appropriating the environment. how the european institutions received the novel idea of the...

7/27/2019 Appropriating the Environment. How the European Institutions Received the Novel Idea of the Environment and Made it Their Own

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Appropriating the EnvironmentHw Eu Isus Rcd Nl Id f E d Md TOw

J-H My

N. 31 | S 2011

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 31 | September 2011

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T T P E

T KFG W P Ss ss dss sc suls f Kll-Fscu y

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xs sc sc l d xl dus csss Eu d Eu U.

All KFG W Ps ll KFG ws www.sfu.u c dd

l [email protected].

Cy f s ssu: J-H My

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My, J-H 2011: A E. Hw Eu Isus Rcd Nl Id

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u (KFG) T Tsf Pw f Eu, F Us Bl.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

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Ts ulc s fudd y G Rsc Fud (DFG).

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Gy

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Appropriating the Environment | 3

Appropriating the Environment

How the European Institutions Received the Novel Idea of the

Environment and Made it Their Own

J-Hk My

Abstract

El lcy s c f Eu U (EU) lcy , u

d lly fs Ty f R. Is c ly 1970s c ud-

sd s sul f sf f l lcy d f Eu ll. Ts

us qus c f Eu l lcy f dus f ds sc-

. R fcus ul-ll lcy ss c dus f l

ds f ll f l zs Eu Cus (EC) ly 1970s. I

lyzs w d wy s w ccs w u y Eu Cus d dd

scc sul fw f EC. S w f duc scl cx,

s xls s f f s lcl cc

cx f l zs . Scdly, lyss f s El Ac-

P f 1973 wll usd sw w EC cculzd , clud

d f ls d l ds. Tdly, s f s ds wll cd c

l dls, f UNESCO cfc M d Bs 1968 wds. I l

s, s xl dus d c f ds. I xs w s ds w

cd y EC, wc cs w ld s css, d wc css f dus lyd

l. T l s us cu d u sl dus f ds.

T A

J-Hk My ws s sss fss/sdcl fllw Aus

Usy, D, cll sc jc Tsl

Hsy. H cd s P.D. d sy f F Us

Bl (ulsd s T Eu ulc s. Md d Tsl

Cuc Eu , Su, Fz S Vl,

2010). As M Cu Psdcl Fllw Usy f Psu,

UK, sd w c f Eu l lcy.

Cc: [email protected]


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Contents

1. I 5

2. C C 7

2.1 Mechanisms of Diusion 7

2.2 How to Analyze Environmental Ideas? 8

3. W D I b E C ? 9

4. W I W A? T E A

P 1973 12

5. W I M D EC D ? 15

5.1 UNESCO - Man and the Biosphere 1968 16

5.2 US - Naonal Environmental Policy Act 1969 18

5.3 Council of Europe - European Conservaon Year 1970 19

5.4 The UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972 20

5.5 Summary: Which Ideas were Included? 21

6. H Wy D EC R A

E I? 23

7. C 26

L 29


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1. I1

Wy dd l lcy ll f Eu Cus (EC) ly 1970s?

I s uzzl wy s l lcy wc ddssd csqucs f cc wws slsd w l z dd fs fu cc dl. I c

sly xld y sudy l fcs usud y s s l

ls f dl s-cc c EU sy (Ks 2006). E cs

sul lyss (Rsuss 2009) wc s l f Eu sus suc s

Eu Css (Sccl 2009), Cu f Jusc (K 2002) d Eu Pl

(EP) (My 2011) ly ccus f f sy. Als, s suc xl c f

l lcy sly s sul f -fucl sll- f C M (N/

Sc 2009). Wl w l l uls dd dd us cc -

ss d w Css u w scls d C M, ws

cssy duc full-dd sul l lcy. A c d csul-

cdu l ls f dl dw u y Oz f Ecc C d

Dl (OECD) (Eu Css 1971), z d-c ss uul

c wuld suc.

Wy EC Eu l lcy d d wy cludd s ls d -

cls d sslly ucd ul s, qus sudy f l lcy

ds d dus d c y lcl cs. Ts s cully cs f EC

l lcy ly 1970s, f w ss: Fs, f s f

lcy ws w. F l 1960s wds c dsc c-

f ls cs llu, cs f u d sucs wc qud

scc-sd ssss d uly clld f cs lcl slu (Els 2010: 124f).

Scdly, cc f dd f EC dd f w

s ss. Ts c d ws s dd dscus f xs d scss

cx f l zs cus f 1960s. Iucd y clcl

dls sss ccdss f ll l ss y d u d s ls s

ll d ld (Hd 2004: 146f, 155; McCc 1995: 55-57). Wl f cus u

f s xs ld f EC ss, ss (ly Gy) qucly fllwd

xl f Ud Ss (US) (Mll 1986: 88, 2009: 81), w d s dd s lcy y Nx ds w Nl El Plcy Ac f 1969

d sls f ul El Pc Acy 1970, wc cd

cl f , w, scds, sld ws d d zds (Js 1973: 86; R 2003: 551;

Vcy 2004: 116).

1 Ts sc ws sud y KFG T Tsf Pw f Eu FU Bl, fudd y

G Scc Fud (DFG), d y M Cu I Eu Fllws d M Cu Eu

R G w 7 Eu Cuy Fw P. T x d sly

f dscuss w fw f KFG, ws Hw ds Eu dus FU Bl,

zd y Aj Jsc d Osld Slds d R Eu I Rsc Gu

fw f C f f Md Eu Suds (CEMES) Sx Isu C,

zd y M Rsuss, Dc 2010.


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A l zs Eu, EC ws l l l lcy.

Tus EC ws l dw xs l ds f l ll. G -

ly f ssu, EC dcs-s w y f lcy ds f usd. W dw u

s sls, Css ly cludd w f cs f lzs (Eu Css 1971: Ax C).

