applications of pay-as-you-thro · source: einzmann, turk, fricke in müll & abfall 8/2001 40%...

INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement1

Applications of Pay-As-You-Throw

in Germany –Saxony and the City of Dresden

as Good Practice Examples

Jan Reichenbach

VIII Workshop on Municipal Waste Prevention

INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement

Profession: Dipl.-Ing. (M.Sc.) Dresden University of Technology

Carreer history: since 1998 INTECUS GmbH2001-2006 and again since 08/2009 parallel job assignment at Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated SiteTreatment at Dresden University of Technology(FP5-project “PAYT“ and LIFE+ project “HEC-PAYT“)

Current position: Senior consultant natural resources and waste management

Established: since 1991 in DresdenManagement: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil h.c. Bilitewski / Grad. Eng. WagnerProfile: Consulting, planning support and research activities

with the focus on Waste and Environmental ManagementWork record: more than 400 projects in about 20 countries

INTECUS GmbH

Personal introduction

2


HEC-PAYT – an ongoing initiative

visit: www.payt.gr

3


Legislation as the entrance

European Law• Council Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) Article 15

→ promulgating the ‘polluter pays’ principle

Federal Republic of Germany• Basic Law

→ Federalism, Self-Government of Communities→ financing public services from charges, rights to impose charges

A B CH CZ D DK F FIN GR I IRL L NL P S SP UK

Legislative basis

Charges mandated

PAYT stipulations

PAYT applications

Volume-tariffs ( )

Weight-tariffs

Chamber installat.

Free State of Saxony• Saxon Waste Management and Soil Protection Act • Municipal Code of Saxony• Local Rates Law

4


• each person produces waste and thus should be contributing to financing the waste management

• charges must be cost-covering to finance all waste management tasks

• no cross-financing of other community expenses and services shall take place(i.e. surplus revenues returned to citizens in form of charge reductions)

• charges should create incentives for avoidance, utilization or environmental friendly disposal of waste(Saxony with avant-garde, people-friendly legislation→ mandatory chargeable minimum as low as 4.6 ltr per capita*week→ other federal states >8-16 ltr per capita*week)

Principles of waste charging in Germany

5


PAYT vs. other ways to get waste services paid

Waste Management Legislation and Statutes

Individualaccountability

IndividualCharging

Identifica-tion

Measure-ment

Unitpricing

PAYT

6


Schemes usingthe actual service

as a basis of accounting

26%(New federal states 58%)

Schemes using thelikely amount of

service as basis of accounting

69%

Source: Einzmann, Turk, Fricke in Müll & Abfall 8/2001

40%

22%

7%

15%

7%2% 2% 5%

Entirely service-determined (fixed service)Basic fee + service fee (conditionally variable) Fixed charge (flat rate)Basic fee + variable service fee (ident) Basic fee + token-systemBasic fee + tag-system Entirely service-dependent (ident-fully variable) Miscellaneous

Measuring basis in the waste charge models in Germany

7


SK Chemnitz

SK Plauen

SK Zwickau

LK Annaberg

LK Chemnitzer LandLK Freiberg

LK Vogtlandkreis

LK Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis

LK Mittweida

LK Stollberg

LK Aue-Schwarzenberg

LK Zwickauer Land

SK Dresden

SK Görlitz

SK Hoyerswerda

LK Bautzen

LK Meißen

LK Niederschles. Oberlausitzkreis

LK Riesa-Großenhain

LK Löbau-Zittau

LK Sächsische Schweiz

LK Weißeritzkreis

LK KamenzSK Leipzig

LK Delitzsch

LK DöbelnLK Leipziger Land

LK Muldentalkreis

LK Torgau-Oschatz

state 05/2002

8

PAYT implementation in Saxony - 2002


PAYT implementation in Saxony - 2009


Why PAYT ? – The city’s view1. Saving of costs

i.e. reducing total waste and amount for final disposal

2. Award conscious performers

3. Harmonize collection across all spatial structures

Dwelling structure

Single house areas

Multi family house areasopen structure

Multi family house areas dense structure

Multistorey appartmentbuildings

Dresden total

Material fractions Rate of separate recovery in ‘95/’96

Packaging 62% 56% 12% 12%* 28%

Graphical paper 96% 86% 72% 55% 69%

Mixed paper/board 71% 53% 42% 25% 37%

Glass 80% 44% 33% 33% 40%

*estimate

10

4. Increase revenuesi.e. making sure all households pay for received services

5. Today: Optimize collection


40 % biodegradable

20 % Residuals

40 % Recyclables

Why PAYT ? – The citizens view

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

Costs for collection and transportCosts for landfilling

Size of waste container[l]

[€/emptying]

Dis

posa

l cos

ts

Container costsTotal costs incurring

2. Equity of treatmentexpense per unit of generated waste is not the same !

3. Transparent billing

1. Offers to reduce financial burdeni.e. Fair charging

11


• ~500,000 inhabitants, 85 % MURBs, 15 % single family house dwellings• Changeover to bin identification system (transponder) in 1994/95• Participation in test series of chamber systems in 1996/1997• Charging degressive system, i.e. price per unit emptied decreasespolicy: as size of the waste bin goes up

(80-ltr. bin: 0.046 EUR/ltr ; 1.100-ltr. container: 0.02EUR/ltr)

• Charge volume-based, two-tieredcalculation: (Basic fee + Service fee on a per-litre basis, Service fee

calculated over the bin size and frequency of pick-ups [individuallyvariable] incl. a minimum of one pick-up per bin and quarter

The Dresden experience

12

Saxon-wide testing of chamber systems


Charges – for what?• mixed municipal waste (basic fee [number, size of dustbins] + service fee* [emptying])*degressive rate pricing model

