Appropriate Building Materials

for Low Cost Housing

African Region

Proceedings of a Symposium held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 7to14November1983

Hosted by the Government of the Republic of Kenya Ministry of Works and Housing & University of Nairobi

and organized by C/B and RILEM

in co-operation with UNCHS, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN ECA and CEC

This publication was undertaken with the financia/ help of UNESCO

LONDON NEW YORK

E. & F. N. SPON

CONTENTS

Preface

SECTION I Pierre, argile, terre, laterite Stone, clay, soll, laterite

~Adobe blocks stabilized with gypsum R. KAFESCIOGLU, E. GURDAL, A. GUNER, M.S. AKMAN

Thermomechanical analysis of some Egyptian clays and clay/sand mixtures FATHY HELMY MOSALAMY

A new low energy-intensive building material based on lateritic soils for low cost housing in developing nations B.V. SUBRAHMANYAM, N.P. RAJAMANE, N. BALASUBRAMANIAN, G.S. RAMASWAMY, V. NAGARAJU, A. NARAYANASWAMI, A. CHAKRAVARTHY

Improvement and use of earth construction products for low cost housing J.K. KATEREGGA

A study of the activity of a volcanic pozzolana in Northern Tanzania W.J. ALLEN, R.J.S. SPENGE

Fabrication de materiaux de construction ä partir de matieres premieres zairoises peu onereuses PAUL FIERENS, JOZEF ORSZAGH, LUHONDA MAKITU, SELANA MAMBU, SUD! ABDALA

Constructions en terre stabilisee en Cöte d'Ivoire,bilan et perspectives ABRAHAM OUATTARA, SIMONNET JACQUES

page xi

3

12

18

23

34

43

53

vi Contents

SECTION II Ciments, chaux, pouzzolane, briques, beton ~ ·nt, li&e, l ana , brioks, conor•te

/'Reinforcement of concrete beams with low-modulus materials in form of twines B.L.H. HWAMILA

Pozzolana cements for low cost housing A.A. HAMMOND

Portland-basalt mixed cement A.F. GALAL, M.A. SHATER, H. EL-DIDAMONY

~ ve opm nts in sisal fibre reinf oreed ~onöf'ete A.S. MAWENYA

The use of aggregates of lateritic origin in new structural

61

63

73

84

90

concrete 100 DOTUN ADEPEGBA

Experimental and demonstration low cost house built with rice husk ash and lime as cement built at Building Research Station 107 M. SULAIMAN, NADIR MANSOOR, KHALIDA KHAN

Proprietes de ciments pouzzolaniques obtenus par cuisson de mineraux argileux a moyenne temperature. Cas des ciments de metakaolin MICHEL MURAT, JEAN AMBROISE, JEAN PERA

117

Applications of ferrocement for low cost housing in India 127 A.G. MADHAVA RAO, D.S.R. MURTHY

The use of blended cement in concrete 137 IBRAHIM A. ELDARWISH, MOSTAFA E. SHEHATA

Properties of pastes, mortars and concretes mixed with sea waters and containing Turkish cements 145 ASIM YEGINOBALI

Emploi de betons a faible dosage en ciment pour la construction economique en Cote d'Ivoire 154 JACQUES SIMONNET, MICHEL TITECAT

SECTION III Bois et fibres naturelles Timber and natural fibres

~Use or kenaf ribres for reinforcement of rieb cemertt-sand oo gated sh ts OMER M.E. FAGEIRI

Utilization of bamboo as a low cost structural material ABANG ABDULLAH ABANG ALI

167

177

Contents vii

The role of Forestry Research Institute, Ibadan in the use of indigenous raw materials for low cost housing 183 E.O. ADEMILUYI, S.0.0, BADEJO

Materiaux locaux en Tunisie: Quelques perspectives d'utilisation en genie civil 190 AHMED FRIAA

Programme experimental realise pour la revalorisation de la couverture vegetale en "secco" 200 M. HARIOTTI

Les substances vegetales au service de l'habitat economique 213 CHEICK SADIBOU CISSE

IV Economie et gestion de la production des materiaux Organ -za ion and economics of t proauc on of

erials

Technology alternatives for producing bricks in developing countries 221 A.A. HAMMOND

Building materials for housing of low-income sector in Egypt 228 AHMED A. EL-ERIAN, HAHMOUD A. REDA YOUSSEF

Interlocking cement and concrete components for low-cost house construction: The building together experience in Thailand 236 A. BRUCE ETHERINGTON

Building materials and construction methods in Libyan Jamahiriya 244 SALEH BARONY, AYAD GALLAL, MUSTAFA TAWIL

Use of rice husk as fuel for firing building bricks 252 SATYA PRAKASH, F.U. AHMED

Low cost housing in China using indigenous materials 258 BAN ZHUO

Les materiaux locaux a faible cout energetique et leurs proced6s de fabrication 265 SID BOUBEKEUR

Deileloping a building materials sector in the circumstances of housing f or the urban poor 275 F .I.A. TACKIE

A proposed timber frame low cost house for Zambian conditions 285 HAURI LAAKKONEN

viii Contents

Symbols, security and salesmanship as factors in technology rejection 291 RICHARD MARTIN

Low cost housing begins with an overall assessment of possible materials 302 NEVILLE R. HILL

Materials for building houses - some case histories from home and overseas 306 NEVILLE R. HILL

The use of locally available aggregates in Jordan for the development of low cost housing, Jordanian experience 313 RUHI SHARIF

The economics of building materials research 321 PETER A. ERKELENS

Is it low cost housing, or lower the cost of housing? 326 A. NAGABHUSHANA RAU

Appropriate technology and local control: The development of the Grenada indigenous housing program 330 MARY C. COMERIO

La technique de l'optimisation des couts appliquee au b~timent 341 A. HAKIMI, LE GROUPE RILEM-MAROC

Le platre, un materiau approprie a la construction economique? 351 MARC NOLHIER

s ~TION V Action du milieu et des intemperies, durabilite et protection nviron ;n a l i'ICtor sJ wea

pro ection , c1 r&b l ity end

Methods for reducing the tendency towards embrittlement in natural fibre concrete 361 HANS-ERIK GRAM

La protection des constructions en terre argileuse au Togo 371 FOLI EPHOEVI-GA

Analysis of service life of materials for the building envelope 377 CHRISTER SJOSTROM

Collapse mechanisms of rural house frames in Southern Cameroon 385 NJOCK LIBII

Development of materials of construction in Saudi Arabia 393 ABDUL HAMID J. ALTAYYEB, WAJAHAT H. MIRZA

Contents ix

Programme experimental sur badigeons de protection des murs en beton de terre 402 M. MARIOTTI

SECUO Essais, normes et reglements de construction Testing codes and st nda~s

11

Contribution a la definition des exigence~ reglements et normes de construction dans un pays donne; exemple du Cameroun 419 JOSE FONTAN

Tests and technical specifications for concretes in Somalia 426 G. AUGUSTI, C. BLASI, A. CECCOTTI, A. FONTANA, G. SACCHI

Evolving appropriate building codes and regulations as a basis for low cost housing 437 F.I.A, TACKIE

Quality assurance for building construction 447 MUSA RESHEIDAT

RESUMES 455 ABSTRACTS