applications - fyzikální ústav akademie věd Črknizek/pdf/applications.pdf · modules currently...
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Advantages / drawbacks of thermoelectric converters
� Low performance� Price
� Solid state unit, no moving parts,..� Long lifetime with minimal maintenance
� Compact, functionality independent of the position, easy adaptable,..
� Simple instalation� No greenhouse gases,..� In case of temperature management
precise temperature control � Possible to be used in reversible mode� Recuperation of waste heat
+ -
ApplicationsApplications
Key element- TE MODULE
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TE modules: technological aspects
p nMetallic contacts
Electricalinsulating plates (but goodthermal conductors)
Unicouple
3-leg couple,..
Assembling
Materials: n and p types with high ZT and similar properties Aditional conditions for applicable materials: chemical stability, temperature stability, goodthermal stability, mechanical resistance, acceptable price, not complicated synthesis, resistivity to thermal schock,…Assembling : targeting of metallic material suitable for contacts (both electric and thermic –low resistance, compatible thermal dilatation coefficient, analysis and control of interfaces �i.e. to lower the contact electrical resistance and increse the thermal resistance,….
Commercial module
Alumina
Copper+brazing,. PbSn ou BiSn
Leg n or p on a base of Bi2Te3
ModuleModule
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Possible architecture of the module with high
temperature gradient (due topeaking ZT…) :
Heat pipes (dimensionality, thermal resistance,…), electronics behind,…
ZT
T(°C)
1
200 400 600
p1p2p3
Many interfaces : ∆Treal < ∆Tmaterial(cooling)
∆Treal > ∆Tmaterial (generation)
Lowered performance
��
T (°C)
25
100
700
250
450 n1
p1
p2
p3
n2
Rc
��
T (°C)
25
100
700
250
450
np
p,n
(cm
-3)
Rc
� Materials with concentrations gradients,..
� Cascaded module…
� segmented materials
��Rc
p2
�� ��
p1
n2
n1
ModuleModuleTE modules:
technological aspects
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4x4 moduleP ~ 1 W
6x6 moduleP ~ 2.1 W
16x16moduleP ~ 10W
8x8 moduleP ~ 3.4 W
Multi-Module-ArrayP ~ 14.6 W
1 p-n coupleP ~ 0.055 W
ModulesModules
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Comparison of Newly designed laboratory modules with Commercial ones
5.8
3.2
2.5*
2.3 x 2.0
14.6
1.3
11.2
57
157
State-of-the-art
RTI Bi2Te3-SL Module
0.170.170.180.38[ W / g ]Output per unit of weight
0.340.360.301.04[ W / cm 2]Output per unit of surface area
115821440[ gm ]Weight
7.5 x 7.56.3 x 6.32.9 x 2.93.7 x 3.9[ cm ]Width × height
19.014.02.515.0[ W ]Output
580.84.2[ A ]Current
[3.8]1.73.33.6[ V ]Voltage
30303020[°C ]Temperature on low-temperature side
230230230500[°C ]Temperature on high-temperature side
Large type
Midsize type
Compact type
Giga Topaz TM
Modules currently on the marketToshiba Giga
TopazTM
moduleUnits
5.8
3.2
2.5*
2.3 x 2.0
14.6
1.3
11.2
57
157
State-of-the-art
RTI Bi2Te3-SL Module
0.170.170.180.38[ W / g ]Output per unit of weight
0.340.360.301.04[ W / cm 2]Output per unit of surface area
115821440[ gm ]Weight
7.5 x 7.56.3 x 6.32.9 x 2.93.7 x 3.9[ cm ]Width × height
19.014.02.515.0[ W ]Output
580.84.2[ A ]Current
[3.8]1.73.33.6[ V ]Voltage
30303020[°C ]Temperature on low-temperature side
230230230500[°C ]Temperature on high-temperature side
Large type
Midsize type
Compact type
Giga Topaz TM
Modules currently on the marketToshiba Giga
TopazTM
moduleUnits
Ref: http://kagakukan.toshiba.co.jp/en/06energy/new tech141.html
* Includes heat-sink carrier and all wire harness
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Japanese ProgramsJapanese Programs-- capturing high temperature waste heat capturing high temperature waste heat NEDONEDO –– New Energy and Industrial Technology Development OrganizationNew Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
• US$24M over 5 years– Transportation– Co-Generation– Industrial waste heat
• Goal:– Near term: practical demo– Advanced: 15%
• Completed March, 2007– Possible follow-on 2009– Partners may pursue
commercialization
[Kajikawa, Shonan Inst. Tech., Japan]
OTEC – Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (1980-2)Test Plant – 500 TEG modules [Uemura, ITTJ]
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Temperature Range of Modules & Application Systems
T (K)300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100Temperature
Modules
Systems
Bi-Te
Skutterdite
Zn-Sb
Silicide
Cascaded-Type
Trans.