I c ys, dus d Euz sc s fcusd EUs x f -

l lcy ds d dls (Tws 2002). Hw, ly dys f EC l lcy,

Eu sus w cully s f lcy ds. Ts ds xcll cs f sudy

css f c f ds. Hss l szd sf f ds ws

l -d- ls u clx d slc s (Es/W 1987; W/

Z 2006), wc cs lyd y c l. I c ys, s sc s -

csly czd y lcl scc ss (Bzl 2010). Ac ssu f suc

sc, I d ssu d wlsl s. R, I sd d u wc

scs w f wc sucs (d wc w u), d w y w d

fw f w lcy. S f s ssus, s qus w ds

u s lcy w dusd , dd y d dd EC.

T lyss wll cd ss, c f dus. Fs, cxul c wll d

w f s f w cc, lly sd c lu l

sy, ddss qus: Hw d w dd d f s lcy -

l lcs y ly 1970s? Scdly, I wll csd wc ds w cully dd

EC El Ac P (EAP) f 1973. Ts dcu cdd c ds d cls

f EC l lcy d s f fc ul Sl Eu Ac f 1987,

w clly c EC lcy. Tdly, I wll qu dls EC dw

l ll. I wll fcus dcls d lsl f UNESCO, US, Cucl

f Eu (CE) d UN w 1968 d 1972. Ts w slcd ls cus l

cfcs d US lsl w fcl s f dscusss f s ds Eu (Hd

2005: 128-131; Js 1973: 110-115; Pujd 1975: 231-233). I ws y w lcd

d f ulcs d lcy-s l. Fuly, I wll c w d wy s ds w cd

d d. I wll lyz l f d sus s ccss us f ds. I ssu

cs dcs cs wc ds u, u ls d dd ds f ds w cx (W/Z 2006: 38). Dw lu

css f dus, I wll y dw s ccluss s wy s scc s f lcy

ds ws dd y EC.

Bf lyss slf, I wll d f duc lycl ccs su-

squly usd. Fs, scl scss sd us css f dus xl s-

f d c f ds. Scdly, I wll xl w f c lyzd s

c d d dsus, c d c l scs.


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2. C C

2.1 Mechanisms of Diusion

Scl scc z s u f css wc c usd xl dus f

ds. Ts css c sysclly d us wys (.. F 2010). T susqu

w (s Tl 1) sslly dws xy susd y Bzl d Rss (2009: 9-12). I

sus lyss f dus f l ds EC wll, sc ls sc

ls d lcs f c f sds d cs f ds.

Table 1: Mechanisms of Diusion; Relaon between Sender and Recipient

S M M L A R S R R

Cc u Fc Ll Isus

Isul Rly Dominance f Sd Weakness:SussOdcFl, suclccc (dssly) cssc

Mul f Uly

Clculs

Isul Rly Dominance of Sender:

Us f slccs: wds duss

Weakness:

Ad, s fcs, dl

Sclz Lc f Ass

Slight dominance fSdsds s:ccd s dl

Acve Appropriaonf ds csddly su

Psus CucRly

Balanced Relaon:

sd s dw ccus

Balanced Relaon:

Rc y ccu

Eul IsulRly;Lc fAss

Passive Role of Sender:

dl f ccc; dl

Recipients Iniave:

L: lssdwMcy: sucl

Source: drawing on Brzel/Risse 2009: 9.

F css dsusd, wc y w d xcd s f u-

c, s wll s udly lcs f scl c, .. (1) l-cc-syl sul -

ly, (2) ly/lc f ss d (3) Hs cuc ly,

wc ls c s d ds u dscus d fc f u (Rss

2000: 1). T s w css, ly, cc d ul f uly clculs sd


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lc f w w sd d c f ds d lc f sul

ly. Cc ls sd c s s ds c y fc lw,

us cc dc suss. W cc s y c d f

sf f ds lds sucl - dds lly s sujcs w ds. I s ss, sds ul f cs uly clculs d

sls cs c l u. T s ssu y sd-

wds d ( f) uss, c s cud d w su

y d w ds. T d cs f sclz s sd lc f ss.

Wl sds w dl s u d ly su l, c-

s cud w s d scl ccc. T fu c-

s sus s sd cuc ly. Sds ds y d d

cc ss. Rcs w y fc f u. B sclz d

sus fcld y ws. N ssus d cuus llcul xc

sd ld cllc dss c ud sd ds w ws, ..

sc cus (Hs 1992). Eqully cduc d f ds f usd sus

f ucy f c. Rcs wll ds f s -ss,

cl d sus s f clu c ws f (Ccl 2005: 813).

Flly, cs f ul ds qu c d fcful f ds

f sd. Rcs c w u lss-dw, .. y s d

lcs s w cly l ls f sul ly u cy,

sly suclly , d ccd y l s l ls f lc f

ss. I dscuss lw, l f s dl-ycl css wll xld

d xl c f l ds.

2.2 How to Analyze Environmental Ideas?

Hw c l ds lyzd? I ly 1970s, f -

slf, us w s d ccs (suc s s csys) w ducd

dscus . Ts ccs usd dsc d d, dscuss d sc

ls sujcd l lcy. I d ss f ulud f c-y s, s usful fllw V Scd d s c

d (wc y css d s). Scd (2008: 306) suss dsus w (1)

d f s sc, (2) ls ddssd d (3) ssl (ds f) slus, clud

sus usd. Fs, s Dyz (2005: 17f) s ld, d f sc f s ds

y sd d c: ssus u cl xs f l (

cuu w ll d lcl), u l c f d u (Is -

ls u cs wld ls u l sul?), u ul lws d lcs (suc s

dc f clcl lc, wc s csly c ud ccs c

ys (.. Rclf 2009: 199)). Scdly, ls cludd (s ds f w s ssud

) f d f c d. W y s: Wc ls

ld? W ss f ls d w s l? Tdly, slus susd


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y cs dc w x c d f s fc

lcl d cll f lcl c. Quss sd f sc: Wc d f lcl

ss d w d f sus clld f? Wll cly d

suc? Wc ssus u s d s (Dyz 2005: 17f) ld (d duc, cd d cl, cc cs)? Aly s d f lycl

dscs (s Tl 2), I wll l sysclly juxs d c d ss f

c d f dcus d, y c dus d slc

.

