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Applying Digital Tools to Support the Journey to
Self-Reliance Mary Jane Parmentier PhD
Faheem Hussain PhD
School for the Future of Innovation in Society
Arizona State University
October 2019 1
Training Objectives
bull Assess the latest research on the impact of Digital Development across sectors of development using selected cases
bull Align USAIDrsquos Digital Strategy with the Journey to Self-Reliance development metrics evaluating selected Country Roadmaps
bull Identify using the Digital Strategy concept of a digital ecosystem practical steps for applying digital technology in development programming
October 2019 2
Welcome Your Presenters Are
Mary Jane C Parmentier
Irsquom from
My job is
Technology device or other item I
donrsquot want to part with
October 2019 3
Welcome Your Presenters Are
Faheem Hussain
Irsquom from
My job is
Technology device or other item I donrsquot want to part with
October 2019 4
Awesome Participant Irsquom from
My job is
Technologyitem I donrsquot want to part with
October 2019 5
Key Concepts for Todayrsquos Discussions
What is development
What is self-reliance
What are digital technologies
October 2019 6
What is Development
October 2019 7
USAID Journey to Self-Reliance
Commitment Metrics
bull Open and accountable government
bull Inclusive development (gender)
bull Policies trade business environment
environmental protection
October 2019 8
USAID Journey to Self-Reliance
Capacity Metrics
bull Government services effectiveness tax
administration security
bull Civil society and media
bull Citizens education health poverty
bull Economy PPP ICT usage export diversity
October 2019 9
Digital Technologies
USAIDrsquos Digital Strategy the platforms processes and range of technologies that underpin modern information and communications technologies (ICT) including the internet and mobile phone platforms as well as advanced data infrastructure and analytical approaches
Heeks Richard (2018) Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) Routledge Toyama Kentaro (2015) Greek Heresy Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology Public Affairs Unwin Tim (2017) Reclaiming Information and Communication Technologies for Development Oxford University Press
10
Digital Technologies
Encompasses a wide range of multimedia and
communication tools including
New media networks (fixed or wireless Internet)
hardware (computers mobile phones tablets etc)
Software (social media services multi-media applications mobile applications etc)
Interfaces with old media such as radio television and telephone
Heeks Richard (2018) Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) Routledge Toyama Kentaro (2015) Greek Heresy Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology Public Affairs Unwin Tim (2017) Reclaiming Information and Communication Technologies for Development Oxford University Press
11
12
13
14
Digital Interventions for Development and
Self-Reliance in USAID Sectors
bull Agricultural and Food Security
bull Democracy Human Rights and Governance
bull Economic Growth and Trade
bull Education
bull Climate and Environmental Protection
bull Gender Equality and Womenrsquos Empowerment
bull Global Health
bull Water and Sanitation October 2019 15
Activity 1 Participant Experiences
Begin to fill in the worksheet on digital
development self-reliance and risks
based on in-session discussions and
presented cases
16
Agricultural and Food Security
Mobile phones can facilitate and improve bull Exchange information within interpersonal networks
bull Farmersrsquo access to information bull Coordination of input and output supply chains
bull Data collection and linkages with the research sector
bull Farmersrsquo access to financial services 17
Agricultural and Food Security
Also
bull IoT and Sensors in the Field
bull Drones and Crop Monitoring
bull RFID Sensors and Tracking
bull Machine Learning and Analytics
However
bull Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) focuses heavily on usersrsquo interaction and
experience with a given technology at times ignoring the other key issues
bull Agricultural agents need access to related markets
bull Failing to measure demand usage cost effectiveness and mechanisms
18
Democracy Human Rights and Governance
bull Access to information
bull Political activism in the Age of Social Media
bull Arab Spring- the Power of Networking
bull E amp M-Governance
bull Active access to minorities LGBTQ+