• biowaste (monthly charge [bin-related flat rate])• charges for other services on request→ extra fee for longer dustbin transport distances→ bulky waste and large household appliances→ disposal of green waste

and amandatory minimum of chargeable service[one emptying per each quarter]

13

Dresden charge model


Dresden - technical realization of PAYT

Graphic source: MOBA AG, Dresden


++

Collection settings to achieve accountability

+ +-+-

++ +-

15


BeforePAYT intro-duction

After PAYT intro-duction

Résumé: More waste diverted from conventional disposal to recycling

Reactions to new charging system (Results from pilot tests)

16


Collection rates for separate recycling systems in the different city settings

Separate collection system

situation before PAYT collectively used containers, flat rate individual bins, flat r.

light weigth packaging, green dot 12% 34% 62%waste paper 25% 48% 71%

67.5% 67.3% 71.9%51.6% 47.8% 46.4%

multi-unit residential building

attached building structure

detached buildings

collectively used containers, charging per solidarity unit

individual bins, individual charge

light weigth packaging, green dotbiodegradable waste (new system)

situation after PAYT introduction

Collection rates for separate recycling systems in the different city settings

Separate collection system

situation before PAYT collectively used containers, flat rate individual bins, flat r.

light weigth packaging, green dot 12% 34% 62%waste paper 25% 48% 71%

67.5% 67.3% 71.9%51.6% 47.8% 46.4%

multi-unit residential building

attached building structure

detached buildings

collectively used containers, charging per solidarity unit

individual bins, individual charge

light weigth packaging, green dotbiodegradable waste (new system)

situation after PAYT introduction

17

Reactions to new charging system (Results from pilot tests)

Résumé: In terms of waste diversion, people start behaving in the same way regardless of the local settings


Dresden – the system’s pay-off

18

Over the years adjustments in the charge structure were still necessary to eventually ensure the schemes sustainability !

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

050

100150200250

300

350

400

450

kg/in

habi

tant

*a

Residual waste Old textiles

Electronic scrapHazardous wasteGreen waste

Bulky waste itemsKitchen waste Packaging wasteWaste paper19

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

02

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

050

100150200250

300

350

400

450

kg/in

habi

tant

*a

Residual waste Old textiles

Electronic scrapHazardous wasteGreen waste

Bulky waste itemsKitchen waste Packaging wasteWaste paper

Overall waste generation in the city since theintroduction of PAYT


143 kg per capita residual waste generation in 2008 as compared to 305 kg per capita in 1994

Does the trend hold?

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whilst incomes and consumption are on a steady increase !

The level of charges per bin and unit of collected residual waste has remained constant since 2003 and belongs to the lowest in Germany

Graphic source: City of Dresden


Amount of collected residual waste

137

170

90-130

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

average Germany in 2002 State of Saxony in 2003 Municipalities withPAYT system in place

[kg/

(E*a

)]The issue looked at from waste statistics

Can waste generation indeed be linked to PAYT?

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Sachsen Hessen Baden-Württemberg

Application of different PAYT solutions

Wertmarkensystem Identsystem Ident-Wägesystem

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

[kg/

(E*a

)]

Aggregated amounts of municipal waste fractions 2002

Restabfall Sperrmüll DSD-LVP Bio- und Grünabfall

…and by linking application intensity of PAYT and waste generation

21


Dresden’s SWM performance from the European perspectiveMSW in order of increasing intensity of separate collection

0,0

100,0

200,0

300,0

400,0

500,0

600,0

700,0

800,0

900,0B

ratis

lava

Buc

hare

stK

auna

sM

arse

ille

Nitr

aS

ofia

War

saw

Wro

claw

Xan

thi

Lodz

Kra

kow

Ath

ens

Nap

oli

Thes

salo

nik

Pal

erm

oS

heffi

eld

Man

ches

ter

Pra

gue

Par

isR

oma

Birm

ingh

amR

yga

Lond

onP

ozna

nB

arce

lona

Tarr

agon

aR

otte

rdam

Mad

ridA

mst

erda

mG

enov

aTo

rino

Leed

sS

evill

aH

ambu

rgM

ilano

Leip

zig

Mue

nche

nK

oeln

Ber

linD

ortm

und

Ess

enFr

ankf

urt

Dui

sbur

gV

ienn

aD

resd

enD

uess

eldo

rV

alen

cia

Han

nove

rS

alzb

urg

Stu

ttgar

tB

rem

enLu

xem

bour

kg/c

ap.y

Municipal waste excl. constr. a. demol. waste [kg/cap.y] Total of separately collected wastes

22

Graphic source: L.Schanne; LCA-IWM Project result


People benefit directly

Graphic source: State of Saxony , SMUL


• Stable charges despite generally rising cost levels

Graphic source: DMB

• Comparatively low charges

Development of average waste charge in Saxony


Résumé: PAYT helps to achieve critical SWM goals - but success lives from support!

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• PAYT has to be a piece of environmentally oriented policy package

• Success comes from a bundle of measures e.g. education/information

structure redesign social acceptanceintensive, user-friendly separate collection offers



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ThankThank youyou forforattentionattention

www.payt.netwww.payt.gr


PAYT =(accountability to the waste generator thru)

User identification Bin identification

Volume basedaccounting

Weight basedaccounting

Volume basedaccounting

Weight basedaccounting

Chamber system(volume chamber)

Chamber systemwith weighing

Ident-weighingsystem

Pre-paid system

Individuallyassigned bin

Collectivelyassigned bin

Ident systemindividual systemroutine system

tag or stickerpre-paid bag

Approaches for the technical realization of PAYT

26

applications of pay-as-you-thro · source: einzmann, turk, fricke in müll & abfall 8/2001 40%...

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