applications of conducting polymer in electronics & electrochemical devices

Applications Of Conducting Polymer In Electronics & Electrochemical

Devices

Presented By_ To_

Sanjeeb Limbu(14305019) Dr.Angaiah Subramania Sir

M.Tech.-Nanoscience & Technology Associate Professor

(SECOND YEAR) (CNST)

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Centre for Nanoscience and TechnologyConducting Polymer

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CONDUCTING POLYMER

Conducting polymers are polymer with metallic and semiconductor characteristics

Conductive polymer or more precisely intrinsically conducting polymer(ICPs) are polymer

that conduct electricity

Conductive polymer are generally not thermoplastics,i.e.,they are not thermo flammable but

like insulating polymer, they are organic material

The advantages of using conducting polymer are that they are light weight, inexpensive and

more recently easily process able

The electrical conductivity in these polymer is considered to be intermediate between semi

conductor and metals

Examples are Poly analine,poly pyrrole,Poly Thiophene,Poly acetylene etc.

Centre for Nanoscience and TechnologyConducting Polymer

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1.TV and Computer screens

2.Printable Electronics

3.Flexible Electronics

4.Electroluminescent Electronics Devices

5.Transistors

6.Molecular Electronics

9.Conducting polymer In Electronic Chemical Sensors

8.Technology of Plastic optoelectronic devices

7.Conducting polymer In Microelectronics

Conducting Polymer Centre for Nanoscience and Technology

Applications Of Conducting Polymer In Electronics Devices

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TV and Computer screens

One of the most excitingdevelopments is the use of con-ductive polymers to produce flat,flexible plastic screens fortelevisions and computers. Thiswork evolved from the discoverythat conductive polymers such aspolyphenylene vinylene emit lightwhen sandwiched betweenoppositely charged electrodes, thusenabling flat-panel display designsto be made. The company associatedclosely with this technology at thepresent time is Cam-bridge DisplayTechnology (CDT)

Conductive Polymers: Plastic Electronics


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Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

(PPV, or polyphenylene vinylene)

Printable electronics is the broad term used to

describe electronics made from carbon-based

organic materials and components using printing

type processes rather than traditional silicon-based,

inorganic materials. It is also referred to as organic,

plastic, polymer and flexible electronics.

Printable Electronics


What is Printable Electronics? Benefits of the technology?

• Low capital and operating cost

production equipment

• High materials utilisation efficiency

•Faster production turnaround time

especially using R2R processes.

• The major advantages of printable

electronic generally include the ability to

fabricate lightweight, flexible and low

cost products

•Important at both the micro and macro

level for example from high resolution

transistor circuits to large-scale electronic

billboards.

So, What’s the Big Deal?

• Lightweight and low energy electronics and

sensors

• Reduced manufacturing costs and materials usage.

• New smart electronic devices & applications

• Exciting new shapes and forms

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Printable Electronics

Xerox develops silver ink to usher in new

era of low cost printable electronics

Material Example

Conductors

Conducting polymers Polythiophenes, polycarbazoles

Metal flakes Silver, silver alloys

Metal nanoparticles Copper, Gold, Silver

Carbon nanotubes - - -

Capacitors

Inorganic oxides HfO2, TiO2, ZrO2

Polymers Imide-Norbornenecopolymer

Organic/inorganic composites

Metal oxide/epoxy

Resistors Carbon films - - -

Optical materialsRFID antennae Aluminium

Organic LEDs - - -

Materials Used in Printed Electronics


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Flexible Electronics

Flexible circuit boards

Flex circuit are made up of flexible plastic substrate usually

polyimide, Polyester or thin sheets of glass

Flexible electronic component

Electronic component such as transistor are being made from

silicon nanomembrane usually called TFT’s(thin filmTransistor).

Flexible resistors and capacitors structures are shown digramm-

atically usually called thin film resistors and thin film capacitors

What is flexible electronics ?

Flexible electronics also known as flex

circuits, is a technology for assembling

electronic circuits by mounting electron

This can be bent without breaking

electronics devices on flexible plastic

substrates.


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Applications of Flexible Electronics


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Electroluminescence – the generation of light, other

than blackbody radiation, by electrical excitation.

Organic semiconductors was first reported for

anthracene single crystals in the 1960s

These early studies established that the process

responsible for electroluminescence requires injection

of electrons from one electrode and holes from the

other, the capture of oppositely charged carriers (so-

called recombination), and the radioactive decay of the

excited electron-hole state (exciton) produced by this

recombination process.

The first report of metallic conductivities in ‘doped’

polyacetylene, the science of electrically conducting

polymers has advanced very rapidly. More recently,

much of a interest is shown in LEDs containing

conducting polymers.

Electroluminescent Electronic Devices

Electroluminescent Cable

Electroluminescent (EL) Charge & Sync Cable


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Light Emitting Diodes

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), based on PPV

are now coming out as commercial products. When

compared to inorganic or organic materials for LEDs, the

main advantages are their fast response times, process

ability, the possibility of uniformly covering large areas,

low operating voltages, and the many methods were

applied to fine-tune their optical and electrical properties

by varying the structure.

