appropriate technology-unit (1&2)
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Appropriate Technology
M.Sc Environmental Design
Department Home & Health Sciences Department , Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
December 14, 2013
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Resource Person Name Muhammad Abid Profession Civil Engineer Education M.Phil Engineering
M.Sc EngineeringM.B.A, M.P.A
L.L.B, D.T.L, D.L.LB.Sc Civil Engineering University University of Engineering &
Technology, Lahore.University of the Punjab.
Position Head Technical ServicesGroup
Organization Pakistan Poverty AlleviationFund
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Introduction
Why to adopt Appropriate Technology (AT) ? Combines: technology, participation and poverty
alleviation
Holistic approach to improve socio-economicconditions, ensuring optimal utilizations ofresources with minimum or no environmentaldetriment.
AT can be indigenous, intermediate or high-developed technology
Efficiency of technology measured to improve
lives of people and societies
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Introduction
Technology is appropriate if it provides: Tools that meet the peoples needs, and Provide solutions to the problems
Merger of local conditions and developmentobjectives for a better alternate solution
AT evolved in 1970 i.e. China, India, Sudan,Tanzania, Kenya.
Best possible AT possible techniques to be adoptedin Pakistan, where and how they can beimplemented.
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What is Appropriate Technology
Defined as object, process, ideas, orpractice that enhances fulfillment throughsatisfaction of human needs.
Compatible with social, cultural diversionsof innovation and economic conditions
AT meet the basic needs of hundreds ofmillion of people largely left out of thedevelopment process.
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What is Appropriate Technology
Appropriate technology has been used to cover awide range of both technologies and lifestylesincluding sustainable living, alternative fuels, and
ethical technology transfers. A technology is considered Appropriate if it solves
a social problem without many adverse negativeeffects.
Every new technology has consequences forsociety. A technology is appropriate when itsintended positive consequences outweigh itsunintended negative consequences
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How do we evaluate Appropriateness?
There are 3 ways of evaluating Appropriateness:technical, cultural, and economic. Technical -considering the technical knowledge and
background of the people who will be using thistechnology. Cultural - the relationship of the technology to the
critical social systems in the society including family
systems, religious beliefs, division of labor in asociety, and levels of education and training.
Economic - a technology's effect on income levelsand income distribution in a society and incomedisparity between different socio-economic groups.
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Using Appropriate Technology
For a person, who intends to work from 1 st world nation to a 3 rd world nation, for: Improving life of local community, through a
possible technology AT is simple, small scale, energy efficient,
environmentally sound, labor intensive and
controlled and maintained by local community. Pay attention on local Culture Design devises or processes to improve quality
of life
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Culture & Transfer of Technology Culture attributes play a substantial role in
providing human feelings with: Mental, moral and economic tools of life Better than Successful Development of Capitalism
Cultural & Economic Miracles: Latins America persistent instability/inequity -ethnic Korean and Japanese economic miracles
Cultural perspectives and belief systems stronglyinfluence national leaders, civil servants
Blue print of social, economic, military structures
Chief source of conflict between nation-states,transnational's forei n ex erts
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Why Developing Countries Need Appropriate Technology
Provisions of Employment Production of Goods for Local Markets
Substitution of Local goods for thosepreviously imported and that arecompetitive in quality and cost
Use of local resources of labor, materials,including health, water, sanitation,housing, roads, and education
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How AT can be Applied
Clearly Identify the Problems: Existing technologies in developing countries Improve Quality & Performance of Human
Resources, especially Rural Poverty Recycling used Technology Adapting Imported Technology to Local
Needs, Materials and Resources Research & Development of Appropriate
Technologies to solve basic Human Needs
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How AT can be Applied
Common definition of the Nature andpurpose of Appropriate Technology
Meeting basic Human Needsrequirements
Technological Assessment Transfer of Technologies Information and Adaptation
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Approaches to Design AT Technologies
Importance of Institutional Work tosupport Appropriate Technology(community and financing organization)
3 basic levels of Design: Mental, Picturewith Dimensions, and supportingCalculations
Financial Costs over the Project Lifetime
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Guidelines for Implementation
Separate AT from High-tech that is usedin industrialized countries
AT Promotes: Local Materials, Local Knowhow, and local Business Opportunity
2 to 3 alternate approaches for the same
project
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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship
Development & Technology in 3 rd World Declining value.
Technology to Address Basic Needs Water & Energy Lack of access to clean drinking water, water can
be cleaned and reused for household and irrigationpurposes.
Water source rivers, streams, rain, snowfall,glaciers, springs, groundwater
Sustainability of Technology and Projects Renewable Energy to be practiced
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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship
Technology to address Poverty Alleviation- Agriculture Technology can play a role from subsistence
farming to high productivity, Constraints by International Agencies
Food fermentation, biotechnology, diversifying
agricultural production, Use indigenous agriculture knowledge
C I i T h l
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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship
Policy to Build Industrial TechnologicalCapabilities A griculture cannot alone raise income to a
higher level Industrialization is necessary Belief in Market Forces Essential Growth of Small Scale Production
C I i T h l
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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship
Channels for Technology Transfer (TT) TT through Regulation Local Participation in Technology Choice, Installation and Adaptation, Indigenization of Subsidiary Workforces
Establishment of R & D
C I i T h l
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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship
Technology Education & Training Skills and Ways to transfer, receive and use
technology
Vocational Training Introduction to the teachers training course Technology is less important than the people
Technology is to be transferred from origin torecipient
C I i T h l
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Current Issues in TechnologyDevelopment Relationship
Technology Education & Training Inequalities between North and South and within
3rd World have many causes
Spectrum of Approaches to Technology andDevelopment.
