approaches to ai. robotics versus artificial intelligence

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Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

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Page 1: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Approaches to AI.Robotics Versus

Artificial Intelligence

Page 2: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline Founders of AIFounders of AI SearchSearch What are expert systemsWhat are expert systems Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in

RobotsRobots Other uses of AIOther uses of AI Shortcomings of AIShortcomings of AI New Directions in Intelligent RoboticsNew Directions in Intelligent Robotics Looking forwardLooking forward

Page 3: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

HAL in 2001: A Computer with Artificial IntelligenceIn 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),

the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited several exhibited several

characteristicscharacteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today:

HAL in 2001: A Computer with Artificial IntelligenceIn 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),

the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited several exhibited several

characteristicscharacteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today:

Capacity to understand natural languages: Capacity to understand natural languages: natural language natural language processing. processing.

Facility with logic: Facility with logic: expert systems and logic programsexpert systems and logic programs. . Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: neural neural

networks for image processing.networks for image processing. Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: robotics.robotics.

We will discuss them, but let us start from the beginning…...

Page 4: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Who started AI?The founding Father of AIWho started AI?The founding Father of AI

Other names to Other names to remember:remember: MinskyMinsky PapertPapert HollandHolland De GarisDe Garis MoravecMoravec BrooksBrooks

Page 5: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Autonomous Autonomous robot needs robot needs Artificial Artificial IntelligenceIntelligence

Page 6: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence
Page 7: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

What is AI?What is AI?

How doesthe humanbrain work?

How do weemulate thehuman brain?

Who cares? Let’sdo some cool anduseful stuff!

How do wecreate

intelligence?What isintelligence?

Page 8: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

How do we classify research as AI?How do we classify research as AI?

Does itinvestigatethe brain?

If we don’t know howit works, then it’s AI.When we find outhow it works, it’s notAI anymore…

Is itintelligent?Does it

investigateintelligence?

Does it emulatethe brain?

Page 9: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

What is Intelligence?What is Intelligence? The ability to learn and to cope.The ability to learn and to cope. The ability to contemplate, think, and The ability to contemplate, think, and

reason.reason. SynonymsSynonyms::

Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, sense, witsense, wit

RelatedRelated:: Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment, Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,

perspicacity, sagacity, wisdomperspicacity, sagacity, wisdom

Page 10: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Definition of AI (first try)Definition of AI (first try)

Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing enterprise of constructing

an intelligent an intelligent artifactartifact

Page 11: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

IntelligenceIntelligence What is intelligence?What is intelligence? Doing what people do?Doing what people do?

visionvision voice recognitionvoice recognition game playinggame playing people solve many subtle problemspeople solve many subtle problems

Current programs are brittleCurrent programs are brittle

Page 12: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Alan M. Turing

Computing Machinery and Intelligence

Turing TestTuring TestThirty minutes to ask questionsIf you cannot distinguish between a person and the artificial system based on the responses, then the system is intelligent (how many tries, language,etc)

Page 13: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

IntelligenceIntelligence Turing TestTuring Test:: A human communicates with a A human communicates with a

computer via a teletype. If the human can’t computer via a teletype. If the human can’t tell he is talking to a computer or another tell he is talking to a computer or another human, it passes.human, it passes. Natural language processingNatural language processing knowledge representationknowledge representation automated reasoningautomated reasoning machine learningmachine learning

Add vision and robotics to get the total Add vision and robotics to get the total Turing test.Turing test.

Page 14: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

The Imitation GameIf a computer can “fool” a human interrogator into believing that it is human, then it may be said that the machine is intelligent, and thinks.

The scope of questions that may be asked is virtually unlimited.

The imitation game competition

Page 15: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Example of an InterrogationQ: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge.

A: Count me out of this one. I never could write poetry.

Q: Add 34957 to 70764.A: <Pause about 30 seconds> 105621.

Q: Do you play chess?

A: Yes.

Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play?A: <Pause about 15 seconds> R-R8 mate.

Page 16: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

One more definition of Turing TestOne more definition of Turing Test

Page 17: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

A Refined DefinitionA Refined Definition

Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an enterprise of constructing an artifact that can reliably pass artifact that can reliably pass the Turing Testthe Turing Test

Page 18: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Objections to the Turing TestObjections to the Turing Test

Not everything about human can be Not everything about human can be learned by only talking by phonelearned by only talking by phone

Is looking an answer up in a large table Is looking an answer up in a large table really intelligence?really intelligence?

Does a functional definition of Does a functional definition of intelligence really characterize human intelligence really characterize human intelligence?intelligence?

Page 19: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

What are artifacts?What are artifacts? points to discussWhat are artifacts?What are artifacts? points to discuss An inorganic objectAn inorganic object A physical-symbol systemA physical-symbol system symbolssymbols expressionsexpressions a symbol manipulating entitya symbol manipulating entity symbols correspond to objects in an symbols correspond to objects in an

environmentenvironment

Page 20: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

A Final DefinitionA Final Definition

Artificial Intelligence is the Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of constructing a enterprise of constructing a physical symbol systemphysical symbol system (a (a robot) that can reliably pass robot) that can reliably pass the Turing Testthe Turing Test

Page 21: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Weak and Strong AI ClaimsWeak and Strong AI Claims

Weak AI:Weak AI: Machines can be made to act Machines can be made to act as ifas if they were they were

intelligent.intelligent. Strong AI:Strong AI:

Machines that act intelligently Machines that act intelligently have realhave real, , conscious minds.conscious minds.

Page 22: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

AI Concepts and Definitions AI Concepts and Definitions

Page 23: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence: more definitionsArtificial Intelligence: more definitions

Page 24: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

What are the objectives of Artificial Intelligence?What are the objectives of Artificial Intelligence?

Page 25: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

What are typical signs of Intelligence?What are typical signs of Intelligence?

Page 26: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Signs of Intelligence (cont)Signs of Intelligence (cont)

Page 27: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Approaches to AIApproaches to AI

SearchingSearching LearningLearning From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

Page 28: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Interlinked Components of AIInterlinked Components of AI

SearchSearchKnowledge Knowledge RepresentationRepresentation

ExamplesExamples

Page 29: Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

Your taskYour taskYour taskYour task What is your definition of intelligence?What is your definition of intelligence?

Can your definition be applied to a robot?Can your definition be applied to a robot?

Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”. Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”. How this knowledge can be represented in LISP? How this knowledge can be represented in LISP?

Give one example from your area what is “Representation”Give one example from your area what is “Representation” How your representation will be implemented in LISP?How your representation will be implemented in LISP?

Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions about baseball league.about baseball league.