Table 2: The Programmac Idea of the Environment: an Analycal Framework

C

Sbq

(1) D f sSc

) Gcl Sc w Glld Lcl

) Rl Icf M d Nu

c) Assus uNul Lws dLcs

(2) Pc fPls

) Wc Pls?(D fwc Ns)

) Rss f Pls?

c) W s ssl l?

(3) SussdSlus

) D f PlclI

) Rl f Tclyd M

c) Assus uAs d Ms

3. W D I b E C ?

Cc u w w cll dy s ly w. F l 19 cuy wds,

Ws Eu d USA, sd cs f duslz sd czs ccs.

Cls u w ws dscd l s s llu (ly f w) ll s s

uscs l s d s w uc d ccslly ld ds uls.

Hl ssus w cl s sc (R 1996: 11-15). T dsuc f scc ss uuds y dusy d-uld, d-u usd s d ds f s ly us

csss w w ly d y -d, c d sc dls, u fquly

ls y l cc u usd xl f ul sucs (D 1996: 1).

Nlss, fc f s ld s f u c d cs, s f -

ls d f 1960s s fudlly w du. Fs, cc f -

dd c f w d usly d s dscly s ls. Tus,

zd c f ls d fcld cs c ssus s d-

s s ucl w, dusl d usld ws, d w llu, ld us d u swl,

suc us s wll s u l c. Scdly, ly dd css wd

f ls f sl wl, ls susd s ls w ll sc.


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Tdly, f ws lcl cc. T cllc cc f

ws sujcd ulc lcy d lcl ds dcs-. T

s f l fcd s cl. Fuly, s sd sc ccs

f cs , scc ws csdd c y wc jud d sll ls (Els 2010: 124f). Eclcl ds, wc d d c s-

w d, w cl wy ws cculzd (Ws 1994: 350-372). Ecly

dscd l s cs, d csys, s, cczd y cycls f

us d uul ddcy f ss clx syss. T fudl ssu

ws l u ws ul lc w ll s s. F clcl sc-

, u d us s lc, wc s

l u u sul s. T f scs , wc d c

cx f s lu ld 1969, susd ws sc f lu l

(Cs 1994: 289f; Hl 2008; Js 1973: 89). Tus, lly, clcl ds cud

ss f ucy cczd ls (Ws 1994: 353).

Hw dd s l d f qu u lcl c lcl d

y d f 1960s ll f l zs d l s?

El sy sc s ld cc f d

1960s xs d dls dl w ssus f llu d cs cx f

l zs suc s Il U f Pc f Nu (IUPN),

CE, UN OECD. Il zs w sul f (c)

d, sl xc f f d s d cud scs

ll sc (Hd 2003, 2004: 126-141; Ks l. 1978: 118, 122). T Il

Blcl P (IBP), f sc, ws y c sclz d/ sud sl

cuy f scs clcl , f lly ccc l d

cs lcl ducy f l (Ws 1994: 372f). T UNESCO cfc M d

Bs Ps 1968 ld f lc IBP w w sc d M d

Bs d d s ulc cc f ssu (Bss 1971: 2).

T ulc d u l ls d cd dly y d f 1960s. Illy

ssll s suc s Rcl Css (1962) Sl S sd wss f lc c-

squcs f dsc us f scds (Ts 2009). Pulcs l Pul Elcs (1968) ucdscussd Pul B G Hds (1968) l cc sd lyss w s

sly scl Tdy f Cs (f ccl w Fy l. 1990) d Mlus

ds u csqucs f ufd ul w (Ws 1994: 353f). Ts d d

1972 w ulc f f Clu f R Ls Gw (Mdws l.

1972). T sudy dd ucdd cu-clculd d susd xl -

ul w d us f sucs wuld xus sucs ll l fuu,

us ss f l (Fy 2006; Sdc 1978). Md u l

ssus csd y cus d f 1960s d ly 1970s, f sc US

d UK (Bs l. 1976: 249; Sdc 1978: 100). El dsss, suc s l sll

cusd y su- Ty Cy cs f Su Eld 1967 d lwu f

l l S B 1969 w lly dzd ls f s .


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Ty dd cll s f dy ds cud w ss f l css

ls (scs f) l ulc (Js 1973: 82-85). Ts s ls sd w

ydy xc f w llu culd fl dld wld dcds f

ucdd w d clcl dl (Ku 2003: 326-328; McCc 1995: 68-70).

T UN cfc u , ld Scl Ju 1972, d l

u f d f s f lcy. I u-u cfc f

1970, wds l s ducd s l su sc

cus. I y, s s d sc d scl f l l llly

sl f s . M, l f cls lly w

fllw cls w sl ssus f cfc cd l u-

s f sclz, sus d f f sc cus (Hs 1990), cu

l s s u w l lcs. T c f l u f

-l zs (NGOs) d julss ddlly cd s f ulcy -

fcd s f w d ulc dscus (Hd 2004: 244-255, 277f; Ts

Fu 1974).

I sls f l lcy EC d s ss, Ud Ss lyd

l s dl d l d s. Cz s l ssus

ws lly s ldy 1960s (R 2003), f E Dy (22 Al 1970),

sd f css Alc w s (Js 1973: 85; Lz 1970; McCc

1995: 78; R 2010). T Nx ds cd s lcy u, d d fcful

c 1969. I slsd Nl El Plcy Ac qu ul

s f d s u Cucl El Quly d susquly wful

El Pc Acy (EPA) (Ks l. 1978: 111; Vcy 2004: 116).

As ws ducd y Ws suw d lly s dcd cuy Ws

Wld, w US l lcy ws ly sd y l Eu lcy s.

Alu s ccu ws f w Gulls -Ac clcs, s Fc s f

R Pujd s w d u w fud du s s f-

s Ws l Mcqu d l, .. Mcc f 1972

(Pujd 1975: 231-233).

