applying lean concepts to plan-driven projects · lean applies only to “agile” is a myth ......
TRANSCRIPT
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Applying Lean Conceptsto Plan-Driven Projects
www.construx.com© 2007 Construx Software Builders, Inc.All Rights Reserved.
VJ2.0
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Software Development Best Practices 2
Executive Summary
A one size fits all approach is flawedLean applies only to “Agile” is a mythAll software teams need to continually ensure each activity they perform is optimized to promote value and eliminate waste
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Software Development Best Practices 3
Purpose
Introduce you to applying lean thinking when circumstances require a more upfront planning approach
Identify the lean software development principles
Provide examples illustrating using lean on plan-driven projects
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Software Development Best Practices 4
Lean Principles
Build ValueEliminate WasteBuild Integrity InAmplify LearningLocalize ResponsibilityDelay CommitmentDeliver FastOptimize the Whole
Adapted from Mary and Tom Poppendieck, Lean Software Development
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Software Development Best Practices 5
Principles of Lean Software Development
Precisely specify the value of each project Identify the value stream for each projectAllow value to flow without interruptionsLet the customer pull value from the project teamContinuously pursue perfection
Ronald Mascitelli, How to Slash Waste and Boost Profits Through Lean Project Management
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Eliminate Wasteon a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 7
What is Waste?
Anything the customer would not agree to pay for
Ronald Mascitelli
Anything that does not add customer valueMary and Tom Poppendieck,
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Software Development Best Practices 8
What is Value?
Any activity or task is value-added if it transforms a new product design (or the essential deliverables needed to produce it) in such a way that the customer is both aware of it and willing to pay for it.
Ronald Mascitelli
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Software Development Best Practices 9
Three Categories of Activities
ValueEnabler
Waste Lean’s goal• Eliminate waste• Reduce effort
spent on enablers• Increase value
ValueEnabler
Leads to:• Increased development
capacity• Shorter schedules
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Software Development Best Practices 10
Too Little or Too Much Leads to Waste
Includes non-value added information or tasks (aka Scrap)Have to filter out the noiseImpedes efficiency, creativity, and innovation
Missing important tasks or informationError-proneCauses confusion, delays, and wasted work
Too Little Too Much
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Software Development Best Practices 11
Identifying Waste
Review Value StreamThe sequence of activities that create project deliverablesWhat activities can be deleted? Streamlined? Beefed up?Where are the bottlenecks?Is there excessive wait-time?
Ask your teamThey know!Can you justify each activity and deliverable?
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Software Development Best Practices 12
Common Sources of Waste
Too many projectsUnnecessary requirementsRandom prioritizationInefficient meetings & status reportingUnrealistic schedules
Unnecessary documentationMulti-taskingInterruptionsDysfunctional reviewsExcessive wait-statesInsufficient resources
What are common sources of waste on your projects?
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Software Development Best Practices 13
Focus on the Bottlenecks
Know where your system's bottlenecks are, and make all other decisions revolve around their limitations.
Eliyahu Goldratt,The Goal
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Software Development Best Practices 14
Avoid non-value added work
Every activity and deliverable (both what is done and how formally it is done) needs to do at least one of…
Help the project satisfy its charterHelp control a riskHelp maximize an asset
Otherwise, do it less formally or don’t do it at all
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Build Integrity Inon a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 16
Quality as an Enabler
Focus on quality reduces effort and shortens schedules40-50% of the effort on typical software projects is spent on avoidable reworkEvery hour of upstream review saves up to ten hours of downstream work
≈95% 100%≈85%
Defects Removed Before Release
Effo
rt / C
ost /
Sch
edul
e
Average Organization
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Software Development Best Practices 17
Find Early—Fix Quickly
Requirements
Architecture
Construction
System test
Requirements
Architecture
Construction
Post-Release
Activityin which a Defect
Is Introduced
Activity in Which a Defect Is Detected(Phase That a Defect Is Corrected)
50 –100X
AverageCost toCorrect
Steve McConnell, Code Complete, 2nd Edition
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Software Development Best Practices 18
Use a Combination of Techniques
PreventionCultureProfessional developmentToolboxChecklists and templatesAuditsQuality gatesTeam structureContinuous process improvement
DetectionReviewsTestingSimulationsReal UseAutomatedMathematical
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Amplify Learningon a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 20
Interim Retrospectives
Meet with the team to discuss successes and failures observed during the milestone
What did we originally think would happen?What actually did happen?Based on what we know today, if we were able to start over
What would we want to be sure to do different?What would we want to be sure to do the same?
Should the development process be changed for the next milestone?
Don't wait for an end-of-project retrospective
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Software Development Best Practices 21
Leads to Continuous Improvement
Build theProduct Release
Setthe
Stage
IncorporateExperiments &Improvements
GatherData
GenerateInsights
Decide WhatTo Do
Close theRetrospective
ContinuousProcess
Improvement
Adapted from: Esther Derby and Diana Larsen, Agile Retrospectives
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Localize Responsibilityon a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 23
Empower teams
Clearly defined roles, responsibilities, and authoritiesPush decision making as low as practical
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Delay Commitmenton a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 25
Delaying Techniques
Focus on the process goals and intentionsWhat you need to do, not howMake decisions based on coarser grained data
Stage FreezingFreeze the broad-level essentials earlyFreeze the details later
Last Responsible MomentOk not to know yetBut know when you got to know
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Software Development Best Practices 26
Rolling Wave Planning
A progressive detailing of the project plan by providing the details of the work to be done in the current project phase but also providing some preliminary description of work to be done in later project phases.