Many techniques have been proposed to improve the

performance of PLEDs by modifying the chemical

structure of the polymer with bulky phenyl side groups, or

PPV-based alternating copolymers polymer

The low molecular weight polymers are also known to

have poor colour stability owing to easier chain motions

under device operation. Elimination of the low molecular

weight components is known to improve the

performance .

Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2 ethyl-hexoxy)-

1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) is

widely used in red-orange PLEDs.


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Organic LEDs

Transparent conducting electrodes(TCE) like

conducting polymers have been applied as

transparent electrodes for OLED devices and

achieved reasonably good performance or even

higher device performance

The basic OLED structure is composed of a stack

of several layers: anode/hole transport layer

(HTL)/emission layer (EL)/electron transport

layer (ETL)/cathode.ITO glass has been commonly

used as the anode for OLEDs, because ITO

simultaneously provides good transparency and

conductivity. But ITO is not flexible, and can’t be

used in flexible electronics and the sputtering

deposition of high quality ITO is a low throughput

process and requires elevated temperature.

PEDOT:PSS and polyaniline (PANI) are

currently the most popular materials to replace

the conventional ITO electrode. These two

materials are well-studied, conjugated polymers

with excellent mechanical stability, flexibility

and, more importantly, they can achieve a high

conductivity and transparency.Conducting Polymer Centre for Nanoscience and Technology

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Field Effect

Transistors

a, Thin-film transistor; b, Insulated gate field-effect transistor

Transistor: Field Effect Transistors

Conducting Polymer

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FET device poly(3,4-ethylene

dioxy thiophene) working as the

source/drain/gate electrode

material and poly pyrrole acting

as the semiconducting layer.

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) K60

(PVPK60),an insulating polymer,

operates as the dielectric layer.

Field Effect Transistors (FET)

Using poly(3-hexylthiophene) as the active

layer“All Plastics” integrated circuits

Conducting Polymer Transistors Making Use of

Activated Carbon Gate Electrodes

Field-Effect Transistors Based on Single Nanowires of Conducting

PolymersConducting Polymer Centre for Nanoscience and Technology

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Conducting Polymer In Molecular Electronics

Molecular electronics (ME) is rapidly

evolving from physics, chemistry,

biology, electronics and information

technology

The linear-backbone polymers such

as polyacetylene, polypyrrole,

and polyaniline are the main classes of

conductive polymers. Poly(3-

alkylthiophenes) are the archetypical

materials for solar cells and transistors

Molecular device based on conducting

polymer-Diodes

One of the most exciting areas of

research in molecular electronics lies in

the development of biosensing devices

(usually called biosensors or receptrodes).General principle of Biosensor

Conductive polymers. Poly(3-alkylthiophene) based on

Schottky device


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Technology of Plastic Optoelectronic devices

Conductive polymers with high transmittance in

the visible range can have important applications for

optoelectronics devices,including liquid crystel

displays(LCDs),light emmiting diodes(LEDs),solar

cells,tuch pannel displays,lasers and detectors

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT : PSS) emerges as a

promising material for electrodes in optoelectronic

devices. It has many advantages over other

conducting polymers, such as high transparency in

the visible range, excellent thermal stability, and

aqueous solution processibility

Although indium-tin oxide (ITO) is frequently

used as the transparent electrode in flexible devices

The high-conductivity PEDOT : PSS film is ideal

as the electrode for polymer optoelectronic devices.

Chemical structure of

PEDOT,PSS


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Conducting Polymers in Electronic Chemical Sensors

Chemical Sensors based on Conducting Polymers

Sensors Based on Transduction

A) Potentiometric Sensors(Chemical Sensors Based on Semiconductor Electronic Devices)

B) Amperometric Sensors

C) Piezoelectric Sensors

D) Calorimetric/Thermal Sensors

E) Optical Sensors

Sensors Based on Application Mode

A. Industrial/Chemical Sensors

a) Gas Sensors

b) pH Sensors

c) Ion-selective Sensors

d) Alcohol Sensors

e) Humidity Sensors

B. Biosensors

a)Catalytic Biosensors

b)Affinity Biosensors

c)DNA Sensor


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Electrochemical cell is covert the chemical energy of the reaction directly in to electrical energy

An electrochemical cell consist of two half-cells .Each half cell consist of electrode and electrolyte

An electrochemical consist of three component an anode or negative electrode a cathode or positive electrode

and electrolyte or ionic conductor during the chemical reaction

Most electrochemical conversion and storage device such as certain type of Fuel cells, Batteries, Capacitor

Electrochemical cells are classified in two types Galvanic and Electrolyte cell

Applications Of Conducting Polymer In Electrochemical Devices


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Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors

(EDLCs) – also called supercapacitors (SC) - are

electrochemical capacitors that have high

capacitance and high energy density when

compared to common capacitors, and higher

power density when compared to batteries.