I ly 1970s Nx ds su cly x l lcy s NATO

s us s s w Ws llc d s ly ul uly clculs. T

US ds usd f s u C Clls f Md Scy (CCMS) w

NATO. NATO s w cud l sc, s wld d

us s ss f scc-sd lcl dcs-. T Nx ds dd -

s l f scuy, wc llwd us f NATO s l fu

l zs, wc s uc ws ld. T lly luc Eu

s suscd Ac ds f w d f dssus dl-

s f V W (Hd 2004: 141-146; Lz 1971). Eully, Eu

s w w y s c f sc l f dusy d y


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sdw f US w dssl f Ws Eu scuy. A Bs cl 1971 u lly:

[W] l w [...] CCMS ly f lcl ss s d Eu cus (qud

Hl 2010: 59; slly Sculz 2010: 316f). Hw, du Eu s lucc, NATOs

CCMS d sslly ld sc. T US sd wlsl f USl lcy NATOs ss w y l sls l scuy

s ud cc (Sculz 2010: 316f). T xl us ls dss l s d

slc f c d, su f s lcs f w.

W US x f l ds luy f ccs y cly dw

US dl d s s Mll (2009: 81) sd w sc G l

lsl qus fu sc, cul w sc l css. I y cs,

ls lly dw US xl, u f EC ss d ccss cus suc

s Gy, Fc Ud Kd (Bss 2003: 83f; M 2008: 9; McCc 1991: 16f; U

2003: 485) dld l lcy s s u ss f

1970/71. I ws s cx EC slsd l lcy, s w Fs

El Ac P f 1973.

4. W I W A? T E A P 1973

T EAP f N 1973 (Cucl f Eu Cus 1973) s y udsd

susqu l lcy f EC/EU. I cdd cc f d dd

ls f lcy-. Sc ws y s ld f -

l lcy, EAP c s f fc f susqu lsl. Tus

cls d ls uld EAP lyd y l Eu l lcy wc ws

uly sd susquly y c -ddcs.2 My f cl cls slsd

ly 1970s cud c f l lcy, clus f

l lcy s Sl Eu Ac 1987 d duc f w

sus u f llu (Jd l. 2003). E uucc su f ul-

ul c s s sll us.

T s EAP f 1973 slls u cls d jcs f w EC l lcy. E f

xlc d f s s, s d lss cl jc f

lcy s ul (Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P I, Tl I). Hw,

sc f f ws ly qu cus ly 1970s, s

y dcus ducd y Css ds. I Fs Cuc f 22 July

1971, Css sd w y sd s lly ccd d f -

: [I csd] ll ls wc, c clx fs, s wld wc

2 I ddss qus f ssl dd dls Eu l lcy ul

1990s y M Cu R G Pjc Tsl Nws Eu El

Plcy P Dd L (2010-13).


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w l d d u (Eu Css 1971: 1). Ts d ws fd y

clcl ds d ll c.

Aly, s d d lss lly ccd cd. I Scd Cucf 24 Mc 1972 Css dd w d ws uc d sc. I dd-

lly cludd scl d culul ccs. T Css susd sus s:

in the physical environment, reducon in polluon and nuisances, urban and rural planning, the estab-

lishment of transport and communicaons systems, etc.; - in the social environment, the improvement

of welfare systems, income, job, security working condions, housing, educaon, etc.; - in the cultural

environment, the preservaon of urban and rural sites of interest and beauty spots, the improvement of

teaching and informaon, cultural and leisure facilies(Eu Css 1972: 10f).

Of cus, sc-cc d lwys cl EC cc ld dw s

(S 2009). Suc d f ls ld susl l f xd

EC ccs (Pl 2005: 175). Fu, culul d sc ccs w ssus

s ss suc s Fc (Rudlf 2005: 364) d fd csu l f ld

cs d sd f sc y NGOs suc s Il Ns (.. K/M 2008:

264f). Hw, ul EAP, EC d c w ws c w l c-

ssus d scd s d ul ly.

Nlss, sc-cc ccs lyd cl l s EAP. F ll ss, sc

w lcy d slsd w cs f sc f Ty f R, Hds f

S d G Ps Oc 1972 dcld l lcy cfd

l f Ty f R. I cul, y fd Ty ls f cs

f l d w cds d us dl f cs

(Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P 1, Iduc). Hw, y dlly dd

s jcs l w cy l d . I cul,

y d us f f quly f lf, wc ws cl cc Scl cf-

c su f 1972. T susd l f qul s f l cds,

cl qu dc f sdd f l (Cucl f Eu Cus

1973: P 1, Iduc).

T jcs f Cuy l lcy slld u EAP dc f sc

f c d f : O d, cc s ll d fd y

clcl ly. T Cuy cd l c w ss d -

l zs. T dcu d clcl ccs u c f s

(s ll y) d clcl lc d szd d

xl f sucs d u. O d, l w fudl jc

s d quly f lf l u s d cl. Ts ws sd s

cu ss clly udsd s qul cc w. T l f

lcy ws us ccl xs w csly d s ul


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(Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P 1, Tl I). Suc cculz d

y ll c w cy cc u ls w (Mdws l. 1972)

w lcy f s suc us, dcd .. y Css Msl (Msl 1972;

Pl 2005: 174). M ccly, l ls ddssd w fllw: l-lu d uscs, w cds d ss f lf, xl f sucs d f

u, l scs w l d ld us d l cc u d

clcl lc (Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P 1, Tl I).

T EAP slsd l cls f Cuy l lcy (Cucl f Eu

Cus 1973: P 1, Tl II) s slus l l. F lycl ss I

sus u s cls ys f slus: (1) , l , (2)

sc d clcl dl, (3) duc, (4) l c d (5) EC c.

T uucc dl f l ws c f ECs c d -

l d, ly us f s f l lcy cls: T l f

cl ws - llu f s. G s w lcd clcl xs s

s d cc d scl ss. T cl f ly f l

ccs sslly ducd d f l c ssss s dc f fs

uucc dcs-. T cl f d xl f sucs d u ws

fd y cc u clcl lc. Nul sucs w udsd

ld, s ws us ccy s llu. Tus, l , clss

dsuc, ws dd cssy. T llu ys cl ws d cc dsc-

llu, sslly ly -sd su f ul (Jd l. 2003). G

u f xcs sl u, w, d cs lc f s

cl sd lly.