Robinson R and Parmentier Mary Jane (2014) Still winter in Morocco Chapter in Online Collective Action Dynamics of the Crowd in Social Media edited by Nitin A and Lim M Springer Press Deterrence of Citizen Engagement via ICTs Information Technologies and International Development volume 12 issue 2 Hussain Faheem and Mashiat Mostafa (2016) Digital Contradictions in Bangladesh Encouragement and Deterrence of Citizen Engagement via ICTs Information Technologies and International Development volume 12 issue 2 Lim Merlyna (2018) Roots Routes and Routers Communications and Media of Contemporary Social Movements Journalism and Communications Monographs volume 20 issue 2
19
Democracy Human Rights and Governance
Risks
Controlling the Information The Great Information Wall of China
Fake ldquoNewsrdquo
Gender Disparity
Breach of Privacy
Robinson R and Parmentier Mary Jane (2014) Still winter in Morocco Chapter in Online Collective Action Dynamics of the Crowd in Social Media edited by Nitin A and Lim M Springer Press Deterrence of Citizen Engagement via ICTs Information Technologies and International Development volume 12 issue 2 Hussain Faheem and Mashiat Mostafa (2016) Digital Contradictions in Bangladesh Encouragement and Deterrence of Citizen Engagement via ICTs Information Technologies and International Development volume 12 issue 2 Lim Merlyna (2018) Roots Routes and Routers Communications and Media of Contemporary Social Movements Journalism and Communications Monographs volume 20 issue 2
20
Economic Growth and Trade
bull Access to Finance (eg Mobile Banking)
o Money transactions very popular all over
Africa and South Asia
o M-Pesa gained the confidence of millions of
African women and thousands of women
entrepreneurs from that continent
o Avoids the administrative delays overhead
costs and physical challenges of travelling
to not so friendly places
bull Crowd Funding
bull Better Business Communication
Hughes Nick and Lonie Susie (2007) M-PESA Mobile Money for the ldquoUnbankedrdquo Turning Cellphones into 24-Hour Tellers in Kenya Innovations Technology Governance Globalization 2007 21-2 63-81
Kingiri Ann Njoki and Fu Xiaolan (2019) Understanding the diffusion and adoption of digital finance innovation in emerging economies M-Pesa money mobile transfer service in Kenya Innovation and Development 21
Economic Growth and Trade
Things may not workout due to
Lack of Education
Challenges with Access Security
Disconnected Applications
Exclusion of the minorities under-
represented populations Gender-based inequalities
Hughes Nick and Lonie Susie (2007) M-PESA Mobile Money for the ldquoUnbankedrdquo Turning Cellphones into 24-Hour Tellers in Kenya Innovations Technology Governance Globalization 2007 21-2 63-81
Kingiri Ann Njoki and Fu Xiaolan (2019) Understanding the diffusion and adoption of digital finance innovation in emerging economies M-Pesa money mobile transfer service in Kenya Innovation and Development 22
Education
bull Empowering learners
bull ICTs as effective education tools
bull Transcending geopolitical boundaries
bull MOOCs
bull Education management
bull Beyond traditional classrooms Livingstone Sonia (2012) Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education Oxford Review of Education 381 9-24 Erkko T Sointu Teemu Valtonen Laura Hirsto Jenni Kankaanpaumlauml Markku Saarelainen Kati Maumlkitalo Anneke Smits amp Jyri Manninen (2019) Teachers as users of ICT from the student perspective in higher education flipped classroom classes SeminarNet 15(1) 1-15
23
Livingstone Sonia (2012) Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education Oxford Review of Education 381 9-24
Education Risks
Absence of proper content
Operations and maintenance
Lack of teachers
Discriminations against women minorities
Disconnected designs applications
Hardware centered policies
Erkko T Sointu Teemu Valtonen Laura Hirsto Jenni Kankaanpaumlauml Markku Saarelainen Kati Maumlkitalo Anneke Smits amp Jyri Manninen (2019) Teachers as users of ICT from the student perspective in higher education flipped classroom classes SeminarNet 15(1) 1-15 24
Climate and Environmental Protection
ICT Solutions for Adaptation Mitigation and
Resilience
Using ICTs for Sustainability Across Sectors
Smart ICT applications can
bull Increase agricultural crop yields by 30 save
over 300 trillion liters of water and save 25
billion barrels of oil a year
bull By 2030 25 billion more people connected
to ICT services and 2 Giga-tons of CO2
saved across business sectors
25
Climate and Environmental Protection
Risks
Proliferation of E-waste
Digital Divide
Bypassing the traditional knowledgepractices
26
Gender Equality and Womenrsquos EmpowermentDigital Development bull Enhanced communication and access to
information
bull Improves access to public services
bull Provides opportunities for socio-economic
