types of agricultural wastes intodon't like colia cake," said Malkin, fuel right in the fields. The projectadding that the latter was really a joke. members will travel to California toApparently there were sorne chemicals in study the device while they are visitingcolza oil which were irplicated in heart the US to look at forest machinery.disease. New strair.- o colia hie been The third project was especiallydeveloped which do not have these chemi- interesting. It involves a device forcals; but col2a still has a 1 ad irage, in handling electronic money. There are,France, and part of the prol~em of this as is well known, a number of proposalsproject is how to alter this image. for the "cashless society." This one isFurthermore, both cows and the farmers a little different from all the others.who own them are conse.vative, and prefer The customer is given a plastic cardto stay with the feedstuff that they which includes a chip with a significantknow, namely" soy cake, rather than memory and some computing capability.changing to colza cake. There is thus When the customer buys something at aa marketing strategy to be designed. store, the card is inserted into theApparently the Canadians have been very appropriate machine at the store and thesuccessful in growing and marketing colza, transaction is recorded. The differenceand the students in this project will make between this approach and other schemesa trip to Canada to attempt to fin out is that there is no connection to thehow this is done; they will then return bank of either the purchaser or the yen-to France and initiate the appropriate dor, at the time of the transaction. Themarketing, schemes. This is typical of card is initially charged at the bank,

all projects at the institute, which in- by insertion into an appropriate machinevariably have an international aspect and thore, with however much money the owneralways require a great deal of travel- wishes to withdraw from his account andone of the reasons whv the course is so put into the card. In each subsequentexpensive. transaction, the appropriate amount is

The project involving the paper in- subtracted from the balance held by thedustry i'; concentrated on the southwestern card. Meanwhile, the machine at theportion of France (south of Bordeaux) vendor's store simply accumulates allwhich is a large consumer of petroleum, the transactions in its cassette, whenceThe students in this project are attempt- they are sent to the bank at the end ofing to find methods of lowering this the day. The project group is workingconsumption. While the study is centered with the French Association of Banks toaround the rarer industry, whatever re- promote this. They are planning an experi-sults they achieve can obviously he trans- ment in the city of Lyons early in 1992ferred to other French industries. The in which 2,010 people will receive theseproject requires not only a study of cards and from 100 to 200 stores will be

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equipped with the appropriate machine.tle project group is planning first togo both to the US and to Japan to talk 'ENERGYto people there about systems in those ENERGYcountries, and then to spend much time SOIlAR FNYRGY IN ISRAF,in Lyons arranging for the actual instal-lation of their own experimental system. Some 20 km sour' of iilat th, re i>The system is supposed to he highly re a natural pond separated from the ledsistant to forgery or other compromise. Sea ny a narrow strip of beach. It is

This institute appears to have been a very special pond with very specialvery successful in what it has attempted properties. An unwary s,'immer wouldthus far, not necessarily by any ohjec- find that the water a little below thetive measures, since there seems to be surface is scalding hot. The pond isno objective way to evaluate it, but a natural reservoir of solar energy.simply because the board, the faculty, It is oval in shape, about 150 m by 69 mand the students all think it has been and about S m deep. It is so uniquesuccessful. An evaluation of the insti- that about 200 scientific papers havetute was also provided by a "competing" been published concerning the biologicaleducator, a senior member of the staff and physical processes going c i Th inT

of one of France's Grandes Ecoles. lie it. More papers have been written perindicated that the institute and its unit volume of water in this pond thanstudents are regarded with the same for any other body of water in the world.awe in the science and technology seg- This is because artificial ponds arement of the French educational system as now being constructed for the activethe Ecole Nationale d'Administration (ENA) exploitation of solar energy.and its students are regarded in the Dr. Yehuda Cohen, a marine biolo-political, economic, and diplomatic seg- gist, has a 10-year-long associationments. (Giscard d'Estaing is an alumnus with the solar salt ponds, as they areof FNA). In both cases, the students called, lie is with the Marine Biologicalare very carefully screened for entrance; Institute of Flat in Israel, which isin both cases, the students are expected part of the Hebrew University of Jeru-to become the leaders or first-line salem. He explained that the pond'sexecutives in their respective organiza- heating is due to the greenhouse effect.tions. They are the people to watch as The water in the pond evaporates rapidlyfuture policy makers, due to the high local evaporation rate

There are significant expansion (up to 4 m per annum), but it is replen-plans underway to establish a research ished with fresh sea water. The shallowcenter and new educational programs. pond is close to the shoreline and itsNobody I spoke to knew exactly what kind water level is a little higher than thatof research such an institute should do, of the Gulf of Flat. The near-salfacebut it surely will not be basic research. distribution of sediments betieen theAgain, nobody seemed certain what addi- pond and the gulf is such that w itertional kinds of instructional programs is drawn by capillary action from theshould be included, but one under discus- gulf up and over the slight ridge het-eesion at the time of my visit was to the gulf and the pond and slowly tricklestake research workers from universities into the pond. The contintious evapora-and government laboratories, who have, tion of water leaves the salt behindover a number of years, been doing fine and the liquid in the ponn is a veryresearch and give them suitabie training dense brine. The lake is mixed i'onto enable them to transfer to industrial top to bottom during the months of Jlylaboratories where greater research cap- and August when the evaporation rateability is needed. is the greatest. Iu Iin the rOair, iro

While new management schools have 10 months of the year it is stratifi ed.been set up throughout most of the world The surface layer has salinities ranmin,over the past 10 or 15 years, this is from 5 to 6% (50 to 00 o/oo in ocearo-the only school of its type that I know graphic terms) and the hottom layerof. It will he interesting to see has salinities of I- to 1' i1-o towhether it survives in France and how 180 o/oo). The 2 layers are stableit changes and matures. separated by the steep gradient of den-(Robert F. Machol) sity between thor. The pond is sheltered

from wind on 3 sides b steep, highhills that tend to reduce wind mixingto a minimum. Radiation from the sunis absorbed by the hypersal ine solutionwhich in turn heats un. It is thermallyinsulated by the fresher water which

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prevents convection and its temperature can be designed to be smaller and totherefore increases. Temperatures of operate more efficiently. A larger70*C are reached in the lower hypersaline installation, 120,000 m 2 , is presentlysolution. Surprisingly, the rather planned for En Boqeq with a capabilitysevere environment encourages the growth of 2 MW of power. A different, smallof blue-green algae (which are called system, similarly using solar energy,algae rather for historical reasons exists in the same area and suppliesthan with correctness since they are the heat necessary to operate the airsingle-celled and more like bacteria conditioner of a large local hotelthan algae). Debris from the algae fall which caters to people who visit theto the bottom of the pond and form a Dead Sea to bathe in it as a medicalsediment called stromatolites. Oxygen treatment for some forms of skin disease.is absent at the bottom and H2 S is formed. The Dead Sea in the area of EnAccording to Cohen, sludges of this sort Boqeq has almost dried up. This ismight well have been the origin of oil. due to the great use of the river JordanThey are found in pre-Cambrian formations for irrigation, leaving less water tosome 3.6 billion years old. Blue-green flow into the Dead Sea than evaporates.algae are found in some of the oldest As a result of this, the water levelfossils we have and may well have been has dropped some 8 m in the last 10the organisms that initially produced years, and a dry stretch has developedthe first free oxygen, between the upper and the lower parts.

An Israeli government-sponsored An artificial channel presently suppliesprogram is now underway to exploit the water to the shallow southern parts.solar energy reservoir of the ponds. Even so, the various salts and chemicalsThe engineering work is carried out by separate out of the brine sequentiallythe Solmat Company from Jerusalem, a and can be seen looking like blockssubsidiary of the Ormat Company, which of ice sticking out of the water.was founded by Y. Bronicki, a pioneer There is much planning and studyin this field, and which primarily builds going on in Israel (in fact the majorityturbines specially adapted for this of all the water-oriented laboratoriespurpose. The present work follows earlier have research programs) on channelingattempts by Ing. Tavor in the 1950s. Mediterranean sea water into the Dead

The Solmat Company has built an Sea. The head (1300 ft) would be usedexperimental station near En Boqeq on to generate large amounts of electricalthe Dead Sea. It utilizes an artificial power. If practical, vast, shallowpond having a surface area of about ponds will be built on the mud flats1,000 m 2 , and uses brine from the Dead south of the Dead Sea. Dead Sea waterSea. This brine has the advantage of with its salinity of 30% (300 o/oo) willimmediate high salinity, and contains be used to partially fill the ponds.chemicals (potash and bromides) that tend Then a layer of Mediterranean sea waterto redu:e the growth of algae, with a salinity of only 3.9% (39 o/oo)

Bronicki's turbines use a closed will be used to fill the ponds. It isgas system to convert the thermal energy estimated that these artificial solardifference to mechanical energy and then, ponds will give rise to temperatureswith a generator, into electricity, up to 10 0 C, much higher temperaturesThe gas used is Freon which has a low than those of the natural solar pondboiling point (70'C) and is brought to near Elat. [feat exchangers and closedboil in a heat exchanger with the hot cycle turbines will be used to generatebrine from the pond. Ideally, the brine electricity.is extracted at 80*C and returned to One of the biggest benefits ofthe pond after a 5*C drop. The gas large artificial solar ponds near thevaporizes, expands, and drives the tur- Dead Sea will come from the increasebine. It is then cooled and condensed in the area of the water surface givingby the cooler surface water of the pond rise to evaporation which in turn willand the cycle is repeated. The present allow more water to be brought in andinstallation, with its 1,000 m 2 pond, increase the power geteration withoutcan generate 150 kW. This type of plant unduly raising the water level.can readily be switched on and off and In order to function, solar pondsits best use is probably that of supple- have to remain clear, as turbidity re-menting electric power for peak demands. flects light and turbid ponds lose(Systems using steam generation cannot efficiency. Similarly, they should bereadily be switched on and off.) The clear of algae, since algae decreasesolar energy received during the idle the penetration of light and thus reduceperiods is stored in the brine. By the efficiency. Cohen's major problemtaking care of the peak requirements, is to determine ways of eliminating boththe primary electricity supply system turbidity and the growth of algae.

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Cohen runs an experimental solar equipment, computer hardware and software,salt pond in Elat. The pond is among the functions they perform are actuallythe salt pans used locally for deriving somewhat separate. NAS is responsiblesalt from sea water by evaporation and primarily for sensors and data acquisitionthe required brine is obtained during equipment. FHPS has the world-wide re-the salt-making process. Various algae- sponsibility for data processing hardwarerepressing techniques are tried and the and software. For instance, displaypond is instrumented with gauges at var- software developed in Houston is testedious depths. Temperature losses were and integrated in Paris and then releasedfound to be highly correlated with algae for field use. Software maintenancebuild-up. For demonstration, Cohen and configuration control are performedpumped some hot brine. It felt slippery, in Paris.almost slimy to the touch, and the tem- A down-hole instrument at the endperature was high, which, by then, was of a "wireline" is used to measure phys-not unexpected, but was, nevertheless, ical properties of underground formations.difficult to accept. The surface of These measurements are transmitted viathe pond had a net floating on it to the wireline to a mobile surface labora-reduce mixing of the layers due to wind tory for recording and analysis. Theagitation, mobile laboratory could either be van-

Before leaving, we saw the experi- mounted or an integral part of an off-mental salt-water garden of the insti- shore drilling platform.tute. It is only a year old, but full Oil and gas were formed from theof luscious,.green shrubs and bushes, residue of plant and animal life andThe secret, it seems, is to have a well- accumulated in porous rocks such asdrained, sandy soil and to water the sandstone and limestone. To find thesesoil plentifully with sea water. This reservoir rocks, it is first necessaryprevents the accumulation of salt due to locate geological areas where oil mayto evaporation. Fertilizer is added have been trapped. Seismic surveysto the water. Various livestock can (shock waves) give preliminary indica-accept the shrubs as fodder, and in fact, tions of structures which may containits rich mineral content is claimed to oil but only exploratory drilling willbe beneficial. confirm the existence of hydrocarbons.

