applied biotechnology
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Industrial Production of Citric Acid in bioreactor
Presented By : Narmeen Arshad
FUUAST, 2014
![Page 2: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline:
• Introduction to Biotechnology
• Applications of Biotechnology
• Food Biotechnology
• Fermentation
• Industrial Production of Citric Acid
• Applications of Citric Acid
![Page 3: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms
• any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop micro-organisms for specific uses
w h a t i s b i o t e c h n o l o g y ?
![Page 4: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology
• genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either
– Transferring them to another organism
– Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations
w h a t i s b i o t e c h n o l o g y ?
![Page 5: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agriculture • Plant breeding to improve resistance to pests, diseases,
drought and salt conditions • Mass propagation of plant clones Bioinsecticide
development modification of plants to improve nutritional and processing characteristics
Chemical Industry• Production of bulk chemicals and solvents such as ethanol,
citric acid, acetone and butanol • Synthesis of fine specialty chemicals such as enzymes,
amino acids, alkaloids and antibiotics
Applications
![Page 6: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Medicine
• Development of novel therapeutic molecules for medical treatments
• Diagnostics
• Drug delivery systems
• Tissue engineering of replacement organs
• Gene therapy
A p p l i c a t i o n s
![Page 7: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A p p l i c a t i o n s
Food Industry• Production of bakers' yeast, cheese, yogurt and
fermented foods such as vinegar and soy sauce • Brewing and wine making • Production of flavors and coloring agents
Veterinary Practice• Vaccine production • Fertility control • Livestock breeding
![Page 8: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Environment
• Biological recovery of heavy metals from mine tailings and other industrial sources
• Bioremediation of soil and water polluted with toxic chemicals
• Sewage and other organic waste treatment
Applications
![Page 9: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Food Biotechnology
What does it mean?
Products can be developed again (formulated), often changing or improving the end product.
For example:• reducing saturated fat, sugar or salt of a product;• increasing nutrient availability;• improving the taste of a product.
![Page 10: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Food Biotechnology: reformulation strategies
There are a number of issues that have to be considered in product reformulation. These include:
• technical issues of food structure and food safety;• possible negative health impacts of substitutes;
replacements or additions;• consumer acceptance – taste, quality, price;• the cost of reformulation to the food industry;
![Page 11: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A wide range of fermented food and drink is available in many different countries.
![Page 12: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Examples of fermented foods
Cheese – rennet (from the enzyme renin) is used to coagulate milk, forming curds and whey.
Alcoholic beverages – glucose is fermented by yeast enzymes.
Bread – enzymes within the flour break down starch, eventually producing glucose. This is fermented by enzymes present in yeast producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.
![Page 13: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Food ingredients are produced by industrial fermentation of micro-organisms.
Examples include:
• citric acid made from a fungus;• monosodium glutamate made from a bacterium;• yeast extracts used as flavourings.
![Page 17: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
- Microorganism: Aspergillus niger (mainly), Candida yeast (from carbohydrates or n-alkanes)
- Citric acid production is mixed growth associated, mainly take place under nitrogen and phosphate limitation after growth has ceased.
- Medium requirements for high production- Carbon source: molasses or sugar solution.- Na-ferrocyanide is added to reduce Iron (1.3 ppm) and manganese (<0.1ppm). - High dissolved oxygen concentration- High sugar concentration- pH<2- 30 oC.
Industrial Production of Citric Acid
![Page 18: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bioreactor: batch or fed-batch
- 5-25X106 A. niger spores/L may be introduced to the fermentor.
- Aeration is provided to the fermenter by air sparging (0.1-0.4 vvm)
- Temperature is controlled by cooling coil.
- Agitation: 50-100rpm to avoid shear damage on molds.
- Fed-batch is used to reduce substrate inhibition and prolong the production phase one or two days after growth cessation.
- Volumetric yield: 130 kg/m3
Industrial Production of Citric Acid
![Page 19: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Separation:
- The biomass is separated by filtration
- The liquid is transferred to recovery process:- Separation of citric acid from the liquid: precipitation
calcium hydroxide is added to obtain calcium citrate tetrahydrate → wash the precipitate→ dissolve it with dilute sulfuric acid, yield citric acid and calcium sulfate precipitate → bleach and crystallization → anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid.
Industrial Production of Citric Acid
![Page 20: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Applications of Citric Acid
Application of Citric Acid:
- Acidulant in food, confectionary, and beverage (75%)
- Pharmaceutical (10%), e.g. soluble aspirin preparation
- industrial (15%): complexes with metals such as iron and copper to be stabilizer of oil and fats.
![Page 22: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Applied Biotechnology](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052623/559e0a6a1a28ab5d258b457f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)