Gregory Githens, Rolling Wave Planning
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Software Development Best Practices 27
Rolling Wave Planning
Know where you’re headingDefine checkpoints to
keep you on track
Drive within your headlights
Make mid-course corrections when needed
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Software Development Best Practices 28
Get to “NO” Quickly
Complexity increases faster than the number of featuresFewer features will
Be easier to buildEasier to testHave less risk
Scrub early and often~ 64% of features are rarely or never used *Best case – Scrub non-value added projects before they even start!
ProductComplexity(and effort)
Number of Features
Feature Interaction
* The Standish Group, Extreme Chaos
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Deliver Faston a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 30
Frequent Releases
Define releases to be no longer than 6 weeks in duration
OK to define interim releases that are not released outside developmentForces frequent convergenceCan be used for coarse level planning – allows you to handle fine-grain dependencies at team level
Overall, a clear industry best practice, reduces numerous common risks—virtually always valuable
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Optimize the Wholeon a Plan-Driven Project
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Software Development Best Practices 32
Conscience Selection of Practices
Discovery Invention Implementation
Intellectual Phases
focu
s
overlap
Rigor and formality of practices
Informallight-weight
Formal heavy-weight
Waterfall Evolutionary
Lifecycle Selection
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Software Development Best Practices 33
Adjust rigor of practices
Design DocumentInformal Design Reviews
System TestingInformal code reviews
Requirements SpecRequirements InspectionsUser Interface PrototypeUse CasesUsability StudiesIncremental DeliveryMore Senior Requirements Developers
Architecture and Detailed Design DocsDesign InspectionsProof of Concept PrototypesOutside ReviewersIncremental DeliveryMore Senior Designers
Automated TestingFull Regression TestingSystem TestingFormal Code InspectionsUse of a Standard Integration ProcedureDaily Builds
Low
Rig
orH
igh
Rig
or
Discovery Invention Implementation
Requirements SpecInformal Requirements Reviews
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Software Development Best Practices 34
Myth: Overhead is Waste
Planned Work
Planned Work + Overhead(Quality Reviews, Project
Management, Unavoidable Rework, Corrective Activities)
1 of 2
Realistic Outcome
UnplannedWork
Unplanned Work(Missing Deliverables, Missing Tasks, Avoidable Rework, Unforeseen Risks)
Typical Outcome
2 of 2
Reality: It’s an Enabler
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Software Development Best Practices 35
Summary
Our teams are a constrained resourceWe must continually ensure each activity is optimized to promote value and eliminate wasteWe only had time to provide examples
Hopefully they illustrated that Lean Principles applies to your plan driven projects
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Any questions?
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Software Development Best Practices 37
Closing thoughts
Don’t do something stupid just because it’s written down.
Attributed to: Frank Marshall,Former VP of Engineering, CISCO
Simple, clear purpose and principles give rise to complex intelligent behavior. Complex rules and regulations give rise to simple stupid behavior
Attributed to: Dee Hock, Founder and former CEO Visa
Credit Card Association
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Software Development Best Practices 38
References
Barry Boehm & Richard Turner, Balancing Agility and Discipline: A Guide for the Perplexed (Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003) Barry Boehm & Victor Basili, “Software Defect Reduction Top-10 List”. Available at National Science Foundation, Center for Empirically Based Software Engineering. http://www.cebase.orgEsther Derby and Diana Larsen, Agile Retrospectives: Making Good Teams Great (Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2006)Gregory Githens, “Rolling Wave Project Planning,” PMI Symposia Proceedings '98NPD Track. Available at: http://www.catalystpm.com/NP02.PDF
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Software Development Best Practices 39
References
Eliyahu M. Goldratt & Jeff Cox The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement (North River Press, 3rd Edition, 2004) Ronald Mascitelli, Building a Project-Driven Enterprise: How to Slash Waste and Boost Profits Through Lean Project Management (Project Management Institute, 2002)Steve McConnell, Software Project Survival Guide (Microsoft Press, 1998)Mary and Tom Poppendieck, Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit for Software Development Managers (Addison Wesley, 2003) Standish Group, “Extreme CHAOS”, 2001 Available at: http://www.standishgroup.com/sample_research/PDFpages/extreme_chaos.pdf
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Extra Material
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Software Development Best Practices 42
One size doesn’t fit all
Software engineering is a multi-faceted discipline using many techniques and tools A one size fits all approach is flawed
Doesn’t fit all end-product goalsDoesn’t fit all product-lifecycle goalsDoesn’t fit all project goals
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Software Development Best Practices 43
Plan-Driven May Be Appropriate For Your Project
15
1030
50
7090
5030
10
310
30100
300
40
30
20
10
0
15
20
25
30
35
comfortdiscretionary funds
essential funds
single life
many lives
Personnel
Corporate Culture
Product Impact
Senior %Junior %
Requirements Change% Change per month
% Enjoy/thrive on chaos,entrepreneurial spiritTeam Size
Number of staff
Loss due to defects
More Agile Less Agile
Team DispersionTime, distance, cultural
high
medium
Adapted from Barry Boehm and Richard Turner, Balancing Agility and Discipline
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Software Development Best Practices 44
Create Realistic Schedules
Software Project
Feedback
Effort Estimate
Corrective Activities
• Change Requests• Defects
• Risks• Issues
Planned Activities• Deliverables• Quality• Rework
• PM Practices• Technical Practices• Staff Development
Schedule
Availability• Professional
Development• Meetings
• PTO• Other
Projects
Capacity• Staffing • Individual
Productivity
Schedule Estimate