Presently, solar salt ponds hold Even when a well is drilled, very littlemuch promise as realizable sources of information is ayailable to the geologistsolar energy and as such are being stud- standing at the top of a hole which isied also in the western US. The subject several thousand feet deep and only ahas recently been described in the few inches in diameter. To gain essen-Smithsonian (October 1980), and IhEEE tial insight, drilling is interruptedSpectrum (February 1981), and has pre- periodically and a mobile laboratoryviously been discussed in these pages lowers various measuring instruments(ESN 34-4:173 [1980] and ESN 35-1:28 (tools) to the bottom of the drill hole[1981]). (T.C. Cheston and Wayne V. Burt) on an armored electrical cable called

a wireline. As the instruments arepulled out of the hole, the depth andphysical properties of the various forma-

ENGINEERING tions are measured. These measurementsI I are transmitted to the mobile laboratoryDATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS CAN BE to be recorded on magnetic tape and onVERY PROFITABLE-SERVICE TECHNI UE a strip chart graph called a "log".SCHLUMBERGER (STS), PARIS Interpretation of these logs determines

the location and the estimate of theSTS is a development and service producible quantity of oil and gas.

activity for the Eastern Hemisphere and At this point in the process, theSouth American (EHS) operations of the oil comnany may have spent millionsparent company, Schlumberger Ltd., head- of dollars drilling the well. Wirelinequartered in New York. ES is based logs are the most reliable source of in-in Paris, France, whereas the North Ameri- formation for determining the presencecan operations (NAS) headquarters is of oil and gas. Yet this evaluationin Houston. The oilfield data services represents only on the average of 4% ofprovided by EHS and NAS represent over the total cost of the well. The current$2 billion in 1980 sales and contributed charge by Schlumberger for a "3-tool"$500 million to Schlumberger's corporate 10,000 ft. data log with 3 to 6 in. reso-profits. Although both EHS and NAS are lution is $100,000. This represents 18jointly developing, procuring, manufac- hours of field work by 3 field engineersturing and distributing sensors (known using the equipment described below.as "down-hole" tools), data acquisition

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Ir p i cal ho reho It mca- ur"'leIt are up t the -,urface and lop s for eva Iua t oilbased on clectromaune tic, acoustic, chem- of the l ror ma ien behind the cas in . Theical and radiat ion ch:arac erist ics radiat or, ogr proVile the necessaryLlectrical current is pas:;ed thrOuulh the informat ion to correlato the depth logsformation, and the res istance is leasured. recorded in the cPted Well with theWlen the pores of a rock are fil led with original open-hole los'. ' easltuementsalt water, the res istance is low; if the of the attenuation of a sonic signalpores are filled with hydrocarbons, the helps evaluate the effectiveness of therock resistance increases; consequently, hydrailic seal created by the cementelectric logs are the bas ic measurement placed inl Lhe wellhore between thefor locating hydrocarbons. [he sonic tool casing arid the rock formations. Whentransmits an acoustic wave and measures this log shows that the productive zoneits travel time through the formation, is effectively isolated, the well isthis measurement is used for formation ready to be "perforated." Perforatingevaluation, determination of rocks' me- is a technique that allows hydrocarbonschanical properties and seismic interure- to flow from the reservoir into thetation. The chemical and radiation tools cased wellbore. Special perforatinginvestigate the atomic and nuclear struc- "guns" carry explosive charges thattures of matter within the formation, are detonated in the borehole at reser-They help determine the rock type, its voir depth. The exploding chargesporosity and the fluid composition of the create cylindrical perforation holesformation. Several types of measurements in the casing and the formation, pro-are made: detection of natural formation ducing flow channels up to 2 feet intoradiation locates shale, irradiation of the reservoir rock. When flow is estab-the formation by gamma rays and neutrons lished, pressure from the subsurfaceindicates, respectively, rock density and formation must be immediately containedhydrogen content. Most radiation measure- at the surface. These pressures canments can be made through the well exceed 10,000 psi (700 bars). Pressure-casing-they are the primary diagnostic control equipment at the surface allowstools for "fingerprinting" new wells ard retrieval of the perforating gun fromevaluating them during their productive the wellbore. Once this operation islife. Measurements are made by radiating completed, the well is considered testedhigh-energy neutron pulses through the and is put into production.casing into the formation. The resulting The Cyber Service Unit (CSt)thermal decay-versus-time log indicates tSUis an integrated system ofthe rate at which these neutrons are surface instrumentation and a materialsabsorbed in the formation, reflecting testing laboratory built around a general-hydrocarbon saturation. Information purpose digital computer. The computer,gathered bv dipmeters helps to define the a PDP-11/34 with 65K of storage, controlsreservoir structure. Dipmeters combine the acquisition, processing, storagemultiple resistivity measurements with and presentation of log data for anygyroscopes and other "navigation" devices combination of down-hole tools.to measure the direction and angle (dip) Once the logging program has beenof the various formation layers penetrated defined, the operator selects the cor-by the wellbore. In many cases, a dip- responding software program. CSU trans-meter analysis of one well may assist forms the down-hole signals and the corethe geclogist to determine where to drill material test data into a form suitablethe next well. A "repeat formation" for recording by the computer. Thetester collects samples of fluids from computer maintains a dialogue with thethe reservoir rock and measures formation operator via the keyboard/printer andpressure. The pressures at which these obtains the general information tofluids enter the tool and the types of perform calibrations if necessary.fluids recovered help define the forma- Calibration results are recorded bothtion's ability to produce oil and gas. on film and magnetic tape.

Once hydrocarbons have been located, When the tool is lowered to thea steel casing is sent from the surface bottom of the well, depth informationto the bottom of the horehole and cemented is fed into the system compensating forin place. This maintains the integrity the direction of the cable motion.of the wellbore and isolates productive The operator can observe the log curvesformations from nonproductive ones. on tile video monitor witli various selec-Typical "completion" services include: tions of depth scale.measurements to determine effectiveness When the operator initiates theof the cementing of the seal (referred logging operation, the tool is raisedto as "zone isolation"j; perforation of from the hottom of the well, and thethe casing at reservoir depth to allow logging data, which are transmittedoil and gas to flow into t Ye wellLore through the cable, are fed to the

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computer. Raw data are then normalized Field Lo Interpretation (]enter (lIC)using calibration data. Both raw and Beside the quicklook interpretationcalibrated data are recorded on The which helps in real-time decision makingtape in real time. The basic log at the well-site, a full-scale quantita-data are also recorded on film. tive evaluation can he obtained at the

At the end of each survey, while nearest field interpretation center.the tool is being pulled out, the data Services currently available in a FIICacquisition tape may be used as an input are:to the computer for generating a set - Log playbacksof quality-control records and displays - Simple log computationson the video monitor. Crossplots, - Dipmeter computationhistograms and listing outputs are ds- - Log Analysisplayed on the keyboard/printer. Cre-s- - A more elaborate correlationplots display the frequency of occurrence between measured data and model-of a pair of data output values measured based estimates.or derived within a given depth for cali- There are over a dozen FLICs lo-bration checks and parameter estimates. cated worldwide, including such locationsHistograms of a single log file, on the as Singapore and Peking. More areother hand, are used to correlate with planned. Each FLIC is equipped withlogs of adjacent or nearby wells. At PDP-ll/VAX780 or-ll/70 computer system.this point, the operator can check reg- The charge for each log analysis by FLICistration between the depth profiles is approximately $6,000. The guaranteedof the different logs. Also, if the turn-around time for this operation iscalibration after the survey is found 6 hours.to be better than before, the log can Advanced Computing Centersbe recomputed from raw data using the The highest level of data processingnew calibration. and interpretation offers more detailed

The CSU data-handling operation and comprehensive studies of the loggingprovides a thorough quality control of data. Services such as reservoir de-the logs, delivers a final product in scription services (RDS) and productionthe form of a magnetic tape, and presents management logs are provided. The RDSquick answers to assist the geologist is an extended computer analysis whichand the driller in formulating real-time combines and compares logging data fromdecisions at the well-site. The method all the wells in a given field, togetherused could be adapted to local conditions, with other data such as core analysisHowever, it generally consists of the and production test results to establishcomputation of a few basic formation a comprehensive, three-dimensional pictureparameters which may agree with analagous of the oilfield as a whole. These ser-data from nearby wells, vices are provided at two locations:

Data computed from a model of the Houston and Paris. The Eastern Hemis-formation are compared with the measured phere advanced computing center in Parisdata to check the consistency of log is equipped with a dual PDP-11/VAX780readings from a given run or from dif- system. The software for use with colorferent runs. For example, quick-look displays and a 3-D graphic system issoftware is available at CSU to determine currently under development. Softwareporosity and water saturation level; generation and configuration controlit provides estimates which are compared for the CSUs and FLICs are performedto quantitative evaluation of the exist- in Paris for the worldwide complex.ence of hydrocarbons. Except for the system's configura-

If a telecommunication system is tion control, Schlumberger thrives onavailable near the field site, the data decentralization of all functions.on the edited tape can be transmitted Originally, all computer processing nowto a computing center where, as discussed performed by the CSUs was done in Paris.below, a more complete analysis can be In the past, all data processing nowperformed. During the data transmission, accomplished by the FLICs was done inthe integrity of the data is constantly Paris. The RDS functions are now inchecked by the CSU computer. Results the process of being decentralized fromof the more detailed analysis can like- Paris to the FLIC environment. It iswise be transmitted back to the CSU anticipated that further decentralizationlocation. However, due to the sensitiv- of certain CSU functions into the toolsity of various petroleum states and oil themselves will occur when they becomecompanies to the privacy or secrecy convinced that microprocessors areaspects of the log data and the telecom- practical in the hostile environmentsmunication policies of certain Western encountered by the down-hole tools.European countries, magnetic tapes are Paris will eventually become only theoften hand-carried to the computation worldwide software development, mainte-center. nance and configuration control center.

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In order to anticipate this challenging both industry and government, the latter"software logistics" problem, a satel- through a variety of its agencies suchlite data network for software distri- as the MOD, the Science Research Councilbution and remote diagnostics is planned, (SRC), and the Natural Environment Coun-although field data transmissions are cil. The group also assists variousoptional for previously stated reasons, small special interest firms involvedIn a new program, Schlumburger is planning in off-shore operations who come forto expand into the seismic signal analysis advice or heln to develop, for example,field. Signal processors such as Floating special instrumentation. Ample fundingPoint Systems' AP120Bs are being installed appears to be available for this workin Paris to support this effort, which may, in addition to laboratoryMar-inal Return on Additional Information work, involve sea-going operations with

AR described previously, CSUI data the development of associate instrumenta-acquisition represents 4% of the total tion as well as bottom investigationscost of drilling. :LIC regional pro- and profiling.cessing costs represent 6% of the data Bcrktay introduced Dr. Victoracquisition expenditure. Any genuine Humphrey, a research officer, who de-improvement in processing techniques scribed his work with nonlinear (para-enjoys a tremendous financial leverage, metric) acoustics. If an acoustic aper-Schlumnerger is wise in decentralizing ture is excited at two high frequenciesoperational aspects of the service to so that, at each frequency, a high-powerCSUs and FLICs and in retaining centra- narrow beam is generated, then in theiized control over R&D, logistics and near field of the aperture, mixingmaintenance functions. One should not of the two frequencies takes place duefail to note that only comiercial-grade to the nonlinear characteristics thathardware is used to fulfill the high water displays with high power. Thereliability requirements of the hostile result is that an end-fire "aperture"oilfield environment. The merits of is formed in the water, at the muchstandardization in computer hardware lower (beat) difference frequency,and software are also obvious. Parallels which radiates a narrow, low-sidelobecan be easily drawn for military and beam. Humphrey has used this beam intactical systems. Perhaps a lesson the near field, where it has a smallcan be learned hy the Navy and the DOD! diameter, to probe materials in order(Y.S. Wu) to determine their acoustic transmission

losses.Instead of using two frequencies,

OCEAN BOTTOM AND RELATED INVESTIGATIONS one single carrier frequency war used,AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BATh suitably pulse modulated so that the

necessary spectrum was generated. TheThe Univers:ty of Bath in the west transmitting aperture was S cm in diam-

of England is a small, modern institu- eter and was energized at 1 MHz._ Withtioi with only about 3,OO undergraduate a difference frequency of 80 kHz, thestudents and SOO postgraduates. The beam was found to have a 10-cm diameterIepartment of Pbysics has 130 undergrad- (for -10 dB points) at a distance ofuates and 16 postgraduates. Prof. 11.0. SO cm. One of the problems encounteredBerktay holds the chair of geophysics was the presence of energy at and nearin the department and runs a very active the carrier frequency (1 MHz). Thisresearch group working on underwater was filtered out with a loaded rubberacoustics, with a special interest material that had an insertion lossin ocean bottoms and sub-bottoms. Berktay of 4 dB at 100 kHz and 40 dB at 1 MHz.came to Bath about 3 years ago to take The experimental setup then consistedover the work started some 7 years ear- of the S-cm-diameter transmitting aper-lier by Prof. W.D. Chesterman. Prior ture, a 1-cm-thick sheet forming theto his appointment, lie had been at the low-pass filter at a distance of someUniversity of Birmingham where lie was 50 cm from the aperture, a wide-banda leading member of that school's renowned receiver at a distance of some 65 cm,underwater acoustics group. Berktay's and a sample sheet whose transmissibilitygroup now has a permanent staff of S could be measured by inserting it betweenprofessionals, 6-7 research students, the filter and the receiver. The sample'sand 4-5 so-called research officers insertion loss could then be measuredwho hold special appointments under con- over a wide frequency band by suitablytract for work on specific projects, changing the transmitter modulation.Each contract is reviewed yearly and, To check the system, measurements werebasically, terminates at the end of taken with a 9-mm-thick aluminum platefunding. Berktay described his group's as a sample, and its insertion lossresearch work, which is supported by was obtained for frequencies from

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5 to 100 kHz. The results agreed with Dr. N.G. Pace studies acoustic propa-theory, e.g., being at a maximum when gation through sediment, lie uses a largethe plate was one quarter wavelength tank, some 2 m wide, 6 in long, and 2 mthick (which presented a maximum mis- deep, filled to a depth of I m with sand.match). An experimental expanded high- In one experiment, he used a parametr~cdensity material with closed cells, source at 1 MHz or higher, energized byEXAZOTE, was measured and found to give a single pulse, and, with a buried re-30 to 50 dB insertion loss over the ceiver, he obsei ed the change in re-band. Measurements with inclined samples sponse in the near field as a functionwere also being taken and special criti- of angle of incidence. An extension ofcal-angle incident conditions were exam- this technique could lead to bottom clas-ined. Future plans include wideband sification by means of a parametric sonartransmissions with Fourier analysis and towed near the bottom. In another con-insertion phase measurements at the figuration, a study of the reflectionoutput and reflection coefficient meas- coefficients with a parametric differenceurements at the input. frequency of some 70 kHz could lead to