participation
bull Provides opportunities for online political
participation
Risks
Digital divide
High cost of ICT infrastructure
Online violence against women
Poor enforcement of ICT
policies cyber laws
Hafkin Nancy and Huyer Sophia (2006) Cinderella or Cyberella Empowering Women in the Knowledge Society Kumarian Press Incorporated Hussain Faheem and Amin Sara (2018) lsquoI donrsquot care about their reactionsrsquo agency and ICTs in womenrsquos empowerment in Afghanistan Gender and Development volume 26 issue 2
27
Gender Equality and Womenrsquos Empowerment continued
bull Help women entrepreneurs Usaha Wanita Mobile Service in Indonesia o Mobile app with essential business tips and
market information
o Business capacity building training delivered for
2000 women
bull Women reached
o 14000 + in Indonesia
o 10000 + in Nigeria and Tanzania
bull Won 2013 Best Consumer Innovation Award
bull Usaha Wanita complements Info Wanita
CaiTian Chew Han Ei and Levy Mark R (2015) Mobile value added services the case of women microentrepreneurs in Indonesia In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on
Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD 15) ACM New York NY USA Article 10 9 pages
28
Global Health
bull Digitizing and standardizing Health Information Systems
bull Mobile healthcare solutions for the
disconnected and underserved population
bull Connection between the BoPs and state of the art solutions
Risks
Lack of infrastructure human resources
Reinvention of the wheel multiple
concurrent health systems
Absence of effective and inclusive e-health
policies
Compromised privacy
Hussain Faheem and Brown Suzana (2018) Developing a comparative framework of ICT4D initiatives in the global South A critical realist approach Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC) 2018 e12055 Rashid Ahmed Tareq (2017) Inclusive capitalism and development Case studies of telecenters fostering inclusion through ICTs in Bangladesh Information Technologies amp International Development 13 1ndash14 Leong Lorian (2017) Mobile Myanmar The development of a mobile app culture in Yangon Mobile Media amp Communication 5(2) 139ndash160
29
Water and Sanitation
bull Mobile phone prepayment for household
water connections
bull Positioning WASH services within a systems
framework and demonstrating achievement
of open defecation free status at scale
bull Real-time monitoring for improved water
services
bull Geographical Information Systems in WASH
development
October 2019 30
Overall Risks bull Dependence on foreign networks and companies
bull Exacerbating uneven development and inequality
bull Threats to governments
bull Multiple entities implementing Digital Development without coordination
bull Cybercrime and privacy threats
bull Risk mitigation ndash close lsquodesign-reality gapsrsquo
bull Spread of hate speech and violent extremism
bull Misinformation and disinformation
October 2019 31
Activity 2 Participant Experiences
Complete the worksheet on digital
development self-reliance and risks
based on in-session discussions and
presented cases
32
USAID Journey to Self-Reliance
Commitment Metrics
bull Open and accountable government
bull Inclusive development (gender)
bull Policies trade business environment
environmental protection
Capacity Metrics
bull Government services effectiveness tax
administration security
bull Civil society and media
bull Citizens education health poverty
bull Economy PPP Digital Development use
export diversity October 2019 33
USAID Self-Reliance Metrics for Capacity
October 2019 34
Bolivia Country Roadmap
October 2019 35
Bangladesh Country Roadmap
October 2019 36
Find your country roadmap httpsselfrelianceusaidgov
October 2019 37
Activity 3 JSR Country Roadmaps and
Digital Developments
bull Analyze Journey to Self-Reliance Country Roadmaps
bull Identify and share applications of Digital Developments
to areas of Capacity and Commitment
38
Mapping and Assessing a Countryrsquos Digital Ecosystem
bull Technology Sector
o Digital communication platforms amp networks
o Providers and costs
o Privacy and security
o Access human capacity and equity
bull Energy Infrastructure to support
Digital Development
o Extent of electrification
o Renewable energy sources
o Geographical challenges
bull Government
o Ownership
o Policies (FDI internet regulation access)
o Digital Development support across
sectors
bull External Factors
o Regional organizations
o Foreign governments
o Non-governmental organizations
o Foreign companies
October 2019 39
Mapping a Countryrsquos Digital Ecosystem Activity
bull Technology Sector
o What is the nature of the local digital technology sector