Scc sc d clcl ss w lcd sc f llu. Rsc

s s ws cud. G sul sus s -

sc c, s sd sul f EC c. Fu, cz duc u

ws dcld f y c, sd xc s wss

wuld s czs ssly f fuu s. Ts ws f fw l us

y ul s.

Il c ws ld s ssl ddss l l ws

csdd ll sc. T dcu xlcly fd suls f Scl cf-

c: f css-d llu, cc f dl cus -

l sus culd cc w, f sc y l ccss Eu s.

M, ll c scc sc d l lcy ws cud, sd

ssu xsd wld clcl cls d ddc f

cs f wld (Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P 1, Tl II). T us f

cy cc f ddc, wc ws sslly 1970s qul w w cll

llz dy (Mcs 2009: 258), suss clclly d cclly wld ws

csdd ld ll scl.


15/33


T cls l EC sus cd s ccs u dsu f c-

cs Eu sus. Rsd G dds, l

c ws s ll. Ts ul ws dd l s f l

d s s EC. Isly u, w l lcy us ducd wus susdy cl l l (C 1999: 293f). Slly, jcs f -

z d cd f l lcs w w su s fuc f

sl (Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P 1, Tl II) f sdd

cy ls f EC lcy f duc f cl f uul c

1980s (Yu 2010: 110-112).

Cc sus w xdd s: 1. Ac duc d llu

d uscs, 2. Ac d ss f lf, d 3. Cuy c ,

w lcl, c c y M Ss l zs dl w

(Cucl f Eu Cus 1973: P 1, Tl III). I cc, duc f

llu d uscs ws sd duc d sddz f scc c c-

c w, d s. T d f quly jcs ws s s ss f dcss, d

susqu d sullc u ws. H, fc ws ls d

wld sys sd y UN. Vus xls f cc c w slld u, ..

d llu ducs, R s f sd s d cc l f

c sc . S f s y s w slcd s c ws ldy udwy

l ll.

I s, c d f slld u EAP cludd d cd -

us ccs f ds l ll. Hw, s ds w d d

dd scc fw f cc cuy wc cud d ss ss-

lly s f cc w. W dd EC w s ds u f?

5. W I M D EC D ?

W d s Fs Cuc [] Cuys lcy 1971, Eu Css d cs f us l zs f

, suc s UN d s susdy zs l Ecc Css f Eu

(ECE), UNESCO Wld Hl Oz (WHO), NATOs CCMS, s wll s f

l s suc s OECD d Cucl f Eu (CE) s w (Eu

Css 1971: Ax C).

Sc s ssl c ll l zs c ld f

, ll s d EC dcus, I slcd UN d l l

zs w l sc s wll s l US lsl, wc dc f


16/33


lsl cc usd f EC.3 Clly, l ds w cslly dscussd ls

w s zs. Hw, d c f sc l z-

s cculz f , I ld y cl sl l dcus f

s ul l cfcs ld y s zs.

T UNESCO cfc M d Bs 1968 ws s lc

l lcl d. I ducd ll clcl cc f s d

clld f lcl c. T Ac Nl El Plcy Ac f 1969 ws ly c

f l lsl d l f fc. T cfc f Cucl f

Eus Eu Cs Y 1970 Ssu sd susl

ssu Eu (Js 1973: 110-115). Flly, s s d s ulcly sl , UN

cfc Hu E Scl 1972 ws cludd. M, UN cfc

dly cdd dcs y EC su f Ps f 1972 sls l lcy

d cll l ss f B 31 Oc 1972 s u s y cls.

Wl Css s d ud wy sc 1971, UN cfc clly cd s clys

f cully sls EC l lcy.

5.1 UNESCO Man and the Biosphere 1968

C cc f s dd s slf-cd d udd scs (Hl

2008; UNESCO 1970: 185) UNESCO cfc M d Bs ws s l

cs, ll c wds . Pusly, cfcs d

ld scc scl ls suc s llu (Hd 2004: 139). Ul sus-

qu s, [] Il Cfc f Exs Scc Bss f Rl Us d

Cs f Rsucs f Bs s ws clly clld ws sll dd y sc-

c xs, cls. M 300 cs f 60 cus d

Ps (Plu 1969: 187) dscuss d ulz cc f s. T cfc

dd . T s dscd sys f ll l s d s ls sd y

ld lcl csss, f sc sl w. T s ws udsd

css f us csyss. I s ul s, ws ssud lcd sys. Nlly, s ws xl u sys -sls s ul qulu f dsud y

u. Hw, us f cfc wd lscy f s [ws]

ld. Pul w d scl c s d d s

lc. Csquly, y clld f s slu s l: lz-

f us f sucs f s wld-wd scl s , f ssfcy l cd-

s f fuu s ud(UNESCO 1970: 194). T cl d ssud y

cfc ws uy ws us clcl d f l ccd s ul

qulu. Hu sul, u wll- d u l sd us dd.

3 As dfs ssc, NATO ws cd, u sd u f jc

f Ac ds d uc.


17/33


T cds f cfc dd cc xls f ls c fl

lc, clud ly w s cl c. Pllu y ccls d dc -

ls, l f c dxd lc f s, d f sl

d quc s, cs f w lc, lss f l d l scs d lc f s. E f us dd u y l y cc c, y d

s w sd-cs f wlc dl, ly f u

cd (UNESCO 1970: 210). T d w f uz, duslz d ul w

xlcly d s cuss (UNESCO 1970: 204).

T cfc l uss dl cc f cs ds c l 19

cuy. Ts fd cs f u d ul sucs, clud wl d

-wl s (Cs 2009: 336; Sll 2007: 9). Hw, w ws ls

usd, .. l f sc D f . Hw, wl cc f

s dd s fc qulu, dl s f u, f

fl - ws ly clsly sscd w dsuc d llu

(UNESCO 1970: 204, 210).

T cfc wd s l sly f ds s, d d

csly lus su d ll scl f l. A u f slus w

susd: A f d l , cly ws xcd sl -

l. Fquly ud, cly ws ldy ll d sly dd

lyd. W s ws cs, sc d dl wuld ud

d slus. T slus dcd w w ld cly d cccy. T

xlcly clld f lcl . T xs sd ws cssy c

ll d ds ls d csd l y cc dl.