Dr. Roger L. Cloet described on-going a 1 m penetration of the bottom andbottom topography surveys and studies reveal buried objects.of the dynamics of underwater sand banks. Another study involving the charac-They used side-looking sonars capable terization of an area for laying cablesof producing strip maps 1,000 to 1,500 m was conducted for the post office tele-wide while being towed at 8 to 10 knots communications authorities in which ain a container known as a "fish." Var- side-scan sonar was used to examine theious configurations of towed fish have seabottom. In those areas whore thebeen and are being developed with heading bottom was essentially flat, invariant,and roll/pitch sensors and stabilized and unstructured, echo returns wereplatforms, obtained that'were substantially deter-

Apart from the side-looking sonars, mined by the sediment particle size.a scheme is being developed that uses It was possible to group these sedimentsa vertical interferometer in the fish, into 4 classes of sand and gravel mix-operating at a frequency of about tures and to recognize each group auto-300 kHz, to get a measure of the depth matically with relatively simple decisioncontours. Ambiguities will be resolved rules. An automatic-classificationby the use of additional interferometer accuracy of 78% was claimed for dataelements, additional bandwidth, or alter- obtained with a side-scan sonar towednately, depth contours may be obtained at a speed of 13 km/hour. Work on thisby simple time-of-arrival measurements, program is continuing.Still another sonar system has been used Berktay's group is at the forefrontin the fish. It uses a parabolic reflec- of scientific offshore bottom investiga-tor to give an 8*-wide beam at 12 kHz tions and cnntitutes an important assetand gives up to 7 to 8 m penetration for Britain's _:tivities in this area.of sandy bottoms. (T.C. Cheston)

The bottom topography of the Thamesestuary has been explored and measuredat 2-month intervals over a period of THE ISTITUTO DI IiLETTROTECNICA OF THE2 years. Topographical maps with a 5-m UNIVERSITY OF GENOAgrid are presently being prepared fromthe digitized data. Changes of several Sometime in the near future, themeters in depth have been found to occur, Istituto di Elcttrotecnica of the Uni-even after so short a period as 2 months, versity of 'enna will move into a newand are indicated on the grid. Position building on the nearby engineering cam-was determined with the aid of a hyper- pus of the university. For the timebolic navigation system, HIFIX 6, with being, however, it continues to occupyshore stations, a modest 18th-century villa called

Cloet also showed me some tow-cable Villa Bonino.fairings that were being developed to The institute, is made up of threegive low drag as well as to suppress main groups: Systems and Computer Sci-cable-strumming. Two types of configu- ence (designated SIS by them), Electronicrations were constructed; the first was ar. Biophysical Engineering (SIB!), andequipped with stiff, plastic vanes while Electric Power Engineering (STEP).the second had long, continuous rubber A small separate group at the institute,vanes. Both were designed to rotate GMP, works in the areas of plasma hydro-freely relative to the cable in order dynamics and the electromagnetic char-to avoid kiting. They will be tested acterization of dielectric materialsin the near future, and biological systems.

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At this time, the full-time staff be derived under the basic assumptionsincludes about 50 professionals (of whom that the network of decisionmakers acts13 are full professors) and 5 technicians, as a cooperative "team" and that a suit-In addition, some 20 professional "col- able information exchange is set uplaborators" (staff members from other among the decisionmakers to foster theirinstitutes within the university, from cooperation. In this qualitativeother universities, and from nearby statement of the conclusions, theremedical centers) participate in the In- is no conflict with common intuition.stitute's research activities on a part- But there is a quantitative rub: duringtime basis. Teaching duties for the each time interval, a computationallyinstructional staff of about 40 are difficult nonlinear programming problemconcentrated on courses offered to the must be solved to select the set of op-students (about 100 per year) in the timum strategies. Some of the earlierlast three years of the S-year laurea results of this study were reported inprogram (See ESN 34-5:245 [19801). The Large Scale Systems-Theory and Appli-first 2-year general preparatory program cations (August, 1980).in engineering, provided by the univer- Control systems are of special in-sity to a total of about 300 students, terest in the SIS group because one ofis supported by this institute through its members, Prof. E. Volta, is head ofits annual offerings of courses on in- CNR's Center for Naval Automation introduction to computers for all fresh- Genoa. (As most readers of ESN know,men, and introduction to circuit theory CNR [for Consiglio Nazionale dellefor all sophomores. Richerche] is the National Research

The head of the institute, Prof. Council of Italy.) That organizationG. Biorci, a renowned researcher in the studies automatic and computer-aidedfield of circuit theory (See ONRL Report methods for selection of shipping routes,R-13-72) was not available during my navigation over those routes, steeringvisit; my host was Asst. Prof. Franco and control, and (in support of thoseDavoli, a member of the SIS groun. operational activities) the developmentDavoli's special interest is the theory of models of disturbances which mightof large-scale communication and/or con- affect them. Unfortunately, my visittrol systems. In this context, "large to the university did not include ascale" is not necessarily meant to re- visit to that center.flect physical size; rather it implies Within the SIS group, in cooperationthat the system is a multiple-input, with the SIBE group, image-processingmultiple-output (MIMO) configuration techniques are being studied. G. Sandini,with a "real" (i.e., not necessarily a professional researcher in SIS who isperfect) communication network imbedded not a member of the instructional staff,within it as the interconnecting medium, showed me a most interesting demonstra-A worldwide telecommunication system tion of one aspect of the work in thisis one obvious example of a MIMO config- field. The group's work on images isuration; so also are the new microproces- carried out with two distinctly differentsor-based pollution-control systems on sets of goals in mind: a traditionalautomobiles, algorithmic annroach, and a bioengi-

In a recently completed study, neering approach which they call "anthro-Davoli and two of his colleagues (Asst. pomornhic."Prof. G. Casalino and Prof. R. Zoppoli) The traditional approach, which isconsidered a system model in which, at also pursued by many other researcheach of the control nodes in the inter- groups, is one wherein a signal thatconnecting network, decisions are made represents an image is processed indynamically as to which of two available order to reduce its inherent redundancy,modes will be used to forward the incoming thereby making storage or transmissiondata to its next (Prescribed) destination, more efficient or enhancing certainIn one mode, the data will be received features within the image (for subsequentin perfect form at its next destination pattern detection such as scene analysiswith respect to its present form, hut or medical diagnosis). In those studies,it will suffer a unit time delay enroute the general attitude is that any algorithm(or in processing); in the alternate that Provides the desired data transforma-mode, the data transfer is essentially tion is acceptable. Various algorithms,instantinomus but it will he flawed in of course, are declared to be better thansome sense; e.g., the received data others--measured in terms of efficiency,might be corrupted by noise, the trans- computational simplicity, or image-enhance-mission scheme might be more expensive, ment capability. Some research at theor both. Conclusions drawn in the study institute continues to follow this ap-imply that optimal (or at least near- proach; a case in point: aids in ophthal- aontimal) admissible decision rules can mological diagnoses from ultrasonic,

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x-ray, and other image data was reported optical system quite well. In particu-upon by Prof. V. Tagliasco, Asst. Prof. lar, the model implies that the linearC. Braccini, and researcher G. Marino resolution is finest at the center andin 'itouters in Ophthalmology (April, becomes continually coarser toward the19,)). But a different appioach to periphery. In the actual visual cortex,image processing, anthropomorphically it is known that a number of receptors,oriented, is also being pursued. '.his from 5 at the center to about 100 atis part of a more general program within the periphery, are combined to form athe institute in the area of anthropomor- single node whose outnut is relayed tophic robotics. At the time of mv visit, the brain along an optic nerve fiber.the SIS group was expecting to be noti- A polar-to-rectangular transformationfied that CNR was setting in a new cen- of the data is thought to occur inter for robotics studies within the the region of the cortex, as is a con-university, under the direc:ion of Prof. volution-like oneration which determinesTagliasco. Sandini's demonstration was the eventual angular resolution overof the anthronomorphic processor which the field. Because of the variableis implemented on a DIC PDP-11/34 and resolution of the basic data in the-11/10 interconnected comouter system. system, the "width" of the convolving

Before describing some technical function is presumably adjusted accord-details of the processing methods, I ing to the radial position in the field.think it appropriate to comment abouta distinctly Italian style in thisproject: it relates to the particularimage which was the subject of the demon-stration. In almost all reported studieson processing pictures written by Ameri-can, Jananese, or even European re-searchers, the standard picture is thatof a young woman (a German example ismentioned in ESN 33-11:446 [1979]).Two faces in particular have becomefamous in an anonymous way: the BellLabs' secretary in American reports andher counterpart in reports from Japan.rThe STS group, on the other hand, usesa copy of "Boy with Fruit", the lateRenaissance masterpiece by Caravaggio.According to Sandini, this decision toavoid the mundane standard was deliberate.

Back to the orocessing: a modelof the retina has been constructed incollaboration with Prof. Lamberto Maffeiof CNR's Institute of Neuronhysiologyin Pisa. In this model, a receptor inthe plane of the retina is located atalternate intersections of a set oflines (radiating from the center of the A simplified diagram, showing 5retina) and a set of concentric circles concentric circles and 8 radial(centered on the same point). The figure lines, indicating the pseudohexagonalshows such a system based on 8 radial regions centered on alternate inter-lines and S concentric circles, and sections.indicates that, by locating points athalf the intersections, the total area Both the coordinate transformationis divided into pseudohexagonal regions, and the convolution onerations in SIS'sIn the actual SIS model, there are 256 system are being studied by Sandiniequally spaced concentric circles and and others in the group. The currently2,048 symmetrically arranged radial used transformation provides the desirablelines, leading to 2 nseudohexagonal (and realistic) characteristic thatregions., with a receptor at the center shapes are held invariant under rotationof each. The signal (light) intensity (excent for quantization effects), butis averaged locally over each region. it has the undesirable and unrealisticOver a small central region, the inten- property that the outnut shape of ansity is assumed to he uniformly distrib- obiect denends upon its position inuted. In effect, a mosaic of contiguous the original field of view. Distortioncells has been organized. According is much more severe than simple per-to Sandini, this model matches the human snective variations.

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The convolut ion question is more Ilirope. It may he unique in that, ina matter of engineering convenience than addition to climatologists, it also hasa basic pioblem: Presently, they use historians and geographers on the staffa "Mexican-hat" function as the convolver; studying the relationships between cli-that function is defined as the algebraic matic events or climatic variations anddifference between two normalized, zero- historical events (ESN 33-12:53 [1979]).mean gaussian functions with unequal The laboratory is also endeavoring tovariances. The question they are trying assess the effects of climatic variabil-to answer is how many different output ity on modern society. Only one courseresolution planes should he implemented; is taught in climatology. At the presentthey now have 3 planes. Different aver- time seven graduate students are in resi-age resolution results from different dence working on PhD thesis researchvalues of the ratio of the variances of proiects.the two elemental gaussian unctions, In contrast to most research groupswhile the smaller variance .s being in the UK, a large percentage of theadjusted in accordance with the radial funding for the Climate Research Unitlocation in the field of view. comes from "soft" money. The breadth

Is the anthropomorphic approach to of the funding base is unusual. Threeimage processing worthwhile? As yet, government agencies, two private founda-there is no "good" answer to that ques- tions, and two industrial companies,tion, but in the context of the robotics all from the UK, provide funds in supportproblem, it was suggested that I consider of various climatic research projects.the following: Dexterity includes both Support also comes from US sources in-a visual component and a manipulation cluding: the Nat onal Science Founda-(or motor) component, with the ratio of tion, the Office of Naval Research, therelevance between the two being a func- Department of Energy, and the Rockefellertion of the task. In total, a "dexterity Foundation.quotient" has been proposed to measure The general aims of the Climatethe performance of robots. The reference RPsearch Unit's programs are:level of 100 is assigned to the "human (1) To help establish a detailedrobot"--whatever that might be; but, as and reliable record of the climat- ofof a fcw years ago, the best industrial the past, and to analyze these data sorobots had ratings between 10 and 15. so as to improve our understanding ofDoes that imply that the "human robot" past and present variations in climateis handling the visual component better and the physical causes of these varia-than the best non-anthropomorphic proces- tions.sor? Probably. I might add: Would use (2) To monitor present-day climaticof a suitably designed anthropomorphic development on a global scale by assem-processor improve the robot systems' bling the data published by appropriatecharacteristics? Maybe. (Philip Fire) institutions all over the world.

(3) To study in detail the NorthAtlantic-European sector of the northernhemisphere with particular reference to

METEOROLOGY the North Sea region.(4) To use the knowledge acquired

CLIMATE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF to do what is possible toward developingEAST ANGLIA practical advice for the future.

