“Applications of Genetic Technologies”

Presented By:

Mufassara Fatima

13151507-002

Biotechnology

• Biotechnology:

Biotechnology is the use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life.

Uses of Genetic Technologies

•Recombinant Protein Production

•Transgenic Plants

•Transgenic Animals

Recombinant Protein Production

• Industrial production of proteins on large scale by using Recombinant DNA technology.

Recombinant DNA technology:

• Known as Genetic Engineering.

• Recombinant DNA technology procedures by which DNA from different species can be isolated, cut and spliced together.

• New “Recombinant " molecules are then multiplied in quantity in populations of rapidly dividing cells (e.g. bacteria, yeast).

E.coli & Eukaryotes as Host

• Well-established gene structure

• Faster growth rate

• Easy to cultivate and handle

• Final product is unstable and difficult to purify

• As a result Eukaryotic host such as yeast, cells of insect and mammals are found to be more useful.

Bacterial cell

Bacterialchromosome

Plasmid

Gene of interest

DNA containinggene of interest

Isolate plasmid.Enzymatically cleaveDNA into fragments.

Isolate fragmentwith the gene ofinterest.

Insert gene into plasmid.

Insert plasmid and gene intobacterium.

Culture bacteria.

Harvest copies ofgene to insert intoplants or animals

Harvest proteinscoded by gene

Eliminateundesirablephenotypictraits

Produce vaccines,antibiotics,hormones, orenzymes

Createbeneficialcombinationof traits

How Recombinant Technology works??

Recombinant Protein

• Drugs for various human diseases.

• Insulin produced for diabetes.

• Alpha 1- antitrypsin in treating emphysema.

• Calcitonin to treat rickets.

• Interferon to treat viral infections and cancer.

• Factor VIII for haemophilia.

• Production of growth hormone to act against growth retardation.

• Chorionic gonadotropins in the treatment of infertility.

Recombinant Enzymes

• The industrial manufactured enzymes occupy a vital position in the food industry.

• The recombinant enzymes like rennin and lipase are used in cheese making.

• The role of alpha- amylase in beer industry.

• The antioxidant property of the industrially produced enzyme catalase.

• The use of protease in detergents.

Transgenic Plants

• Trans genesis : The process of introducing an exogenous gene called

a transgene into a living organisms by using a number of genetic

engineering techniques so that the organism will exhibit a new

property and transmit that property to its offspring.

• Transgenic Plants : The plants which expresses the characters coded

by the transgene are called Transgenic plants.

Need of Plant Transformation

Transgenic Plants

Transgenic tomatoes –

expressingdifferent

malarialantigens

Transgenic Plants

Delivery of a corn-based edible vaccine

Transgeniccorn kernels (a)

Corn snack (b)or

Embryo or germ cells(c)

Transgenic Plants

Tearless Onion

Transgenic Plants

Blue Roses

Transgenic Animals

•A Transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome.

•The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology

Need of Transgenic Animals• Increased growth rate.

• Improved disease resistance.

• Improved food conversion rates.

• Increased muscle mass.

• Improved nutritional quality.

• Improved wool quality.

• Transgenic animals used for screening of many drugs.

• Using of transgenic animals reduce number of experimental animals during testing.

Transgenic Cow

Transgenic cows carrying extra copies of two types of casein genes produce 13% more milk protein.

Transgenic Fish

Transgenic Fish can grow up to 6 times faster than wild type fish.

Most have extra copies of growth hormone (GH) gene.

Transgenic SheepTracy is the first transgenic animal to produce a recombinant protein in her milk.

Transgenic Monkeys

• Its so similar to human hence it used in clinical trail used for studying :

1. HIV

2.Huntington’s disease

References

• http://www.biotechnologyforums.com/thread-1792.html

• http://www.slideshare.net/SECBIO/genetic-engineering-13933607

• http://www.dnalc.org/view/15476-Genetic-engineering-inserting-new-DNA-into-a-plasmid-vector-3D-animation-with-with-basic-narration.html

• http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/donald.slish/Transformation.htm

• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21632/