Co-generation
Industrial Electric Heating Furnace
eco21
Komatsu
Ube/eco21/Komatsu
Ube
Yamaha/Toshiba
Toshiba
Ube/eco21/Komatsu
IHI
ProjectorYamaha
Komatsu
•Thermoelectric Programs in Japan: •NEDO Prof. Kajikawa, Shonan University
Oxides
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Financial Financial considerationsconsiderations
• Tiny world market for TE power generation– US $ 25-50M/yr (full systems)– [Global Thermoelectric]
• World market for cooling modules– US $ 200-250M/yr (modules)
• New engineering beginning to appear in marketplace
– Amerigon (car seat cooler/heater)– Micropelt (miniature devices)
• Recent materials R&D (ZT) has yet to reach the marketplace
– A few are close, for cooling– Nextreme (thin film, based on high ZT)– GMZ Energy (2008, nano/bulk materials)
Market Distribution for TE Cooling Modules. [Komatsu-2007]
TE business today is TE business today is mainly coolingmainly cooling
Nextreme (left) thin-film TE cooler and MicroPelt (right) 4” Bi2Te3 thin-film TE wafer.
500 W TEG, natural gas pipeline, Peru [LeSage, Global Thermoelectric]
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Market development Market development --coolingcooling
N/AInternalAmerigon1998
N/AKleiner-PerkinsGMZ
Energy2008
*N/A = Not Available, Blue = New, higher ZT technologies
$14.9MFeddersMelcor1992
N/AFerroTecTeledyne (Telan)
2003
$8.5MStartup (folded
2008)Nanocoolers2003
$31MII-VI Inc.Marlow2004
$8MRTI/StartupNextreme2005
$20MLairdMelcor2005
N/AFerroTecNord2005
N/AFraunhofer/InfinionMicropelt2006
Investment
InvestorCompanyYear
Investments In Thermoelectric Companies
• Manufacturers in China and Former Soviet Union have emerged as low cost suppliers
– China: Fuxin Electronics, Hui Mao, HiCool, Hangzhou Jianhua Semiconductor Cooler, Hebei IT Shanghai, Taicang TE Cooler, and Taihuaxing Trading/Thermonamic Electronics.
– Fuxin reported sales US$50M.– Former Soviet Union: Thermion, Altec,
Kryotherm, Nord, Osterm, RIF Corp., RMT, Thermix, and ADV-Engineering.
High(er) ZT materials not yet commercial
0
10
20
30
40
50
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95Year
US
$/W
att
Price per Watt of cooling in 1993 US$ [Buist-1993]
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Thermoelectric coolingThermoelectric cooling
Water/Beer Cooler
Cooled Car Seat
Electronic Cooling
Cryogenic IR Night Vision
Laser/OE Cooling
TE
Si bench
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Thermoelectric cooling for Telecom Thermoelectric cooling for Telecom
• Melcor, Marlow and many other TE manufacturers provide coolers specifically designed for Telecom laser-cooling applications
From Melcor, http://www.melcor.com
Higher ZT = better, cheaper
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Thermoelectric cooling for automotive Thermoelectric cooling for automotive applicationsapplications-- air condition,…air condition,…
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TE Power GenerationTE Power Generation
TE power generation (actual + studies) cover > 12 orders of magnitude
ENERGY scale
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Abundance of Thermal Energy in IndustrialAbundance of Thermal Energy in IndustrialWaste Heat Waste Heat ((egeg: Japan; Ref: Toshiba Corp.): Japan; Ref: Toshiba Corp.)
• Low grade heat in one sector - 130 Tcal/yr – equivalent to 250 Million Pounds of CO 2
• Capturing low-grade waste heat into useful power is intrinsically a difficult thermodynamic problem (Carnot Efficiency ~ ( ∆∆∆∆T/Thot ))
Wasted Energy as a Function of Temperature Range from Industrial Environment
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
<100C 100C-150C
150C-200C
200C-250C
250C-300C
300C-350C
350C-400C
400C-450C
450C-500C
>500C
Temperature Range of Waste Heat
Ter
a C
alor
ies
per y
ear ~130 Tcal/Year of Low-
grade Thermal Energy Remains Untapped
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Com
bust
ion 38%
Engine
Vehicle Operation
100%
33% Exhaust
Gas
24% Coolant
5% Friction & Radiated
33%Mobility &
Accessories
Gas
olin
e
Gas
olin
eD
iese
l
Waste heatWaste heat -- automotive application automotive application Heat Distribution in VehiclesHeat Distribution in Vehicles
Exhaust is the most promising source.
In some cases, coolant too.
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Diesel Engine Schematic of Thermo-Siphon Type Heat Recovery TE System
Thermoelectric Power Generation System Thermoelectric Power Generation System for Diesel Engine Cofor Diesel Engine Co --Generation SystemGeneration System
TE Element
Cooling Water
Exhaust Gas
HighEfficiency
Condenser
CoolingPlate
Tubes
HighEfficiency
EvaporatorFlorinat
773K
413K
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Thermoelectric Power Generation System Thermoelectric Power Generation System using rejected heat from Electric Transformerusing rejected heat from Electric Transformer
�‰�W�G� [�^
Š Ş� ü
�‰�W�G� [�^� t�@� “
Radiator
Winding
Fan
Schematic of Electric Transformer
Tank
TE Power Generation Unit
DuctRadiator
Demonstrated system
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Woodstove Woodstove –– Third World, but …..Third World, but …..
Solar energy Solar energy harvestingharvesting
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Philips Research – Woodstove
• Paul van der Sluis• Philips Research Eindhoven,
The Netherlands• 400 million stoves world wide
market• Pilot of 1000 pieces in India• TEG powers fan
• Recharges ignition battery• Powers fan – improved
combustion
Power Outage or Off-Grid Power / Keep a 12 Volt Battery Fully
Charged!