(5) To investigate the effects ofThe Climate Research Unit of the man's activities on climate today and

School of Environmental Sciences at in the future, and to study and advisethe University of East Anglia in Norwich, governmental agencies and industry onEngland, was founded in 1972 by Prof. the impact of climate on man, society,H.H. Lamb, who headed it until his recent and agriculture by means of investigationsretirement. He was succeeded by Prof. of events in the historical past andT.M. L. Wigley. Lamb is the author of events occurring in the present.an impressive two-volume set of books on One of the most rewarding and inter-climatology entitled CZimatp: Present, esting studies underway consists of thePast and Future. He is writing another reconstrjction of atmospheric circulationbook, CZimate and History and Modern Man, patterns during abnormal seasons forwhich is scheduled for completion during the period from approximately 1500 ADthe spring of 1981. It is being written until about a hundred years ago (whenfor a wider readership and will be pub- enough suitable weather data becamelished by Penguin. available in parts of Europe to begin

With a staff of over 30, the Climate to draw weather maps). Comments on theResearch Unit is one of the larger univer- weather are extracted from diaries,sity climate research laboratories in letters, ships' logs, commercial records,

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and other historical documentary sources On this Very diffiCUlt prr(,;Il 1and are used to infer atmospheric c ircu- severn I v(ears 1t'd prohab lI cl en td fc), I uelat ion patterns for the eastern North a major effort for Se-veral tl(it VealS,Atlantic-European sector. For some Lamb and others at the inst itute,situations such as the period when the as we'll as miany otht- r-caerchers, havebattle of the Spanish Armada took place, heen working on the relat lons;hip hetweenthere was enough weather data recorded cl imat ic regimes iin tort tern ['irope andto permit the development of quite de- oceanographic conditiOns in the Northtailed sequential weather maps for the Atlantic. Latitudinal moi.ement of thleEnglish Channel in particular and the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift,areas in and around England in general. movement of the position of fronts hetwecnOne interesting source of climatic data major water masses, and thle latitudinalare the cloud formations depicted by waxing and waning of the Arctic, ice packDutch landscape painters of the period in the North Atlantic: are all heing re-which might give indications of the kited to the, climate ,irt,!ohe of 1'u-weather when the paintings were made, rope.

The climata of southern Britain is The institute has -1 hi;torian studi'i:-'cbeing reconstructed for the past 50,00)0 maritime records to recon ,truct climaticyears. Large aquifers of very ancient and oceanic changtes. 1he first pilotwater have been found in the chalk beds ';tudvy was concerne,, with the weqternnear London. C . dating indicates that North Atlantic am-a during tile periodsome of the water may have been in situ between 1,500 an~d I Thu. It is hoped t-hatfor as long as 50,000 years. London eventually the whole of tie North \tlantichas an ever- increasing need for more will be covered for the p(2riod fromq aboutfresh water. The possibility of pumping 1500, when the first records Pelan toout and utilizing this antedliluvian be kept, until ai'out D5-), ihet' i:oderniwater has raised a number of questions meteorological da;ta gittheinl !-' *ameconcerning whether the aquifer would be widespread, Records came, fret" 'n cerci anaturally recharged and, if so, what ships' logs, explorers' Ioi !- f!il,i:climatic conditions wou'ld be needed for records, marititre 1insurance comian'i cs,the recharging. By studying the age ard various geVemno;enta I filIe or thledi strihut ion of water presently within ni ted States , Canada, at; I 'I,rea iolin-

the aquifer, one can obtain some idea triesF. I-or example, reccid< for fh., , cas to the times in the past when water fishery off the west co~OF crentered the aquifer. Then, if thle cli- indicate the reccaqiqonal COrt let. Jiap-mate record can be reconstructed FInd1 pearaice of cod dnvir:;;, cold w~eatherexwater of different ages correlated to tromes when water terneraturec ttypes of climate, it may be nossiblo to - C . This occurred inl t!.e N-ir 'cforecast whether the present climatic Little Ice Age winteir ~ iregime would have a ptrecipit,:tion balance periods ofI eXtrem eeai Volt'nthat Would recharge the aqui for, can be infcrrtcd from ictortl- cf a'm 1 ii

Two approaches are being taken to caitchies of cod. Ii(e ;,--,th(-,,-) cs.Lreconstruct the past climate, in particu- pack ice ocratmnrell( colt

c late cI itt'l'ir, the rainfall rate. In thle first cXfrerc climratic o1't " ~vr 't

approach, a collect ion is being tade of 1 lrore or 'liri' one 'trt i e'P it

radiometric dates of cave calcite forrla- thle lqt!c 7ntIlV t!P:C11)t ;K,'' lt ions (stalagmi tes and flowsstonns) in ti-nout ,l :,:q frf! it p-,.,fot'm an,, caves that exist in southern Britain. !:mTt i it W;1 is Il- tIT t F.!The growth of these deposits requires Islands Zind t-,, :ooiar ''-1i orc Iactive ground water rechaic and so i-1 ''i 11 ci . " eindicates periods of water surolus in CF froTtt1l 0,': v111 1-- *i'-(dthe hydrologic balantce. ;he recottd, -fthe ice 4%, ca- K1 r .'more promising, appro-ich is, to us- p-oxy- sic '11t it!;1.

data from fos,; il insects and nil eni. i!1 .- s; t it I ''- I 1tThe floral assemblaves reflected in, c I tnIt, -',:i',i 11*Itl I I I-'ti ,. IIpollen deo s its were ceott rol led hv I n p Ir!. Ii lI"' 1 at1 it' IttT ,Itemperature and precipitation. he il'- hle ~I 1 :TI. I 1 1assemblage of Pe-t los, on th to thrni " !l - I' '1 I illhanI, has been found to he cl IMroilledi Al: it' ''V''1' 1e't' 1'r-;"-ta ri I It Pr% t entpt-ra t ire , ;)tni d lit i to It ' .I II !' I'

oC fossil beetles canl P( u';e! to rewoi- ti1 1 hI i-rtit the temperature r7oe-'rI. .Ihe 'c -IcZ

influence of temperature- cart then het-iken out of tlc' pciIlen rerul'T ic1VIte .t ILthe precitpitationt rcord!. ;ivu'tv rr'!'rt(.d I' I,!, I't hi t t I i e 1a 1 nra t rv had heei w, r TIt' 'c'2

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tested in England, the institute plans EIiNVRONMEN'IAI RESEARCIH IN SAUDI ARABIAto extend the forecasting of sugar beetcrops in other countries such as France. As part of a project on the meterol-The importance of sugar beets in Northern ogy of sandstorms, I visited the Uni-France is apparent; one of the most versity of Petroleum and Minerals andprevalent road signs there shows sugar its associated Research Institute inbeets spilling out of a truck, together Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The universitywith the symbol for a slippery road was founded on 5 Jumada 1, 1383behind the truck. The institute is (23 September 1963) by royal decree.looking for other crops for which fore- An American, Dr. Robert King Hall, whocasting might be done economically. is now the senior advisor to the rectorIt is already being done for cereal of the university, had conceived thecrops in some parts of the world. Wigley idea of a petroleum-related universitystated that a likely candidate for study and pursued its establishment. Threewould be the world's coffee crop which years ago Dr. W.H. Pickering, formerlycan be greatly influenced by the weather, director of .TPL (NASA -Jet Propulsion

Lamb has made an analysis of severe Laboratory), founded an assoicatedstorms and related phenomena such as research institute modeled after theflooding in the North Sea area. For the Stanford Research Institute. Thisperiod since about 1600, the frequency organization is just now completingand severity of the storms, and meteoro- its new home, an ultramodern researchlogical conditions preceding bad storms building for over 300 scientists.are under study. The results are of The university has about 3,000importance to the design of ocean engi- students and a faculty of 460. Theneering structures, forecasting, and subjects are mainly technical in nature.the design of flood protection devices. MS degrees are offered in chemistry,

Another study is concerned with earth science's, mathematics and physics.investigating short-term climatic events Engineering degrees are offered in archi-in western Europe within the period tecture, and in civil-, chemical-,of reliable instrumental records. At- electrical-, mechanical-, petroleum-,tempts are being made to define rigorously and computer engineering. An MBS isthose events which are of economic imnor- also offered in industrial management.tance, for example, interruptions in Research is an integral part of thetransport, changes in energy demand, educational process and is used bothor effects on agricultural and indus- for its value as a teaching methodologytrial production (FSN 34-5:214 [1980]). and as a device for keeping the faculty

An analysis of the frequency and up-to-date in their fields of speciali-severity of such events is being made zation. 11v interests brought me togetherto see if changes in frequency have mainly with environmental scientists.occurred or if any trends are evident Almost all the researchers at the uni-with the idea of forecasting the prob- versity have a strong desire to main-able rccurrence interval. One problem tain professional contacts with USis that or defining or codifying abnor- scientists, to cooperate on subjectsmal events so that they can be statis- of joint interest, and to acquire helptically analyzed and compared. For in establishing research programs.example, newspaper headlines may hail There seem to be ample funds availablea storm as being the worst in a century, as evidenced by the amount of new,but each storm has its own characteris- sophisticated research apparatus andtics and each may be the worst in some the ease with which new equipmentrespects but not in others, can be obtained. In the Electronics

The fact that the Climate Research Department, theoretical research onUnit at the University of East Anglia troposnheric r-f ducting is beingis doing very well indeed on a very pursued. Most communication channelshigh percentage of "soft" funding in in the country are by VHF, UHF ora country where the lion's share of microwave and, because of the climate,university research funding comes from electromagnetic "mirages" and otherlong-term, rather stable governmental anomalous propagation phenomena arefunding is indicative of the general frequent. US Navy programs on refrac-excellence and direct applicability tive index measurements and forecastingof their research products. I am are very applicable to the operationalafraid that this short report does not proI~lems under study at the university.do justice to the breadth, depth, and Oil spills are another problem

excellence of the institute's programs, under study. The Mathematical Science(Wayne V. Burt) Department under Dr. William Lehr is

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modeling propagation and movements ofpossible oil spills in the Persian Gulf OCEANusing tidal currents and wind field pat- SCIENCESterns. lie is eager to meet US scientistswith interests in ocean currents of the STATION MARINE D'ENDOUME - MARSEILLESPersian Gulf. His group also has a sin-cere interest in techniques to contain The Marine Station of the Univer-oil spills or to protect fragile beach sity of Marseilles will celebrate itscommunities from oil. Dr. Eluseyin M. l(10th anniversary in 1983. It has aCekirge of the Research Institute is staff of 80 scientists and 44 supportmodeling the movements of sand dunes personnel. About 60 visiting scientists(a hazard to the Saudi highway system) spend I to 6 months there each yearand the associated micrometeorological and there are usually about 30 studentsvariables. His work on surface stress in residence working on their PhD thesisand boundary layer dynamics is closely research. (The station also operatesrelated to the US Navy program on boun- a small branch laboratory at La Rochelle,dary layer processes. HIe would also on the west coast of France, with twowelcome a cooperative effort with US staff members in residence and severalscientists. graduate students.)

The experimental work on sand dune Students at the university maymeasurements was started by Steven elect to major in oceanography duringFryberger (now living in Denver) and their fourth year by enrolling in surveyis being continued by Dr. Kwasi Boffah. courses in physical, chemical, geologi-The experimental setup in the desert cal, and biological oceanography. Ais very impressive and data on sand diploma is given for a fifth year'stransport and wind have been collected study (half courses, half research) infor several years. Atmospheric research marine biology with two options: (1)was started by Dr. Winfried Rudloff, benthos and geological oceanography,who is in the process of acquiring an or (2) plankton and primary productivity.instrumented Beech King Air airplane Seventeen to eighteen students enrollfor detecting and measuring aerosol, each year, of whom half are foreigners,optical, and atmospheric electrical vari- usually from developing countries.ables. NRL is attempting to establish The director of the marine station,a coonerative nroject with him on Prof. J.M. P6rs, was absent the daythe meteorology of sandstorms. Visibil- I visited and my host was the assistantity conditions during the 5 days of my director, Dr. Christian Emig. lie indi-stay were such that a S-mile visible cated that the laboratory has beenrange was never exceeded although no levelly funded and staffed for the pastwind was present. It seems haze is com- 10 years and expects to remain so inposed of very small gypsum particles the immediate future due to space limita-with settling time constants in excess tions; the last building was added inof several days. Maintaining solar col- 1966.lectors free of dust accumulations is Research in French universities isa maior problem. Dr. Nimmo of the Solar tightly controlled by government fundingEnergy Research Division investigates agencies. Because of national pride,these problems. His associate, Dr. scientific workers whose research isMohammed A. Abdelrahman, has been making funded by the government are encouragedsolar radiation measurements for 4 years to write up their results in the nationaland has accumulated an impressive data language and publish papers in Frenchbase on turbidity. Unfortunately the scientific journals. For this reason,station is not part of the international some foreigr researchers may not knowturbidity network and therefore the data what is going on in their respectivebase is not readily distributed. fields inside France. To help fill this

M y visit to Saudi Arabia also brought gap, I have catalogued the projectsme to the King Faisal University at the underway in the Station Marine d'Endoume.oasis of Hofuf. Its Agricultural Depart- The research organization at thement maintains an excellent observation laboratory is divided into 12 divisions.site for meteorology. I i's impressed Their fields of endeavor are:by the availability of motern instrumen- (1) The distribution and ecophysi-tation and the care with which Dr. Arnold ology of marine invertebrates, underSalstad is carrying out the observational the direction of Prof. Andt6 Bordillon.program. (Lothar IH. Ruhnke, Naval This includes behavioral studies andResearch Laboratory) the nutrition, metabolism, growth, repro-

duction and rythmics of the species.The groun also studies planktonic eco-systems that are perturbed by domestic,industrial, and thermal pollution.