S d d u lc f ulc udsd d fqu sc f

l (UNESCO 1970: 204). Scss cds w us ld scc ccs.

Of cus, y ddd j l sc c wld u c-

syss, u cly d l us f sucs. Bl w f l, y

clld f c l duc. I w ws uusul f scss ,

cfc ld ss, l zs d -l -

zs c (UNESCO 1970: 210-228). T cfc sud d f UN cfc ld 1972 d dscussd ls f clcl c f dl sssc w

w l ds f s (UNESCO 1970: 230-233).

Tus, wl scc f s, UNESCO cfc dd -

s lcz f l d. I clly slld u c s

f ls f s : ss f ucy, scc udsd f ls,

wss f ll sc d l f lcl slus (Els 2010: 124f). W dcly

dcly, EC dw us ccs s sd UNESCO cfc: d cc

f s, c f ucy d ll u f ssu d us d

f l c - cc f l us f sucs, d l

sus qud scc s, d cll f ducl .


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5.2 US Naonal Environmental Policy Act 1969

T US Nl El Plcy Ac f 1969 d ly cc u ls -

(d l lcy), wc ws susquly sld us lus. Tls sd usfully cl d dsc w lcy (.. M-Glc

1997: 157; Sculz 2006: 3, f. 6). T ws xlcly dd c, u ws usd

cly w ul . Hw, y s us, w c ss

w cc s ly. M ws fquly juxsd u s .

A s , xlc l f lw ws su xsd duc y.

Accdly, xlc f c ws d d s. Suc

ls cl us f s suss succss f d s y s

cfc. Clly, ws cculzd clcl s, s ls f

ll cs f ul . Wl s cfc ws

sll sscd w llu, El Plcy Ac f s s -

. Als cc f ss csly udsd f ll sc (Nl

El Plcy Ac 1970: Sc.2, Sc.101). I cus f 1970s, ly u

f slwly cwdd u sc scc f s. I

El Plcy Ac s wll s susquly EAP s c usd ls

cly.

T l d slld u c s y sl f s cfc

cd y. Ms c ws l. T dd f

ws cd s csquc f ul w, uz, dusl xs, suc x-

l d w cls. As s cd l ws d s -

l quly s wll s ll wlf d dl f (Nl El Plcy

Ac 1970: Sc.101). Ts ld ccl w lly cc u ly qully

ls, ly -sls clcl lc, s wll s fwd ss f

cc dl.

I s scs, c d cd ld cs d ly c

f l us f c d sc ss. A f sf, lful, duc,

dl suuds, s suld qully sclly d culully ls. Accdly, sc,culul s wll s ul scs f l w cludd (Nl El Plcy

Ac 1970: Sc.101 (102),(104)). E f y w lly sd Scd Cuc f

Css (1972: 10f), s scs ully dd c f Eu EAP.

T Ac slld u u f cc sus. S f s sus cd l

ls s u y s cfc. Ty w susquly ls u EAP. Ts cludd

cll f sc clcl syss d sucs, f sls scc ss f ,

l d dcs , f l c, d f cful us f sucs. O

sus, suc s sl f cycl s wll s duc f l c ssss-

f lsl d c w sslly w (Nl El Plcy Ac 1970:

Sc.101, 102). Ts ds w cully u EAP, .


19/33


20/33


Eu dusy (.. f scds) d z f l lsl. Fu,

cfc sd sls f Eu uy f d -

llu fud. I ws xcly s s, EC c c (Cucl f Eu 1970: 3).

5.4 The UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972

As dcd , UN cfc u d u f -

f s lcy. I dd fu dly sls s

ssu f lcy . T l dcu ds ss u cculz f

dcd y cfc.

T ws dd s ul d cd d sd y .

I f P s, w f sf s ws cld s ly

u dl d uy c quly f lf (Ud Ns 1972:

3). A s , ws ssl f csqucs f s cs. If s w ws dlssly

ld, ws l d clcull u s d u (Ud

Ns 1972: 3).T l l cusd y s lc wd csd llu-

f w, , d cus, ulc f clcl lc f s, d-

suc d dl f lcl sucs, d ls l d w

d u l (Ns 1972: 3).

T s f cfc ws c sll dl u c l quly

u full wld d ws c. Dl ws fc dd ssl f su

ful l d w f d f c cds cssy

f f quly f lf(Ud Ns 1972: 4). Ts ls sc fud s wy

EC EAP, wc fd d ud dl ccdc w quly qus

d w cds d ss f lf (Cucl f Eu Cus

1973: P 1, Tl I).

El ls dl cus w slly csdd sul f lc f dl- dd cld y s d cly. Ul UNESCO dcu,

xlc fc ws d ssss dc l c f dl sus.

T UN dcl xlcly sd l lcs w dsly c dl

cus us w. Ts sc ws ls ld EAP, s ws f

cus l d css ds. A, UN cfc clld f scc ,

scc sc d duc, ssus culd cd c UNESCO cfc (Ud

Ns 1972: 4f).

T UN dcu ly ucd l u f ssus szd Eu EAP suc

s l ssly, u ls c cc dl. Nlss,

y f l csds, ly d f l , sc d duc-

, d ldy d sc UNESCO cfc.


21/33


5.5 Summary: Which Ideas were Included?

W y c s f c ccs f EAP w sc (1) d

d sc, (2) l s ld d (3) slus susd, s s s ws l w d ls d slus. A s s, ls sd

l lly sd clcl cc f s s. Hw,

y ds clly sus d s scss d lcy s ud

l d cc ls.

T cc f EAP dw clcl s ld s

dd c UNESCO cfc. T ws cl EAP d

d y US us d susquly y UN cfc. I 1970, Cucl f Eu sll -

d cd ld cs. T EC clly d f .

T EAP szd l f l c d ccld w d f

cc w d scl ccs. Ts ccs w cd s f quly f lf d

dl, f wc w cl s UN cfc. Slly, US lsl d

ldy szd d u w xs duc y, d d scl

d cc ds f s d fuu s (Nl El Plcy Ac 1970: Sc.

101).