o What is the overall level of digital literacy (in government private sector key populations etc)
o How does technology access and use differ by gender geographic ethnic linguistic or other groups
o Which areas of the country are covered by cellular networks (3G 4G and possibly 5G)
o What are the rates of cell phone ownership and use
o How many people use the internet Social media
bull Energy Infrastructure to support Digital Development
o What is the nature local energy infrastructure supporting digital services
o What are the energy access disparities across geographic ethnic linguistic or other groups
October 2019 40
Mapping a Countryrsquos Digital Ecosystem Activity
bull Government
o What policies exist to protect individual privacy and speech online
o What risks exist with regard to cybersecurity surveillance or digital manipulation
o What are the current government and private-sector strategies for expanding access and use
o Are there any tax incentives for digital service providers How affordable are internet and mobile access relative to local incomes
bull External Factors
o What digital-focused activities comes from outside donor funding
o Are the donorsNGOsdevelopment agenciesmultinational companies allowed to work in the digital service space Are they coordinated
October 2019 41
42
Activity 4 Digital Tools and the Journey to Self-Reliance
bull Part 1 Map country digital ecosystems
bull Part II Design digital development strategy to strengthen a
selected metric Journey to Self-Reliance
bull Conclusion Present maps and Digital Development
strategies
43
Program Conclusion and Feedback
October 2019 44
- Structure Bookmarks
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Span
- Applying Digital Tools to
-
- Applying Digital Tools to
-
- Applying Digital Tools to
- Support the Journey to
- Self
- -
- Reliance
-
- Span
- Mary Jane Parmentier PhD
-
- Mary Jane Parmentier PhD
-
- Mary Jane Parmentier PhD
-
- Faheem Hussain PhD
-
- Faheem Hussain PhD
-
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society
-
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society
-
- Arizona State University
-
- Arizona State University
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Figure
- bull
-
- bull
-
- bull
-
- bull
-
- bull
- Assess the latest research on the impact of Digital Development across sectors of development using
- selected cases
-
- bull
-
- bull
-
- bull
- Align USAIDrsquos Digital Strategy with the Journey to Self
- -
- Reliance development metrics evaluating
- selected Country Roadmaps
-
- bull
-
- bull
-
- bull
- Identify using the Digital Strategy concept of a
- digital ecosystem
- practical steps for applying digital
- technology in development programming
-
- Training Objectives
-
- Training Objectives
-
- Training Objectives
-
- October 2019
-
- October 2019
-
- October 2019
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Irsquom from
-
- Irsquom from
-
- Irsquom from
-
- My job is
-
- My job is
-
- Technology device or other item I
-
- Technology device or other item I
-
- donrsquot want to part with
-
- donrsquot want to part with
-
- Welcome Your Presenters Are
-
- Welcome Your Presenters Are
-
- Welcome Your Presenters Are
-
- Figure
- Mary Jane C Parmentier
-
- Mary Jane C Parmentier
-
- Mary Jane C Parmentier
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Welcome Your Presenters Are
-
- Welcome Your Presenters Are
-
- Welcome Your Presenters Are
-
- Figure
- Faheem Hussain
-
- Faheem Hussain
-
- Faheem Hussain
-
- Irsquom from
-
- Irsquom from
-
- Irsquom from
-
- My job is
-
- My job is
-
- Technology device or other item I
-
- Technology device or other item I
- donrsquot want to part with
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Awesome Participant
-
- Awesome Participant
-
- Awesome Participant
-
- Irsquom from
-
- Irsquom from
-
- Irsquom from
- My job is
- Technologyitem I donrsquot want to part with
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Key Concepts for Todayrsquos Discussions
-
- Key Concepts for Todayrsquos Discussions
-
- Key Concepts for Todayrsquos Discussions
-
- Figure
-
- Span
- What is development
-
- What is development
-
- What is development
-
- Figure
-
- Span
- What is self
-
- What is self
-
- What is self
- -
- reliance
-
- Figure
-
- Span
- What are digital technologies
-
- What are digital technologies
-
- What are digital technologies
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- What is Development
-
- What is Development
-
- What is Development
-
- Slide
-
- Span
- Commitment Metrics
-
- Commitment Metrics
-
- Commitment Metrics
-
- bull
-
- bull