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(2) The distribution of product ion (1() I'hy. i ol gy of fishes mati fishin the pelagic areas of the ocean tinder farming, under the. dir(cTion of jr.the direction of Hr. [fans Minas. This Alain Abboi,sai. This involve-s theis by far the largest team with 15 physiology of digestion and assiiiila-members. Included in their studies are tion at different stages in tie lifethe dynamics of both the primary produc- cycle of different fishes; growth ratestion and the dilution of organic mate- and weight increments; and artificialrial in areas where nutrients are brought food. The species studied are grey mu]-up from the depths or off the land such lets, seabass, and sole.as in upwelling areas, large scale di- (11) Biology of marine environments,vergences, and near the coast, under the direction of Dr. Jean Vacelet.

(3) Pollution and protection of This covers the taxonomy, biology, andthe marine environment, under the direc- ecology of various zoological groupstion of Dr. Gerard Belan. This includes including sponges, brachiopods, bryozoans,integrated field investigations of the phoronids, polschaetes, crustaceans,whole ecosystem from the pelagic plants molluscs, and ascidiaits; and their his-and animals to the benthos in areas that tology, ultrastructure, symbiosis, andare polluted by human waste, industrial parasitism.sewage, or heated effluent; laboratory (12) Marine geol ogy and sedimenta-hioassays of heavy metals and other pol- tion, under the direction of Prof. Laurelutants including temperature, pollution Blanc-Vernet. These investigations con-by industrial muds; and coastal manage- sider the continental shelf, mainly bio-ment. clastic bottoms and carbonate sediments;

(4) Bioconstruction and biodegrada- coastal management clayey sediments;tion on hard substrates, under the di- foramini fera; and palcoceanography.rection of Dr. Denise Bellan-Santini. This is probably the largest marine[he structure and dynamics of marine biology laboratory in lurope in termsassemblages on hard substrates, and of the amount of permanent staff, asboring and fouling organisms are studied. well as the number of visiting scientists.

(5) Coral reefs and neighboring (ayne V. Burt)environments, under the direction ofDr. Bernard Thomassin. Investigations MARINI RISFARCII AT fl .IRISALIL, [NVIRON -involve structure and dynamics in pol- ME-Tl. hEA.T-IJ RATORYluted and unpolluted coral reefs andin neighboring environments, with empha- he Environmental Health Laboratorysis on benthic assemblages, is a division of the Hlebrew University-

(6) Benthic production, under the liadassah Medical School. For the pastdirection of Dr. Anne-Marie Mac6. 'Ihese II years, it has been monitoring biolo 5 i-studies cover the energy balance and cal contamination in the Miediterraneantronhic network of soft bottom assem- Sea along the coast of Israel. In theblages; and the composition, biomass, absence of the director, Dr. 11.I. Shuvalproduction, structure and dynamics of I interviewed his assistant, M1r. Bndrimicrobenthos and meiobenthos systems. Fattal.

(7) Microbiology and protophytes, 'his laboratory has concentratedunder the direction of Evelyne Vacolet. its efforts in monitoring pathogenicThis includes biochemical relationships organiqsms on the beaches of fel Aviv.between bacteria and unicellular algae; It has carried out a maior program durini,high-speed growth rate in bacteria; and the past three years in order to modiphototrophy and heterotrophy (growth the dvnamics of fispersion, dilaitoi, lnddue to photosynthesis and assimilation deactivation of all types of waterhorncof orgIanic matter), pathogenic organisms. laloratorv S:cn-

(8) %.arine biochemistry', under the tists have developed an improved svstecrdirection of Dr. Raoul Daumas. Involved for usints a 2-step organic floccul ati ohere are geochemistry of organic matter technique to concentrate viruses in ,atcr.at the water/sediment interface in re- Ihis method enables them to detect dili-lation to biolog.ical activity; and chloro- tions of viruses down to concentration,phylls and the substances resulting from as little as 2 plaque-forming: units intheir decomposition. 500 liters of water. The viruses in

(9) Phqiolegv of crustaceans and samoples as large as 1,100I liters canshriTp aqutculture, under the direction be concentrated into S ml with a recoveryof Dr. Hubert Vecdaldi. Included are rate avera,,ing "-S.the chfimical composition of body ti.sue Their research result- indicate tualand the biochemical requirements at dif- bacteria die much more quicklyl than virlilo-ferun t ;tage-s of the life cyc e; growth in sea water. After massive year-r0indrast, a a function of various environ- sampling at 13 near-shore stations sIretchi'armc, ta factors; and artificial foods.

1 ( 5

- w - ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 S _____

for about 13 km along the co;a,.t in the vicinity of "lel Aviv, they determined OPERATIONSthat about 78% of the posit ive, unac- RESEARCHceptable virus samples were found nearbeaches for which the bacterial pollu- A I MI INI ARY (iRl NI AN A Ii NI IN N I I :T -tion level was considered to be in the IA\-)acceptable range (less than 1,000 coil-forms per 10) ml). Thus the common Sw itzerland produces about enoughmethod of testing for fecal coliforms, food to give each of its (,,301, (WO peopleto determine whether water is polluted, 1,600 calories per day. At the presentdoes not appear to be a sufficient time the average Swiss resident consumestest. 3,200 calories per day. The difference

Another interesting result was that must be imported. In case of a war or44% of the samples that were tested in other crisis, it is entirely possilblesummer positively determined the pros- that all imports of food would be cut.ence of enteroviruses while 56% of those off. Switzerland wishes to be preparedtested during the rest of the year were not only for the possibility of heinpositive. The same trend shows up in engaged in war, but also for the pos-coliform count. It is believed that sibility that it would be the innocentthis is due to the fact that there is victim of a war in lhich it was neutral,more sunshine in summer than in winter, or that it might underro some otherWhen all the data on coliform count are crisis in which it was deprived of foodplotted against mean monthly duration from outside sources. Switzerland,of sunshine, the relation is very nearly therefore, is preparing to be self suf-linear with a correlation coefficient ficient in providing food to its people.of 0.93. Salmonella isolations, and The obvious first step would i-c tocoliforms were placed at various depths reduce the demand. 'Ihe decision hasin sunshine and counts were made at been made that it would be reducd fromintervals of to 1 hour. The death 3,200 calories per day per capita torate was an order of magnitude faster 2, 40 0, by a form of rationing which isat S cm depth than at 1 m depth, mndi- ready to be put into operation al i'octcating that sunshine must be the impor- immediately. The other two esentialtant factor. -equirements are methods of raiqi): the

In tests of pollution as a function production of food froT' the l, 600-Calo-

of horizontal distance from the "boil," ries-per-day level to 2,400, and thewhere the sewage comes to the surface storage of sulficient stocks of fondover the end of the outfall, the percent- in inventory to tide the country overage of all tynes of nathogenic organisms during the period when production istested decreased logaritbnMicallv with not vet as great as consumption. fheredistance from the boil. The coliforms are presently adequate (or nearly ade-decreased an order of magnitude faster quate) stores of food for this puro-e.than the viruses. Plans call for parts of the transition

Although the scientists at the En- to take as long as three Vears.vironmental Health Laboratory have The sufficiency of food durinQ war-developed the improved method noted above time is one of a set of similar questionsfor concentrating pathogenic organisms of interest to the military which arein sea water, they have not been able now being investigated by various univer-to speed up the very time-consuming sities in Switzerland. Each such inves-process of classifying or identifying tigation requires a specific model,viruses, and they feel that shortening built in a separate research project.the time required for the process is Some of the other models are discussedof prime importance. iA connection with the University of

Badri also spoke about a "MAVA" St. Gallen in the article on opelatinnsproject in which some bacteria in sea research at Swiss schools, to appearwater were isolated that were able to shortly in E,'). The remainder of thisproduce a marine anti-viral agent that article is devoted to one part of thisdeactivateJ viruse-. (Wayne V. Burt) project at Fribourg, namely consideration

of the manner in which food productionwill he increased by the necessary amount.The dynamics of the transition are notdiscussed here.

One might well ask: if it is pos-sible to make Switzerland self sufficientin food production, why is it not donenow? The answer is that it would be

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uneconomical. At the present time, it In practice, of course, to make theis far more efficient and profitable for problem realistic requires that it becomeSwitzerland to imnort food and to export much more complicated than this simplevarious types of manufactured goods, such statement. There are roughly 1,000,000as drugs, which the Swiss produce very hectares of agricultural land in Switzer-efficiently. The problem, then, is how land which must be allocated to appropriateto convert from the present economy to uses, often different from those underthe self-sufficient economy that might which it is now employed. A simple maxi-be required in a time of crisis. mization and minimization, as described

This problem was solved, after a above, would, for example, result in thefashion, during WWII. There had been complete elimination of poultry and pigs,some planning for this, but of course since utilizing feeds such as grin tonothing so sophisticated or detailed or produce meat or eggs is most inefficientanalytical as the present study. A study from a caloric viewpoint (an animal typi--or a better plan was undertaken at the cally consumes many calories of vegetableUniversity of ZUrich starting in 1967, food for each calorie of animal food whichand a final report was issued in 197S. it yields). Additional constraints are

The contract issued by the Swiss govern- therefore specified for political reasonsment for developing the plan was extended or reasons of people's tastes; e.g.,and transferred from the University of there must be a certain minimal productionZUrich to the University of Frib urg in of swine and of poultry. No such con-1975 and has been there ever since. straints are needed for cattle becauseAlthough the contract will formally come they can graze on land unsuitable forto an end in 1981, it now appears prob- most other products (and one of theable that it will be extended for an conclusions of the study is that aboutadditional five years. The contract is two-thirds of the million hectares willunder the overall supervision of Prof. still be devoted to pasture, with aJirg Kohlas, head of the Center for Auto- total decrease in the number of cows ofmation and Operational Research, a depart- only -% to 10%). There will also be somement in the Faculty of Economics at the slight increase in the total amount ofUniversity of Fribourg. The detailed productive land, since some marginal landimplementation of the contract is under will be brought under cultivation.the direction of Gustav Egli, a research Sugar beets produce a large numberassistant who has only recently completed of calories per hectare, but medicallyhis doctorate under Kohlas, his thesis it is undesirable to have too much sugarbeing concerned with this problem and in the diet, and so a special constraintconstituting some of the work described is inserted to keen the amount of sugarbelow. Egli had studied agricultural beets below a stated maximum. A differ-engineering at the University of Zrich ent maximum concerns the capacity of theand then took a master of science degree factories where the sugar beets arein agricultural economics at Kansas State processed. Another example* oil-con-University before returning to Fribourg taining seeds such as colza (;r. ;5-4:13ffor his doctorate. [19811) have very high caloric values, but

The problem is basically a multicri- as indicated in the article cited, thereteflon decision problem, but has been are marketing constrainis on its use.handled in a clever way so that the basic Colza, incidentally, is an unpredictablecomputation can be performed by a series crop: there may be very high yields inof classical optimization techniques some years and very low yields in others.involving unique criteria. Specifically, A technique known as stochastic procrari-the first stage is a linear programming ming could he used to take care of this,model with two types of variables: the but Egli has actually taken the moreamounts of land to be devoted to various conservative approach of assuming thattypes of agricultural uses; and the popu- the amount of colza which is prooucedlations of various animals (such as pigs) from a hectare is the minimum amount thatwhich use very little land, but do make will be produced in any one year withheavy use of other resources such as a probability of at least n.9.vegetable foods. The objective function There are also constraints on theis to maximize the total number of calo- minimum amount of fat which must he in-ries produced. Given this maximum number cluded in a diet, on the minimum amountof calories, the second stage is to min- of protein, and on the minimum fra':tionimize the magnitude of the inventory of that protein which must be animalrequired to tide the country over during protein (that is, eggs or meat as distin-its transfer to this maximal production guished from beans or nuts). No specialof calories. requirements need to be included for

things like vitamins and minerals -incethese appear to be taken care of

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automatically by the typical Swiss diet. objects." I asserted that this was im-But there is a special requirement on possible, that there are always specialfats, namely that 25% of all of the fats intcrests who push for a solution whichmust be "visible fats." This term refers is more in their own favor. One presumeq,to butter or vegetable oils, as distin- for example, that the dairy farmers wouldguished from "invisible fat" which for like to see more fats and more visibleexample is consumed as part of meat. fats and the like. Egli acknouledged thatIhis requirement leads to a fascinating this was true, but insisted that he wasstory, not referring to these special interests.

