approaches to ai. robotics versus artificial intelligence
Post on 15-Jan-2016
241 views
TRANSCRIPT
Approaches to AI.Robotics Versus
Artificial Intelligence
OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline Founders of AIFounders of AI SearchSearch What are expert systemsWhat are expert systems Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in
RobotsRobots Other uses of AIOther uses of AI Shortcomings of AIShortcomings of AI New Directions in Intelligent RoboticsNew Directions in Intelligent Robotics Looking forwardLooking forward
HAL in 2001: A Computer with Artificial IntelligenceIn 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),
the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited several exhibited several
characteristicscharacteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today:
HAL in 2001: A Computer with Artificial IntelligenceIn 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),
the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited several exhibited several
characteristicscharacteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today:
Capacity to understand natural languages: Capacity to understand natural languages: natural language natural language processing. processing.
Facility with logic: Facility with logic: expert systems and logic programsexpert systems and logic programs. . Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: neural neural
networks for image processing.networks for image processing. Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: robotics.robotics.
We will discuss them, but let us start from the beginning…...
Who started AI?The founding Father of AIWho started AI?The founding Father of AI
Other names to Other names to remember:remember: MinskyMinsky PapertPapert HollandHolland De GarisDe Garis MoravecMoravec BrooksBrooks
Autonomous Autonomous robot needs robot needs Artificial Artificial IntelligenceIntelligence
What is AI?What is AI?
How doesthe humanbrain work?
How do weemulate thehuman brain?
Who cares? Let’sdo some cool anduseful stuff!
How do wecreate
intelligence?What isintelligence?
How do we classify research as AI?How do we classify research as AI?
Does itinvestigatethe brain?
If we don’t know howit works, then it’s AI.When we find outhow it works, it’s notAI anymore…
Is itintelligent?Does it
investigateintelligence?
Does it emulatethe brain?
What is Intelligence?What is Intelligence? The ability to learn and to cope.The ability to learn and to cope. The ability to contemplate, think, and The ability to contemplate, think, and
reason.reason. SynonymsSynonyms::
Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, sense, witsense, wit
RelatedRelated:: Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment, Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,
perspicacity, sagacity, wisdomperspicacity, sagacity, wisdom
Definition of AI (first try)Definition of AI (first try)
Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing enterprise of constructing
an intelligent an intelligent artifactartifact
IntelligenceIntelligence What is intelligence?What is intelligence? Doing what people do?Doing what people do?
visionvision voice recognitionvoice recognition game playinggame playing people solve many subtle problemspeople solve many subtle problems
Current programs are brittleCurrent programs are brittle
Alan M. Turing
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Turing TestTuring TestThirty minutes to ask questionsIf you cannot distinguish between a person and the artificial system based on the responses, then the system is intelligent (how many tries, language,etc)
IntelligenceIntelligence Turing TestTuring Test:: A human communicates with a A human communicates with a
computer via a teletype. If the human can’t computer via a teletype. If the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another tell he is talking to a computer or another human, it passes.human, it passes. Natural language processingNatural language processing knowledge representationknowledge representation automated reasoningautomated reasoning machine learningmachine learning
Add vision and robotics to get the total Add vision and robotics to get the total Turing test.Turing test.
The Imitation GameIf a computer can “fool” a human interrogator into believing that it is human, then it may be said that the machine is intelligent, and thinks.
The scope of questions that may be asked is virtually unlimited.
The imitation game competition
Example of an InterrogationQ: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge.
A: Count me out of this one. I never could write poetry.
Q: Add 34957 to 70764.A: <Pause about 30 seconds> 105621.
Q: Do you play chess?
A: Yes.
Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play?A: <Pause about 15 seconds> R-R8 mate.
One more definition of Turing TestOne more definition of Turing Test
A Refined DefinitionA Refined Definition
Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an enterprise of constructing an artifact that can reliably pass artifact that can reliably pass the Turing Testthe Turing Test
Objections to the Turing TestObjections to the Turing Test
Not everything about human can be Not everything about human can be learned by only talking by phonelearned by only talking by phone
Is looking an answer up in a large table Is looking an answer up in a large table really intelligence?really intelligence?
Does a functional definition of Does a functional definition of intelligence really characterize human intelligence really characterize human intelligence?intelligence?
What are artifacts?What are artifacts? points to discussWhat are artifacts?What are artifacts? points to discuss An inorganic objectAn inorganic object A physical-symbol systemA physical-symbol system symbolssymbols expressionsexpressions a symbol manipulating entitya symbol manipulating entity symbols correspond to objects in an symbols correspond to objects in an
environmentenvironment
A Final DefinitionA Final Definition
Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing a enterprise of constructing a physical symbol systemphysical symbol system (a (a robot) that can reliably pass robot) that can reliably pass the Turing Testthe Turing Test
Weak and Strong AI ClaimsWeak and Strong AI Claims
Weak AI:Weak AI: Machines can be made to act Machines can be made to act as ifas if they were they were
intelligent.intelligent. Strong AI:Strong AI:
Machines that act intelligently Machines that act intelligently have realhave real, , conscious minds.conscious minds.
AI Concepts and Definitions AI Concepts and Definitions
Artificial Intelligence: more definitionsArtificial Intelligence: more definitions
What are the objectives of Artificial Intelligence?What are the objectives of Artificial Intelligence?
What are typical signs of Intelligence?What are typical signs of Intelligence?
Signs of Intelligence (cont)Signs of Intelligence (cont)
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
SearchingSearching LearningLearning From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
Interlinked Components of AIInterlinked Components of AI
SearchSearchKnowledge Knowledge RepresentationRepresentation
ExamplesExamples
Your taskYour taskYour taskYour task What is your definition of intelligence?What is your definition of intelligence?
Can your definition be applied to a robot?Can your definition be applied to a robot?
Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”. Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”. How this knowledge can be represented in LISP? How this knowledge can be represented in LISP?
Give one example from your area what is “Representation”Give one example from your area what is “Representation” How your representation will be implemented in LISP?How your representation will be implemented in LISP?
Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions about baseball league.about baseball league.