The electrode materials for supercapacitors

have been classified into three categories:

transition metal oxides, high-surface carbons, and

conducting polymers.

The supercapacitor stores energy by means of a

static charge as opposed to an electrochemical

reaction. Applying a voltage differential on the

positive and negative plates charges the capacitor

Supercapacitor


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An electric battery is a device consisting of two or

more electrochemical cells that convert stored

chemical energy into electrical energy

Each cell has a positive terminal or cathode and a

negative terminal or anode. The terminal marked

positive is at a higher electrical potential energy

than is the terminal marked negative

Batteries have several key components:

the electrodes allow for collection of current

and transmission of power

the cathode material becomes reduced when

the anode material is oxidized and vice versa

the electrolyte provides a physical separation

between the cathode and anode and provides a

source of cations and anions to balance the redox

reactions

Batteries


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In 2013,Berkeley Lab scientists invented a new material for use in rechargeable batteries

that can boost power storage capacity by 30 percent. It is called a Conducting Polymer

Binder, literally a kind of flexible plastic glue that holds electrode materials together while

facilitating the shuttling of electrons and positively charged lithium ions.

In their effort to make smaller, lighter and cheaper batteries, a Berkeley Lab team

focused on improving the negative (–) electrode or anode. During charging of any lithium

battery, lithium ions are driven to the anode, causing electrons to build up potential energy

at the anode. Complete a circuit by turning on a switch and those electrons start flowing.

Conducting Polymer Binder is a lightweight, flexible, electrically conducting adhesive

polymer. It is blended with particles of silicon in a slurry process to form a silicon

composite anode.

Batteries


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Batteries vs Supercapacitor


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PAFC-Phosphoric acid fuel cell

AFC-Alkeline fuel cell

SOFC-Solid oxide fuel cell

DMFC-Direct methanol fuel cell

PEMFC-Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

What is a fuel Cell?

A fuel cell produces electricity through a chemical reaction but

without combustion. It converts hydrogen and oxygen into water,

and in the process also creates electricity. It’s an electro-chemical

energy conversion device that produces electricity, water and heat.

Fuel cells operates much like a battery, except they don’t require

electrical recharging. A battery stores all of its chemicals inside and

coverts the chemicals into electricity. Once those chemicals run out,

the battery dies. A fuel cell, on the other had, receives the chemicals

it uses from the outside; therefore, it won’t run out. Fuel cells can

generate power almost indefinitely, as long as they have fuel to use.

The reactions that produce electricity happen at the electrodes.

Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive, called the anode, and

one negative, called the cathode. These are separated by an

electrolyte barrier. Fuel goes to the anode side, while oxygen (or just

air) goes to the cathode side. When both of these chemicals hit the

electrolyte barrier, they react, split off their electrons, and create an

electric current. A chemical catalyst speeds up the reactions here.

Types of fuel cells

How do fuel cells work?


Fuel Cell

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Conducting polymers such as Poly aniline,poly pyrrole,Poly Thiophene,Poly acetylene represent new advanced

materials as a key issue for the development of new devices and structures offering the association of the various

properties required in advanced applications.

Supercapacitors, due to their capability to deliver during high momentary periods are presently using as the electrical

energy storage devices. They have technical and economic advantages in electrical appliances, such as power supplies,

protection of computer memory, microchip, fuel cells and batteries.

Supercapacitors are unique devices exhibiting 20-200 times greater capacitance than batteries and conventional

capacitor.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used in applications as diverse as replacements for automative lighting, such as

brake lamps, turn signals and automative traffic signals.

LEDs are also used in remote control units of many commercial products including DVD players, televisions and

other domestic appliances.

Batteries are used to store the energy that is not needed immediately

The field effect transistor(FET) uses in electric field to control the shape and thus the conductivity of a channel of

one type of charge carrier in a semiconductor material. FET technology is the basis for modern digital integrated

circuits.

As a result, conducting polymers have been considered for important materials in microelectronics applications, electrocatalysis, fuel cell electrodes, light emitting diodes, biosensor microelectrodes


Concluding Remarks

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[1] Conducting polymer in microelectronics by Angelopoulos.

[2] Conducting polymer applications by Kareema Majeed Ziadan.

[3] Electrochemistry, Polymers and Opto-Electronic Devices: by Marco-A. De Paoli and Wilson A.

Gazotti.

[4]Conductive Polymers: Applications for Electronic Devices YoonBoShim, Professor, Department of

Chemistry and Director, Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, South

Korea.

[5] Electrochemically synthesised conducting polymeric materials for applications

towards technology in electronics, optoelectronics and energy storage devices

[6] Conducting Polymers and their Applications by Murat Atesa, Tolga Karazehira and A. Sezai Saracb.

[7] Electrochemical switching in conducting polymers – printing paper electronics Payman Tehrani.

References


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Wherever you need power, a fuel cell could be the

solution.

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