It turns out that the present plan What happens is that he continues modifyingcalls for approximately 20 kg of potatoes the special constraints, and then inper month per person (a significant in- various seminars reports back to thecrease), but the Swiss might not be will- consultative committees and the appropri-ing to eat so many potatoes unless enough ate government agencies. He feels, indeed,visible fat were available to prepare them that unanimity among these people canin the form of their beloved "r~sti" eventually be obtained. Meanwhile the(fried potatoes). With this in mind, it model has already been of considerablehad been suggested that the amount of utility and is beginning to be employedvisible fat should be increased to 30%. for special purposes such as the analysisWhen the model was run with this new of crises short of wars. What wouldconstraint, many unforeseen things happen, for example, if imports of spe-happened. To get this extra fat, the cific classes of foodstuffs were to becomputer model indicated that there had stopped? And how could Switzerland mostto be extra butter; to get the extra efficiently adapt to such crises?butter there had to be extra cattle; Typically, the major headache inbecause the pasture land was already all actually doing the study was coping within use, these cattle had to be fed on the data-data were not reliable, theygrain cereals such as wheat and corn. were not in the right form, data fromThe net result was a drastic decrease in different sources were inconsistent,the total number of calories available, and so on. Egli told me that 90% of hisbecause a cow tends to utilize 12 calories time was spent worrying about data. Whenof grain in producing 1 calorie of butter, considerable amounts of data were avail-Furthermore, this reduction in grain meant able on, say, the yield of a certainthat there were less pigs available, and crop, he would build a regression modelthe pigs, while supplying no visible fats, and use it to predict the yields underproduced a large quantity of animal fat. crisis circumstances. The model itselfAmong the results, therefore, of increasing was simple enough, being a straightforwardthe percentage of visible fats from 25% LP model, although it was moderatelyto 30% was a decrease not only in total large (1300 rows, or constraints, andcalories, but also in total fats. When 1400 columns, or structural variables).these unforeseen consequences of the It was run on an IBM 370/145 computerpolicy change were explained and under- which belongs to the administration ofstood, the constraint was again revised the Canton of Fribourg, although it isback to 25%. This seems to me a fine often used by the university.example of the uses of models of this I was impressed by the extent totype, and the advantages of the operations- which so simple a model can be so usefulresearch approach, in helping a government deal with what

There exists a shadow organization appears to be a critical problem.for economic defense consisting of a large (Robert E. Machol)number of people who are officially onthe project but only on a part-time basis.Although the only full-time workers on OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN BELGIUM-PART IIthe project are those at the Universityof Fribourg, many others are involved- Perhaps the Belgian OR Institutefor example, people collaborating by best known to Americans (partly becauseobtaining data, and committees of doctors many well-known Americans have spenthelping to decide some of the questions sabbatical years there) is CORE, thementioned above about fats, visible fats, Center for Operations Research andand sugars. Such people either do not Econometrics. The Universit4 Catholiqueget paid or are paid rather nominal sums, de Louvain, as it is called in French,but rarely do they decline the opportunity or the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,to serve in such a way. as it is called in Flemish, was estab-

"The optimal solution," Egli told lished more than 500 years ago in theme, "is not what initially comes out of town of Louvain (or Leuven). As indi-the computer, but what we have arrived cated in Part I of this article,at when we get to the point where nobody (ESN 35-3:181 [19811) that uni-

versity became bilingual over the

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period 1930-1970, when it split into two Ghellinck who was the father of OR at theseparate universities, the Francophone University of Louvain, where he gave thepart moving 20 km south to Louvain-la- first courses in this subject many yearsNeuve. CORE was established at the uni- ago. In recent years, however, he hasversity 15 ye. rs ago by Jacques Dr~ze, been tied down by administrative duties,with support from both the Flemish and and he no longer is active in the fieldFrench-speaking branches; Dr~ze is still of OR.an nctive member of the permanent staff The University of Louvain, throughof CORE. When the university split, CORE CORE, has worked out a cooperative arrange-elected to go with the French-speaking ment with the London School of Economicspart. At present, both universities are and the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelmssizeable, there being some 20,000 students University of Bonn in Germany for a "Eu-at the University of Leuven and 15,000 ropean doctoral program in quantitativeat the University of Louvain, as it is economics." The student does his pre-still called, although it is actually liminary work, including the equivalentsituated in the town of Louvain-la-Neuve. of a master's degree in economics-econo-

The current research director of metrics, with perhaps some additionalCORE is an expatriate Englishman, Lawrence statistics and mathematical courses, atWolsey, who took a bachelor's degree in one of the three universities, and thenmathematics at Oxford and then a PhD in does a year of advanced work at a differ-mathematics at MIT; he taught for a ent one of the three universities. Thewhile at the University of %Nchester language of this work is English regard-(UK), then took a research fellowship less of the school. The dissertation isat CORE, and has now become a permanent then written at either of the two univer-resident of Belgium. After 6 years as sities the student chose for the work.a charg4 de cours, or associate professor, The advantages of a student seeing anotherhe is now a professor in the Engineering environment during or immediately afterSchool at the University of Louvain (UCL). the doctoral work is an old idea in theStarting in the middle of 1981 Paul US, but is not nearly so common in Europe.Champsaur will become the research direc- CORE has obtained some externaltor for a 2-year period, funding (besides that which is given by

The language at CORE is English. the university) from the Belgian govern-CORE consists of 3 rather disparate groups: ment and from the EEC. Most of this isoperations researchers (which in CORE to support the modeling of energy systemsis virtually defined to mean people and the implementation of large-scaleworking in mathematical programming), linear programming techniques, includingmathematical economists, and econometri- decomposition techniques, especially ascians. The three groups are remarkably applied to energy problems.isolated from one another; each, for Wolsey's research is largely inexample, has its own seminar. What th. y integer programming, and especially onhave in common is an interest in mathe- the analysis of heuristics and on thematics, and beyond that a faith in mathe- theory of duality as anplied to integermatics. When CORE was started, people programming. For example, one mightwere quite optimistic that mathematical consider the depot-location problem andeconomics could solve real problems, utilize a "greedy" algorithm, consistingand all of these people still retain some of a heuristic in which, at each point,of that optimism. the next depot is assigned (located) in

The staff at CORE consists of about what would be the best fashion if there15 permanent academics, 15 to 20 assist- were no others; that is, an algorithmants (who may be younger people working which suboptimizes at each decision point.on contracts), and 15 visitors. Some There might be a theorem to the effectof these are on sabbaticals, with most that such a heuristic gives a solutionof their salary paid by their home insti- which is at least 60% as good as the truetution and CORE perhaps contributing optimum. It is then necessary to havetravel money, while others are on fellow- some other method of computing the upperships or salary. CORE offers a number bound. Duality theory may give such anof fellowships with a stipend of 500,000 upper bound; the dual variables might beBF (approximately $15,000) plus transpor- the prices which customers are preparedtation for a period of 9 months. These to pay. Duality theory is also especiallyare available for postdoctorates or for useful in post-optimality apalysis, thatfaculty sabbaticals. Most of the p- - is, in manipulating a solved problem, tonent staff also teach at the Univer, find out how the solution changes whenof Louvain, the OR people in the engi- some of the parameters of the problem areneering faculty and the economists in changed.the business faculty. The dean of engi-neering at th3 university is Guy de

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Anotfler Permanent member of the results in the degree of Master of Indus-faculty is Yves Smeers, who studied en- trial Management; about 35 students pergineering at Liege in Belgium and took year get this degree. The language ofhis license in economics at the Univer- instruction is Flemish. The faculty ofsity of Louvain (before the split) and economics has a large MBA program runhis Phi) in OR at Carnegie-Mellon Univer- jointly with the University of Chicagosity. Smeers has been at CORE since in which the language of instruction1972, originally continuing his doctoral is English. There annears to be consid-research on geometric nrogramming, but erable exchange of both faculty andeventually becoming a specialist on en- students, and more than 100 MBAs per yearergy and, tynically for CORE, the appli- are awarded. Students who have theircations of mathematical Programming to licepse in economics or an equivalentenergy. These applications involve de- degree from somewhere other than Belgiumcomposition, that is methods of taking can comnlete the program in 1 year, butvery large linear programming problems others such as engineers with a S-yearsuch as arise in complex energy models degree require 2 additional years forand breaking them down into a number the MBA. A similar nrogram has beenof small problems each of which can be worked out between Brussels Universitysolved easily, and then finding methods and Boston University.of Putting the solutions together again An unusual organization where goodat the end to find the true solution to OR is being done is the European Insti-the overall large problem. Such decom- tute for Advanced Studies in Managementposition techniques in a linear program- (EIASM) located in Brussels, a mile orming problem context were pioneered by so from the city center. English is theDantzig and Wolfe in the US some years official language of the Institute andago. In particular Etienne Lout6, French is the second language.working with Smeers, has done excellent EIASM was founded in 1970 by adecompositon work; and James Ho from the committee from 8 countries in WesternBrookhaven Laboratory in New York, work- lurone chaired by Gaston Deurinck, pres-ing at CORE, has developed some Powerful ident of the Belgian Fondation Industrie-methods of nested decomposition applied Universit6 and the present chairmanto staircase-structure programs (ESN of the managing board of EIASM. It was33-11:479 [1979]). They are using soft- originally funded by the Ford Foundation,ware called MPSX 370, which is a modifi- but as is often the case with thatcation of IBM's MPS mathematical Program- foundation, the money storned after Sming package. It requires I megabyte years, and EIASM is now sunnorted byof storage, which is readily available public and private sources in Belgium,on UCL's IBM 370/158 computer. The soft- Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ire-ware can handle nonlinear objective func- land, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway,tions, but all the constraints must be and Sweden (Great Britain, Spain, andlinear. Switzerland are no longer included in

T also talked to Tony Van Roy who this group). About 1/3 of the fundsis spending two years at CORE while on come from Belgium through the Mini-stryleave from his Permanent position at the of Education. Other funding sourcesUniversity of Leuven. ie worked for a may be direct or indirect: exampleswhile at UCLA with Geoffrion and Graves of "indirect" funding include payingon decomposition techniques, and has con- very high fees for students (which istinued research in that area. He is done by Germany) or paying the salaryparticularly interested in "cross decom- and travel exnenses of staff membersposition", which combines Benders parti- (which is done by Holland). The insti-tion (basically a primal decomposition tute now operates on a budget of BF 40Mtechnique) with Lagrangian relaxation (about $1.2M) per year.(basically a dual decomposition technique). The Institute for Internationalfie has applied this to the facility lo- Management in Berlin is similar to EIASMcation nroblem mentioned above and re- in many ways but ETASM differs, in oneduced the computation time required by specific way, by being specificallya factor of 20. European. It is designed especially

Van Roy also told me about current to contribute to the development ofOR work at the University of Leuven, European teachers and researchers inwhere there are large OR groups in both the management disciplines and to en-the faculty of applied science (what we courage cross-cultural and internationalwould call engineering) and in the fac- communication within Europe among man-ulty of economics. The former offers agement scientists. Towards these ends,a 1-year postgraduate program to it has develoned working contacts withstudents who are engineers and who have many management teachers and researcherscompleted a S-year license. That nrogram in Europe. It encourages the development

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of European doctoral education in manage- Brussels. His primary area of researchment and provides assistance to them; is combinatorial optimization, especiallyit encourages and coordinates joint as applied to scheduling. He does muchresearch projects in management; and it of his work jointly with J.K. Lenstra oforganizes seminars, workshops, and courses the Mathematics Centre in Amsterdam;on applied research and on disciplines Rinnooy Kan, Lenstra, and G. Lawlerrelevant to management. "Management" (Univ. of California, Berkeley) are nowhere is broadly defined, including such working on a book on scheduling. He alsodisparate fields as organization behav- has some very interesting ideas onior, accounting, and operations research, global optimization in nonlinear pro-

The former director of EIASM, Alain gramming. It was mentioned earlier (inBensoussan, devoted all of his time to Part I) that Hansen was using mathema-the job; the present director, Philippe tical programming to improve clusterNaert, who holds a 5-year appointment, analysis; Rinnooy Kan is using clusterspends half of his time at EIASM and half analysis to improve mathematical pro-at his home university in Antwerp. gramming.Naert, originally an electrical engineer, The greatest problem in nonlineartook an MSc in OR at UMIST (Manchester, programming is that a local optimum mayEngland) and a PhD in OR at Cornell. not be a global optimum. That is,EIASM has a small permanent staff, many there may be a point which yields aof whom spend only part of their time higher value of the objective functionthere, and a large number of temporary (in a maximization problem) than anyworkers who are hired for periods of up nearby point; but at a distance thereto 2 years. Among well-known American is a still higher function value.OR experts who have been there recently Rinnooy Kan usas a modification of aare Stanley Zionts, Salah Elmaghraby, technique frequently employed in theand Robert Graves. Next year's American past (for example by S. Reiter manyvisitors, well-known to the American OR years ago) of choosing points at randomcommunity, will be Igor Ansoff, Warren in order to find nearby local optima.Hausman, and Linus Schrage. In his modification, the function value

The institute has developed and is checked first and, if it is not rela-maintained a large network of relations, tively high, it is discarded. If theamong more than 150 universities, busi- function value is high, a single steepest-ness schools, and research centers descent step is performed to find athroughout Europe. Among the unusual local near-optimum before a new pointactivities made possible by such a net- is picked. At the end, cluster analysiswork are the semiannual seminars at which is performed on all of these local near-some 40 doctoral students from various optima, and for each cluster, thecountries (mostly the nearby countries steepest-descent analysis is appliedsuch as Belgium, Holland, France, and to find the local optimum. The purposeGermany, but occasionally students from of this technique is to avoid the repe-farther away, including a few from Poland tition of the time-consuming processsubsidized by a special Ford Foundation of finding the same local maximum overgrant) come to read their thesis propo- and over again.sals and have them criticized. In addi- Rinnooy Kan also works in "portfo-tion, some doctoral students spend con- lio analysis." I find this word beingsiderable periods of time at the insti- used with quite a new meaning all overtute under the direction of one of its Europe and the United States. Untilstaff members. very recently it referred to a portfolio

The institute also runs numerous of investments, but now it may referworkshops, seminars, and courses-in a to almost any collection of actions,"course," 3 or 4 experts lecture to 20 such as a portfolio of products or aor 30 students while, in a "workshop," portfolio of marketing techniques.everyone is on an equal footing. Such Rinnooy Kan told me one interestingmeetings may run from I to several anecdote of some applied OR which hedays and those attending may be academics had done on production scheduling foror managers. an airplane manufacturer. They had

I spoke at some length to Alexander found a near-optimal schedule by heuris-H.G. Rinnooy Kan, a member of the perma- tic methods which turned out to be farnent staff. Rinnooy Kan took a Master's better than the rule-of-thumb methodsdegree in mathematics at Leiden and a which were then being used. However,PhD in math in Amsterdam in 1976. A year the management decided not to implementlater he received a chair in OR at Erasmus it on the grounds that the workersUniversity in Rotterdam. probably wouldn't like it.