T c ls ld css ll dcus w llu d xcss suc us. T EC ls

cludd l d w cds s s ldy szd y UN cfc d

fsdwd y l ccs US lsl. T qus f ld us, wc d cl

cc du Eu Cs Y, ws qully cludd. Scs d wldlf c,

szd y UNESCO d Cucl f Eu w ly d, f susquly

cus f 1970s u d scclly d c cully c f EC

l lcy (My 2010c). Slly, EAP dd d ld sc

d culul ccs d fd US d Cucl f Eu, lu s d ds-

cussd EC ccls d sll ly d Csss Scd Cuc f

Mc 1972.

I s f ds, EC d w d c sdd lx sc 1968: ,sc, duc d l c. Fllw d d ldy y Cucl f

Eu, EC ls dcd duc f Eu s d sdds. I s cx, EC

ws l dw s w sul ccs d cls l z. I ls d

u f s dd dcly f dcus dscussd :

cl wc fd y US d f c ssss ws cly cludd

EAP cll f ly f l ccs .. dl lcy. T l-

lu ys cl d s ducd y Cucl f Eu 1968. T CEs Dcl

A Pllu Cl d clld Eu lsls sc s cl w dw u lsl-

(Cucl f Eu 1969; Rdu 2011: 126).


22/33


Aly EAP cs d l cssus d dld y 1972, clud

d lc sc-cc d l ccs szd y UN cfc, -

duc f d ly (f cs) d scc (

sc) d f w dd cd. T fllw l ds w f c ds l dls d EC EAP:

Table 3: Recepon of Environmental Ideas

UNESCO 1968 US 1969 C

E 1970

UN 1972 E

A P

1973

Cc d

D

Bs:

clcl

lc, ll

sc

E:

s

El

quly

El

Plcy

Cs:

Eclcl

lc

El

Quly:

s

Dl &

Quly f Lf

E Plcy:

I S &

Quly f Lf:

Exs /

Dl &

E:

clcl lc &

s

Pls D:

Pllu

Scs

[sd cs f

s]

Exl f

sucs

Pllu

Hl /

duc

Rsuc us

Asc,

culul

Pllu

Wldlf

Exl f

Rsucs

Asc

Ld us

Pllu

L/w

cds

Exl f

Rsucs

Sl s

Nuscs &

Pllu

L/w

cds

Exl f

Rsucs

Ld us

Slus Rl

suc us

Rsc

Educ

Scc-sd

Ic

ssss

Rsc

M

Rsc

Educ

M

Rsc

Educ

1. M:

P,

d suc

xl, ly

f .

ccs, lluys

2. Rsc &

Tcly

3. Educ

H cd c d d f l ds f l ll EC,

l sc wll s xl l f d EC sus c f l

ds d wll y xl wy s ds w d EAP.


23/33


6. H Wy D EC R A E I?

W y xl wy s scc s f l ds ws cd d d

EAP, s usful s csd l f d EC sus s css. Esslly -l ds d sus: Cucl f Mss s s f

ss; Eu Css, wc ws ld s flly s

Cuy lsl; d Eu Pl, wc l w Ecc d Scl

C (ESC) ws ly csul dy . T l cc f succssfully

lcl d (My 2012; Pc 2009) dd ly w s us. Wl Cucl

ws dssl dcs-, cucl w f Css ly s ccy s

d y d cs f sls. EP uc ws sly ccuscd, w, su

s ssus dd l y duc s s w , y dw u

slus d y s ly quss (My 2011).

E u EC ws uly l z, ss d w-

ful d ss. T duc f ul l sus f 1969 wds d

susqu f Eu Cucl 1974, w cully dd lc s

c ds s (.. My 2010: 105-107). M ss u l ds f

w l ds, f w dss f l d csly s-

l ulc ds. Ts ds w sd EC css u fl csul

Css uly ud w lcs Cucl f Mss (clud s

w us d COREPER). I ws s lcl ll, l su f 19

d 20 Oc 1972 ss sld dsly f Eu l lcy.

M B 31 Oc 1972 f s , ss ssl f

dscussd ud uls d ls f w l lcy.

D css w w wc fcld dus f c ds Cucl

d s s. T xsc f l l lcs w u

f EC ss cd uly clculs ll ss, sc l uls lly cd

s s d. Tus sls c l uls dlly s sl s ldy

xs s s wdly us lsw ws l l f l lcy s d

lly f Css s ud f Ty. Isly u, l ul-s cjuc w C M us fucd s wy x w

ss, y s uly clculs. Ts d dd, u ws sll f C

M. As csquc, d l l ds c s y culd

f ss f c s C M.

A f s ss l lcy s clcul f ss, sclz suly lyd l.

M ully dscuss w ccs, cls d lcs s sclzd

w ud sc cuy. Sc ly 1970s, s u f l

cls c f l ssus c ul w us w Cucl

fw; s ly s 1970 ssus f sc llu (Eu C Fld f

Scc d Tclcl Rsc 1970). Susquly y ls dl w Css sls


24/33


cc l sus, sls f c d d

Cuy s f Scl Cfc.

My f s cls w cd s l xs u-u Scl cfc, - ully UN s wll s EC cx, ls ld EC EAP. Ts wy, y cd s

s f dus. F sc, ll f s f G Msy f I w

sd Fdl Rulc Cucl s EAP July 1973, ly, Ms

Gsc, Sss Hf, d Msld B, d dd Scl cfc

1972. T su slly lds f dls f ss suc s Ild (Cucl

f Eu Cus 1973; Ud Ns 1972).

W Eu Css y Csss lyd cucl l d s ly -

l lcy. Acs Csss l Al Sll d Scc Msl w slly c-

d l cus (Sccl 2008: 54-65, 2009: 340). I cs f Msl, sclz

u s Clu f R lyd l. Css cls d l sul

s xd sc f EC lcy , ls d dc w cs.