Local in invention, local in design, local inmanufacture and local in implementation
Indigenous technology is not the only solution,rather it has to be blended with the innovation.
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Examples of Appropriate Technologies
Renewable Energy Smart Growth
Green Buildings
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Renewable Energy
Renewable energy industries produce energyusing resources i.e. as sunlight, wind, waterhead/tidal, biomass and organic waste
Renewable sources of energy are diffuse(spread thin) and intermittent. One example ofthe diffuseness feature is that a
1000-megawatt solar farm might occupy about5000 acres of land, while a nuclear powerstation with the same generating capacity only
requires around 150 acres.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Biomass
Many developing countries depend on woodand agricultural waste for energy.
Almost half of India's and nearly 90 percent oftotal energy consumption in several smallcountries in Africa is provided by wood.
Sweden has increased its use of biomassdramatically in the last ten years and presentlyuses fast-growing willow trees and otherorganics to supply 20 percent of its total energy
supply.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Hydropower
Modern large hydropowerplants are very expensiveto build; however,hydropower is not
distributed equally aroundthe world.
In the US, about 10 percent of the total electricity isgenerated from hydropower. It has dropped since the
1940s when 40 percent of the electricity in the US washydropower.
Disruption of the environment and conflicts are the major
reasons for fewer hydropower plants being built today.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Geo-Thermal
The Philippines has the highest percentage of powergenerated from geothermal sources; 22 % of itselectricity is generated with geothermal steam.
The percentage of Geothermal is high (at least 10-20 % of the total) in four other countries: CostaRica, El Salvador, Kenya, and Nicaragua.
Central America, parts of Southeast Asia, and thewestern United States have the greatest potentialfor major reliance on geothermal energy. Promisingsites also exist in parts of southern Europe and East
Africa.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Geo-WindExperts in the field of alternative energy feel wind energy is the
most auspicious (favorable) of the renewables. Windmillsmechanically turn turbines without an intermediate stage ofheating water.
In the early 1980s, more than 8,000 wind machines wereinstalled in California. One of the largest wind farms ispresently found in the rolling, windswept hills of theAltamont Pass, east of San Francisco.
Attempts to reap economies of scale by building largerwindmills capable of generating more than 1 MW of powerhave been suppressed by technical problems. Capital
costs have remained prohibitive.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Photovoltaic Cells
A conference room covered inphotovoltaic cells at theBewag power plant in Berlin.
Semi-conductors have the unique property of being ableto turn sunlight directly into electric current. Thisapplication is surfacing in a variety of items such assolar-powered calculators, refrigerators, and satellites.
According to some energy forecasters, solar cells installedon rooftops may allow for a much greater decentralizationof electricity than other technologies.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Thermal Solar Power
Solar thermal powertechnologies and solarponds are projected to
have competitivegenerating costs by theend of the century. Thecapital cost for expensive
items like polishedmirrors to track the pathof the sun is presentlyexorbitant.
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Examples of Renewable Energy-Thermal Solar
Example: Solar Two the solar energy wascollected through a field of individually guidedmirrors, called heliostats. The sunlight heats salt to1,050 degrees Fahrenheit, which turns the salt intoa liquid (or molten salt). The liquid and hot salt wasthen piped away, stored, and used to power asteam turbine.
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Smart Growth Smart growth is development that accommodates the
needs of a community without sacrificing theenvironment.
Smart growth aims to balance development andenvironmental protection by creating new developmentsthat are: centered more in the towns and cities include alternative transit options (trains, bike paths, and safe
walkways)
have mixed use development. Mixed use development moves away from the post-WW-II
ideal of single-home-only suburbs to a model thatincludes housing, commercial, and retail space in the
same development.
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Types of Smart Growth
Smart Growth means that less Land canaccommodate new development:
This development is sometimes calledCompact Development.
There are three common techniques toachieve compact development:
Infill development,brownfields(contaminated) redevelopment,
and cluster development.
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In-Fill Development
Infill development isdevelopment thatattempts to addadditional housing orbusiness facilitiesinside an existingdevelopment. Thisway, a city can fill upunused space in aparticular area.
An example of a recent mixed use development is thePaseo Colorado complex in Pasadena, California. The newcomplex was built in center of town and includes a two-level shopping center with four stories of apartments above
the shopping areas.
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Cluster Development
Cluster development allows for similar dwellings asdoes regular developments; however, theindividual lot sizes are reduced and room is leftfor open spaces in the development
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Technique Used in Green Construction
Reducing material use in construction. Smaller is betterfor the environment; using less materials is alwayspreferable from an environmental point of view.
However, the trend today is for houses to get low-impactmaterials during construction:
Many construction and building materials containtoxins i.e. many carpets emit gases as they grow old.
Research shows that houses which are tightly sealed,are more exposed to dangerous chemicals andpesticides is much higher from inside the houserather than outside the house.
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Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainability is built upon 3 broadgoals:
Farm profitability, improvement of theenvironment, and increased quality oflife for farmers and theircommunities.
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Lessons Learned from AT
What will be the effect of AT on individual andcommunity, and AT can be useful in a foreign culture
Follow AT , but do not follow them rigidly AT implementation must be planned and
people must be convinced to change
Understanding of Design devises or processesto improve quality of peoples life
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Thank You