Rinnooy Kan spends half his time There are a number of other Belgianin Rotterdam and the other half in centers of research in OR, but I did

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not have the opportunity to visit them. to form a community, but now collabora-In Namur, at a small private Catholic tion has become natural.French-speaking university of 5,000 Formation of the EPS has stimulatedstudents, there is some active research scientific meetings. In Lhe last decade,on nonlinear programming in the Mathema- the conference situation has changedtics Department under Prof. Nguyen van completely and now there is a full cal-Hien and J.J. Strodist; and Prof. Jean endar,.comparable to that ir. the US.Fichefet works in linear programming at All of the divisions of the 9PS are nowthe Informatics Institute there. There organizing annual conferences. Collabo-is a major center for research in OR at ration and cooperation also extend toLibge. Finally, largely because of its publicatiuns; the publication of thehigh degree of industrialization, there European Journal of Physics was launchedis in Belgium considerable industrial with the help of the Institute ',f PhysicsOR activity, but I did not have the in London. Mackintosh thinks that theopportunity to visit any of those facil- initial formation and growth period ofities. It is clear that much good OR the EPS is past. During his term ofis being done in this country, although office, he intends to concentrate on theit suffers drastically from the isolation maintenance of economic stability in theimposed on the OR groups, especially the organization and to put other activitiesacademic OR groups, by the many divisions such as the scholarship program and thediscussed in the first part of this lecturer exchange program on a sound andarticle. (Robert E. Machol) established base.

At the time of our talk, Mackintoshand O.K. Andersen (Technical Univ.,Lyngby) had just publisned a 95-pagereview article, "The Electronic Structure

PHYSICS of Transition Metals," which has 28 fig-I I ures and almost 200 references. TheSOME SOLID STATE PHYSICS IN DENMARK article, which discusses crystal poten-

tials and energy band theory, cohesiveCOPENHAGEN and magnetic properties, band structures,

In 1819 at the University of Copen- and Fermi surfaces, was written as ahagen, H.C. Oersted performed the earli- contribution to a Festschrift for Prof.est recorded experiment on electromagne- D. Shoenberg (Univ. of Cambridge).tism. In his honor, the center for all After his term as president, Mackintoshof the university's work in the natural intends to return to research on the raresciences is now called the H.C. Oersted earths, continuing to investigate magne-Institute; its associated student body tic structures and excitations by neutronnumbers about 2500. For administrative scattering. (See ESN 34-7:355 [1980]purposes, the physics research activities and Phvs Rep B 20 1105 [1979])at the institute are organized into two LYNGBYgroups: Physics Laboratory I for re- short train ride from Copanhagensearch in superconductivity, magnetism, is the engineering part of the Universitygas lasers, and cryogenics; and Physics of Conenhagen, the Danish TechnicalLaboratory II for research in atomic University (DTH). The DTH (See ESNphysics, radiation effects on materials 34-11:511 [1980]) was founded in Copen-and structural properties of materials. hagen by Oersted in 1879 and moved to

My host there was Prof. A.R. Mackin- its present location near Lyngby intosh, an Englishman with a PhD from the 1961. Professor J. Mygind, whom I hadUniversity of Cambridge who came to met at the International SQUID meetingDenmark via the Ames Laboratory of Iowa in Berlin, told me about the PhysicsState University. He is now president Laboratory T of which his group is aof the European Physical Society (EPS) part. The laboratory has 15 scientificfor 1980-81. Previously he was the staff, 10 technical staff and 5 workshop-first chairman of the Condensed Matter office staff. Research is divided intoDivision of the EPS, was a president 5 general groups: electromagnetic wavesof the Danish Physical Society, and from and resonances in metals, superconduc-1971-76 was director of the Danish Atomic tivity, molecular lasers and spectros-Energy Commission Research Establishment copy, tunneling effects, and band struc-R1SO. Mackintosh, who is now concentra-, tures.ting on his EPS commitments, told me that The scientific staff members arethe outstanding contribution of the EPS on a yearly appointment (with 4 weeksis to bring the physicists from all holiday) with duties divided thus: 50%European countries together. Before the teaching, 10% administration, and 40%EPS was organized, it was not usual for research. Surnort for research comesscientists from different countries from the state through the DTH, and

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from the Danish National Science Fund. tory operated by the Danish Atomic En-Travel support comes from a separate ergy Commission, the institution becamefund. The superconductivity work has a national laboratory under the Ministryhad Rood support-i million Danish Kroner of Commerce in 1976. In addition to(- $150,000) for equipment in the last long-term research in the areas of re-two years. This group, unlike some actors, materials, environment, andof the others, is not directed by a agriculture, the laboratory has under-single person. Instead, the group is taken work on nonnuclear energy sources.free to make a choice of scientific This is the only national laboratorydirection by discussion among the members, in Denmark and it employs approximately

Efforts of the superconductivity 800 persons of whom 250 are scientists.group have resulted in the development Funding of the laboratory is essentiallyof microbridge oscillators operating from the state; some additional fundingat frequencies to 69 GHz, tunnel junc- has been received recently throughtion amplifiers working at 35 GHz, and industrial contracts from the Europeana low-loss microstrip configuration Common Market countries. In the lastof a remotely adjustable impedance fiscal year, the state's contributiontransformer for use with Josephson de- was DKr 100M (, $17M).vices. Mygind told me that the Josephson Dr. H.B. Miller, head of the Phys-effects work was changing direction, at ics Department, told me that work inleast partially because the junctions the department was divided into meteor-have such low impedence that it is dif- ology, solid state physics, and plasmaficult to operate without affecting the physics. Meteorology studies startedJunction in a highly nonlinear fashion, in 1956 with concern about the distri-Previously concerned with parametric de- bution of radioactive waste in thevices, the group is moving toward a study atmosphere.* The work broadened intoof solitons. general air pollution studies, the

In the electromagnetism group, R.A. impact of wind on buildings, and latelyGordon and C.M. Larsen have recently has included wind energy. As part ofmeasured acoustic attenuation in ferro- this latter subject, the meteorologymagnetic metals at liquid helium tempera- group has produced a wind atlas forture and fields up to 16 kilogauss. Denmark and also operates a test stationUsing a standing-wave technique at fre- for small windmills. On the approachquencies of a few MHz, Gordon and Larsen ride to the laboratory entrance, Isimultaneously determined both the veloc- passed this rather ujrusual installationity of sound and the absolute value of of a variety of wind power devices allthe acoustic attenuation from measure- whirling in the wind. RISO is alsoments of the position and width of the participating in the construction ofresonance in a 0.57 mm-thick 11111 ori- two 600 kW windmills in Jutlafid.ented disk of bingle-crystal nickel. The plasma physics research is allThey claim to have reported the first carried out as part of the Europeanobservation at low temperature of the Fusion Program and is coordinated withmaximum in attenuation which occurs at Euratom from which at least 25% of thefields less than the saturation field, funding is obtained. The fundamental

Interesting features of the atten- physics work is a study of plasma in-uation peak and the associated minimum stabilities for which a small Q-machinein the sound velocity are that: the was constructed. This machine, whichpher ia must be related to the magne- has a discharge current of 60 A, givingtizaLion process, since it has been ob- an electron density of 1011 cm- ,

served only in ferromagnetic materials; is used primarily to study whistlerthe attenuation peak is not observed waves. Other plasma work is concernedwhen the magnetization takes place only with methods of fueling a plasma, prin-by domain wall motion; and the maximum cipally by shooting pellets into thecan be observed at field intensity levels center of the plasma. A small Tokamakwhere the magnetization is not complete. and pellet gun are available for thisGordon and Larsen claim that no existing work.theory explains their measurements which The solid-state research is cen-have been submitted for publication in tered about the DR3 (10 MW) reactorSoZid State Communication#. which was purchased 20 years ago forROSKILDE use in reactor technology studies.

Twenty miles west of Copenhagen is The reactor has turned out to be usefulthe town of Roskilde (pop. 50,000) 1o- for neutron beam experiments and iscated at the head of Roskilde Fiord. capable of results competitive withFive kilometers north of the city is those obtained with newer reactors.the RIS0 National Laboratory (named The beam tubes are tangential to theafter the peninsula). Formerly a labora- core so that the neutron must be

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scattered out by a scatterer placed near a maximum of 23,500 in 199h, afterwardsthe reactor core. Three of the tubes declining slightly to its present sizeuse water scatterers; the fourth uses of approximately 19,000. Originallyliquid hydrogen which provides cold closely linked with the Lutheran church,neutrons with a d~stribution peaked at the university is now supported by the1S meV (X = 2.34 A) to the triple axis state.spectrometers in the reactor hall. Cold Prof. Lars Hedin, head of the Solidneutrons are also piped via a curved State Theory Group which was formed intube from the reactor hall to another 1971, told me that the group now numberstriple-axis spectrometer in the experi- 10, of whom 3 are currently occupyingmental hall, where the neu ron flux temporary positions at other institu-peaks at 10 meV (X = 2.86 A) and has tions. The main interest of Hiedir-sa useful range of 2.5 - 15 meV. group is many-body excitations from

The spectrometers are controlled incident photons with energies up toby computer (PDP-ll) which allows pro- I kV. Hedin has published a generalgramming of the sample temperature and article (Journ Phys 39 C4-103 [1978])magnetic field as well as the necessary in which he discusse-the static andangles. Miller told me that, by spring dynamic effects of removing a core elec-of 1981, 6 triple-axis spectrometers tron from different alkali metals. Workare expected to be operating, of which in this area is being extended to the4 will be using cold neutrons. Pressure transition metals.equipment is also available for use in A 500-Mev storage ring is beingthe 4-300 K range: piston type cells designed and constructed at the univer-for hydrostatic pressures to 40 kbar sity. The actual construction is underand a gas pressure cell for pressures the sunervision of Dr. Michael Lriksson;to 4 kbar. calculations are being directed by Dr.

Long-term interests of the neutron W. Stiefler. A total workforce of 10scattering group are in rare-earth com- persons is engaged in this S-year proj-pounds and phase transitions. Recent ect which wes begun in 1977. Many ofexperiments have been on spin waves in the components were completed when IHo 2 Fe, and Ho2 Co1 7 , magnetic properties visited, but the future was somewhatof Nd and HoSb, and magnetic ordering uncertain. The original site for theof TbOOH and YbOOH. In 1978, experiments machine was the physics building, butat this facility provided evidence for Eriksson would like to move it to asoliton modes in the one-dimensional larger building in order to have moreferromagnet CsNiF3 . (Phys Rev Lett working snace for the users. The final41, 1137 [1978]) At the time of my decision will denend on the universityvisit, these experiments were being research committee.extended. Eriksson and Stiefler are very

Although neutron scattering is the proud of the injector, a 100-Mev racedominant tool, an intense x-ray beam trace microtron built at the university.emanating from a rotating anode machine Similar in concept to a cyclotron whichhas recently become available. This has been sliced in half and bad the two12 kW facility, a joint project between magnets separated, the machine has soRIS0 and the University of Copenhagen, far achieved half of its designed 20 mAuses a Cu or Mo anode. One of the two current.ports is fitted with a triple-axis spec- The storage ring, with bendingtrometer, the other with a simple dif- magnets of 1.2-m radius and a ringfractometer with which adsorbed mono- diameter of anroximately 9.4-m, islayers have been studied. Much of the considerably smaller than the one inwork with the x-ray facility is prelim- the UK at Daresbury, (ESN 35-1:36 [1981]).inary to synchrotron radiation studies, This design is one with 100-ps electronusually carried out at Hamburg (FRG) bunches driven at 500 MHz bv RF cavitieswith the storage ring DORIS. (John R. excited by snecial-purpose klystronsNeighbours) which were built in Stockholm at the

Kungliga Tekniska Hbgskolan. The firstbeam line, for use in the 10-200 eV

LANDING IN LUND-SOME PHYSICS IN SWEDEN (50-1000 X) range, is scheduled forcompletion in 1982, but will undoubtedly