M, usu w ly ld l ul cc u ls l sd

sus s s. Edc f ws w f cls sws s s w y

c c ( Buss 2004).4

Sclz cs clly cud c f ssu,

ls sc ws s fw cls c f w sd Css

l d Eu s, .. ECE CEs cfc du Eu

Cs Y 1970 (Cucl f Eu 1970), UN cfc Scl (Ud Ns

1972). W c ssu sclz ws cully s y su w

Css sslly sd f scc w sls f EAP. Illy sccl

css c l lc f cus f s w (Buss 2004).5

W sus u l dscus sl sclz l ls f lc f -

ss ws s wll dcul dsl clly.

T EP, sll ulcd , d ESC w c cs d l

lcy sls, w s d d ssu. Pcully su f lcy, dc, xs d uc scy w cd d susly y

Css (My 2011). MEPs w ls s ds l ll. Nly,

y dd l Cucl f Eu, ws ss Ssu y sd. Vus MEPs ls

sd Cucl f Eus ssly. Tus, ds c s sus s w

f EP l ssus 1970 d 1971 ld lc

EC d u ssus usly dscussd Cucl f Eu ly w d llu

(Eu Pl 1970, 1971). Exsu Cucl f Eus d, u c d

4 Iw w Clus Su, f Hd f U Eu Csss Sc f Ed Csu Pc, Bussls, 10 Ju 2009.

5 Iw w Clus Su, 10 Ju 2009.


25/33


dul ds, suly sclzd d/ sudd MEPs l c f s ssus.

O lcs f sclz f ldy sd MEPs w dd f sc fw f

l ly cfcs . T s f s lc B

1971 (Hd 2004: 250).

El ds d EC y f us. M ss cd s dc -

ds f l ll, sc w lsl ws sd l xls. T

Css f sc fud G s y cl

cully c suc f f d ds (Eu Css 1972: 10). T G

u d wd ly f US xl. A f s cs, Css

csuld -s cs (Ks/My 2010; My 2010) css l lls, ly xs, u

ls -l zs, suc s l us, wc ls d w sl ls

(Eu Css 1972: 6) d d ld l l cfcs -

sls (Ud Ns 1972).

Hw c w xl c d d f s y scc s f ds, us css

slld u ? T wlsl - f clclly fd l ds d

l d jcs f l lcy, clud dsc f ls d slus, c

lly xld s sul f l d l. E f Css d d cl

f u l lcy s f y ly s wds, du ly

f lcy s ully y d d cul css f c lcy sus w

ll.6

T d f l ds y EC ss lly sul f sclz f EC d -

l cls du s f l d, ly u sl xc du

f ss, cx f l zs cfcs u sl l-

us zs suc s cs f Css Msls s Clu

f R (Sccl 2008: 54-65, 2009: 340). Fu cl sc l csuc f

s ws s dd d d u wc scc ws d d wc l y lyd

us dcs-s. Mcy lly lyd l, . By

sdd s f ds, ly ddul cls u ls EC s wl ws l ccc

s l ly w ld s--s ss d l zs.Tl l sy lcy s f lc f ss. Suc

sy ws ll sc f sud ll s d ECs dy s

cc cuy.

W c sfly ssu u f cls d lcy s w cully sudd y lly

cll us f l dscus. I fc f sl l d,

clcl w u d c ulcd ws cully l cls d

s css. Rsl c s f cc y, qulu d f clcl lc

6 T su, f cus, c sus f llu cl d suc d l lc

ll ss f l (.. U 2009).


26/33


suly sd w d f . As w w f ws, qul jc f

quly f lf s cl qu dcs f sdd f l w qully -

sus css w ulc dss d f Css (Buss 2004: 14, 16).7

M lly, cy lf scc d l l clly fcld cf clcl ds d l f -sd slus.

W csd jcs cludd, sl lcs ly. Tdl sc d culul c-

cs s wll s c f wldlf dd lly w scc d clclly fd

d. R, y sd f l c f ld css d l c

. Tus f sc f lc f ss uc ws d f

clud s ccs. I fc s culd ld l lss f lcy. Fu,

sd lly uws Css cls c w Cucl f Eu s s

dulc s (Wscs- ud Szlusscuss 1972). T l d us l us-

fulss - f s ssus lz ulc su f l lcy ws ly lzd uc l

w cul lcy sd (My 2010: 95).

I dd s css, ls scc sul su f EC lyd l slc

f ds. T s fcus d lc l d cc ls,

cul, ss slf-d w csd dl slf-cc f EC s cc

cuy. Fu, susl scl d cc ls f dl d c-

c sucu ss suc s Ily d UK, ss f cc d scl ls

sly suld f d d uus s su.

7. C

R xl c ccs d lcs s duc f ul-ll lcy w

Eu ly,8 s s dus f ds sc, fcus sf f

ds f usd EC, f xl xls d l zs. T l f s s

ws lcy d l ls ll l lys w EC. Ts ds

f xly cs f dus f ds, w EC s c.

T ccluss c dw: Fs, culd clly dsd EAP s dly fd

y cy l d l f s lcy. Nly

cssus dd UN cfc Scl s sly cd EAP. H,

dus f ds s s , cully w csd y ds l

Css sls. T ws dd clcl s, s ul ,

w, s cc d lcd w cc csss.

7 Iw w Clus Su, f Hd f U Eu Csss Sc f E d Csu Pc, Bussls, 10 Ju 2009.

8 T l ul-ll lcy ld EAP wll ddssd lsw y sc jc.


27/33


Scdly, x f cssus l zs clud EC -

d s s. As sd w I d lly xcd, x f slc

ws lly ld d sly ccud w sul lcs, suc s Eu

s-s, d f uus su ld. T y w ss f s: O d, l zs ldy dd cssul dcus l sls

cd. Scdly, su w w d ws y clly dd, w cs c

sly sclzd w sd s d/ sudd w cssus,

sc lly s l w ws ss. Tus, I ssu s w css f-

quly c c w s l f dus f ds s cs.

Tdly, s ds qu fu c u cl sc xsc,

sucu, slf-udsd f ws d cs w , w cd s duss f -

l ds. E u s dcul dsl clly w cs fllwd lc f

ss w uly sudd, dcus d ws d fu ss

s quss. T scl lyss f ws (Ks 2009; Ks l. 2010) wll suly f

clud suc ssus, s wll sudy f dus f ds.


28/33


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