During a recent scientific liaison be delayed because of the uncertaintyvisit to Denmark, I visited the Univer- of the storage ring site.sity of Lund in Sweden. Founded in 1666, Later in the day I met Prof. H.G.it is the second oldest university in Grimmeiss, head of the Department ofSweden. After W II, the i niversity Solid State Physics, who described hisenrollment grew rapidly from a prewar research in semiconductor physics.student body of several thousand to Grirnmeiss is the motivating force for

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a group of about 25 people irncllinig range to be rich in detail, some of12 research students. This is a large which is temnerature dependent, and havegroup for Sweden and it had a corrcsnond- interpreted these results as evidenceingly large budget of one million Swedish for tvo types of excited states:Kronor ($210,000) in 1980. kyd~lerg-like states, and those originating

Grimmeiss' research is the ,tudy from the multivallev nature of theof deep level impurities in semicoinduc- conduction hand. lhe shapes of thetors formed by the addition of mmpurities sienificant features are seen to benot in a column of the periodi, table I'rcntzian with the energy positionadiacent to that of the semiconductor. of bnth centers (As in the middle ofOrdinarily, extrinsic semiconductors are the hand Lan, I's with a binding energyformed by the addition of small amounts of aproNimately 0.3 eV) believed toof an element from an adjacent column be independent of temperature. Forin the periodic table to an elemental further details, the reader shouldsemiconductor [such as P to Si). Thi s consult their lengthy, detailed paperso-called doping is a much-used technique containing 18 figures. In other relatedto modify the electrical conductivitv work as yet unpublished, Grimmeissof the host material. These shllow has stmdied the deep-level ground andimpurities have a hydrogen-like spectrum excited staTes in Cu-doped CdS. fieof energy levels with the ground state is also preTnaring a review articleenergy lying relatively close to the on measuring techniques for deep-levelband edge so that, at ordinary tempera- imnri ties.tures, the imnurity sites can he consid- Since the impurities in a semicon-ered to be highly ionized. Doping Si ductor have great effect on its elec-with Al or P creates shallow impurities trical prooertie , Grimmeiss is havingwith ionization energies of only 60 or elaborate facilities constructed for45 mel', resnectively. In contrast, deen- the prenaration and characterizationlevel imnurities which are created by of samples, lie hopes that his researchthe addition of elements not in adjacent wil make it possible to tailor semicon-columns, have typical ground-state levels ductor devices with the proper amountsseveral hundreds of meV from the band and kinds of impurities in order toedge, and are usually only partially ontimize their performance.ionized at ordinary temperatures. For This subject is growing to someexample, doping Si with Au gives an im- extent as a result of the research bypurity level near the middle of the band Grimmeiss who has pioneered the experi-gap, a 540 meV from the edge of the mental techniques of deep level spec-conduction band. troscopy and deep level transient spec-

The importance of deep-level impur- troscopy, and who has served as theities was pointed out to me by Grimmeiss. principal host for two invitationalHe told me that the imnurity level posi- "Lund" Conferences. This yeartion controls the free carrier lifetime represents a break in tradition-Thex and that a deep-level impurity may have Third Lund International Conference onthe same effect on ' as a shallow one at Deep Level Impurities in Semicondgctorsmuch lower (by a factor of 10" ') concen- will be held on 26-29 May in Salisbury,trations. Conn. (John R. Neighbours)

In two recent papers (l. ApF2 Phbs51 3740 [1980] and J. Appl Phys 51 4212-1980]), Grimmeiss and his coworVers

presented results which show that bothS and Se create two dominant donor levelsin Si which are distinguished as A-cen-ters and B-centers. The activationenergy has been determined for each ofthe two donants. The concentration ofthe A and B centers was found to beapproximately the same for both impuritiesand the similar thermal behavior of thetwo types of centers suggested that bothcenters might have excited states.

In a paper scheduled for publicationin Physical Review, Grimmeiss andB. Skarstam have reported the spectraldistributions of the photoionizitioncross sections for the S and Se-relateddonor centers. They find the distribu-tion in the 0.2-0.8 eV photon energy

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but would continue research and postgrad-uate work in those areas. Ihose at thebottom would become liberal arts collegeson the American model, offering under-graduate courses only.

(4) Draw up a "hit list" in eachsubject and "advise" the universitiesto close them. The UGC has no powerto give orders, as universities aretechnically private institutions, sothe advice would be accompanied by areduction in grant equivalent to the

NEWS & I spending of the weak departments.NOT1 ES Some combination of the last three

aporoaches is expected. The UGC's dif-UK UNIVERSITY LECTURERS FACE JOB CUTS ficulty is to decide which departments

should be closed. One possible criterion,Some 3,000 university dons in the very attractive to academics, is to look

UK may be in line for redundancy nayments at the money each department wins in(lump-sum nayments in connection with research grants and contracts from com-involuntary job terminations) of up to merce and industry, government depart-£30,000 ($69,000) over the next 3 years ments, and the various research councils.as universities cut back their staffsin the face of higher education's worst-ever cash crisis. Payments in this NMR CLUE TO METAL BONDSrange will be necessary to buy outthe lecturers who have tenure. The Chemists who synthesized a seriesgovernment has set aside £20 million to of unusual molecules featuring multiplefinance such payments, and the universi- carbon-nhosphorus bonds are now lookingties may also draw on their own £70 mil- at the ways in which these moleculeslion reserves, bind to metals.

The drastic cuts, announced in a The researchers, from the Organo-public expenditure white paner last month, metallic Laboratory of Sussex University,are behind this gloomy prospect. Next UK, have made a variety of complexes-year's grants to higher education will based on metals such as platinum andfall by 3 percent in real terms. The tungsten-which contain an intactuniversities, however, which also recently C = P double bond (JCS Chemicat Communi-lost subsidies for overseas students, cations, 1981, p. 199).will have to reduce spending by at least Besides having pure research value,10 percent and possibly by as much as the work makes the first sten towards15 percent by 1983-84. Because some 72 finding out exactly what useful chemicalpercent of university spending is on work these molecular curiosities canlabor costs, and because the dons account be made to do. The researchersfor about half of that amount, they are (H. Eshtiagh, Mohd Jamil Maah, andbound to be in the firing line. Michael Taylor) used NMR (nuclear mag-

The University Grants Committee netic resonance) spectroscony to iden-(UGC), which hands out government funds, tify the new compounds and investigateis considering four possible plans to their bonding.distribute next year's grants: The scientists found that the C = P

(1) Force some universities to shut molecule, known as a phosphaalkene,down by giving them a zero grant. This binds to the metal through its phosphoruscourse is considered the most unlikely atom, in agreement with results forsimply because it would be too controver- similar molecules containing P - Nsial. and P - N double bonds.

(2) Spread the misery evenly. This Investigations of the reactionswould mean that the universities would of the new complexes could yieldmake their own decisions on where to cut. new reagents for organic or organometal-The danger in this is that they would be lic synthesis. Meanwhile, other re-piecemeal cuts. searchers are continuing to isolate new

(3) Reisodel the British university small, unusual molecules (New Scientistsystem by creating a hierarchy. Univer- 87, 1243, p. 649 [19811), and aresities at the top would continue to teach using NMR to investigate their structurea full range of subjects and maintain and bonding.adequate research laboratories and post-graduate teaching. Second-class collegeswould offer a restricted range of subjects,

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TOWER OF POWER WINDS UP TO FULL OUTPUT ONR COSPONSORED CONFERENCES

Europe's first solar power station Norwegian Flectro-optics Meetingbased on the principle of the tower col- 1981, Vinstra, Norway, 29 March-I Aprillector should achieve an output of 1 MW 1981.within the next few months. Construction Conference on Interfaces in Com-of the station, called Eurelios, ended posite.Materials, Liverpool, UK, 1-2 Aprilrecently at its site in Sicily. Built 1981.by a consortium of German, French and 2nd International Low TemperatureItalian companies, at a cost of £5 mil- Biological Microscopy and Microanalysislion, Eurelios has 182 solar collectors Conference, Cambridge, UK, 6-9 Aprilin its power field. A computer controls 1981.the direction of reflectors so that they 8th International Gas Bearingreflect sunlight towards a radiation Sympsoium, Leicester, UK 8-10 April 1981receiver in a central tower. The col- International Seminar on the Rolelected energy is stored in a salt reser- of Finite Element Methods in Radiationvoir before it is used to generate steam. Physics, London, UK 23-24 April 1981.This drives a turbine which in turn drives Symposium on "Polymer Liquida generator producing electrical energy. Crystals-Science and Technology,"Tests on the various components of Portofino, Italy, 1P-22 May 1981.Eurelios have so far proved successful, International Conference on Osteo-says Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm, the porosis, Jerusalem, Israel, 31 May-4 JuneGerman contractor. When the station's 1981.full output starts to supply the Italian International Sympsoium on Locationalnational grid, engineers will gain exper- Decisions (ISOLDE II), Skodsborg, Den-ience about the station's automation mark, 15-18 June 1981.systems and how feasible the idea is for Conference on "Modification ofother sites, the Surface Properties of Metals by

Ion Implantation," Manchester, UK24-26 June 1981.

CARBON FIBERS FOR AIRBUS VIth International BioelectrochemicalConference, Kibbutz Kiryat Anavim, Israel,

A demonstration Airbus Industrie 28 June-3 July 1981.A300 aircraft is now flying with a rudder 9th International Conference onmade of carbon fiber reinforced plastic Operational Research, Hamburg, Germany,(CFRT) in place of the standard light- 20-24 July 1981.alloy structure. Measuring over 8 meters International Symnosium on Advanceslong and 2 meters wide, the new rudder in Polymer Characterization, Durham, UKis the largest single carbon-fiber ele- 13-17 July 1981.ment undergoing trials on the aircraft International Symposium on Hydrody-at present. namics in Ocean Engineering, Trondheim,

Its weight-saving over the conven- Norway, 24-28 August 1981.tional metal rudder is 45 kg or about 4th International Symposium on20 percent. Performance of the unit is the Chemistry of Novel Aromatic Compoundsbeing studied in a program of flight tests, (ISNA 4) Jerusalem, Israel, 30 August-and a second composite rudder is expected 4 September 1981.to begin in-service testing on a Lufthansa NATO Advanced Study Institute onA300 next month. "Static and Dynamic Properties of the

The use of such elements is part Polymeric Solid State," Glasgow, UK,of a weight-saving program on A310 and 6-18 September 1981.A300 airbus aircraft aimed at achievinga higher payload.

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EUROPEAN VISITORS TO THE US SUPPORTED BY ONR LONDON

SPRING 1981

Visitor Affiliation Ny Lab./Org.tobe Vite

Prof. Evan-Wyn-Jones Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. NRL, Marineof Salford, UK Physical Lab.,

Scripps

Prof. J.W.R. Griffiths Loughborough Univ. of NOSC, NRL, NUSCTechnology, Loughborough, UK (April/May)

Dr. D.E. Packham School of Materials Science, NSWC, White Oak

Univ. of Bath, Bath, UK (May)

IONRL REPORTS IC-6-80 U.R.S.I. Symposium 1980 on Electromagnetic Waves

byT.C. Cheston and David K. Cheng

The 1980 International-U.R.S.I. (Union RadioScientifique Internationale) Symposium on Electro-magnetic Waves was held in Munich. The report reviewsthe symposium and some of the papers.

R-2-81 Chemical Research at the Institute fUr Strahlenchemie,Milheim by A. Paul Schaan

The Institut fUr Strahlenchemie (Radiation Chemistry)which is located in Millheim, FRG, was founded in 1958as a unit'attached to the Max-Planck-Institut fiirKohlenforschung (Coal Research). The Institute forRadiation Chemistry is involved in research in avariety of areas including: (1) chemical effectsof ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and high-energyelectrons on organic and biological systems; (2) newmethods of synthesis; (3) organic and organometallicphotochemistry; and (4) throretical chemistry,

Research at this institute on the use of vesiclesto deliver inositol hexanhosphate (IHP), an allostericeffector of hemoglobin, to red blood cells (RBC) mayresult in procedures for dramatically increasing theoxygen release capacity of RBC. Potential applicationsinclude an improved Oa supply to tissues under lowO-partial pressures in air such as at high altitudes.Preliminary experiments with rats have shown thatincorporation of IHP into the RBC enables the rats toadapt to reduced 02 partial pressures.

R-6-80 Laser Research in Ireland, Germany and Austriaby Richard S. Hughes

This report contains short summaries of Electro-optics(EO) research and comments on the activities observed.The discussions include the research programs, keypersonnel, trends, and general observations. All ofthe EO research known to be going on in Ireland isreviewed; only part of the EO work in Germany andAustria is covered.

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R-8-80 Optical Data Processing in Europe by David Casasent

This report contains short summaries of somecurrent activities, accomplishments, and problems inFrance, the Federal Republic of Germany, andthe United Kingdom in the field of optical data pro-cessing. Both university and industrial researchlaboratories are included. In all instances, theemphasis is on optical image and signal processing.

R-9-80 Area Report - Developments in Microwave Antennas andApplications in Sweden, Denmark, and Norwayby T.C. Cheston

This report summarizes research and developmentwork in microwave components, applications, antennasand related devices, found in Sweden, Denmark, andNorway. It describes work at Sweden's Royal Instituteof Technology, National Defence Research Institute,Chalmers University and the L.M. Ericsson Company;Denmark's Technical University; and Norway's TechnicalUniversity and associate government research organiza-tions.

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