applications and utilization of the ice crack classification system in an era of global climate...
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Applications and Utilization Applications and Utilization of the of the
Ice Crack Classification Ice Crack Classification SystemSystem
in in an Era of Global Climate an Era of Global Climate
ChangeChange Lloyd Mitchell Ph.D., M.P.H., R.S.Lloyd Mitchell Ph.D., M.P.H., R.S.
Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City State University
Dept. of Health and Physical EducationDept. of Health and Physical Education
Purposes Purposes
To assist in:To assist in: Arctic and Antarctic studies,Arctic and Antarctic studies, ocean, lake, & ice road transportation ocean, lake, & ice road transportation
planning, planning, planetary studies. planetary studies.
Purpose 1Purpose 1To assist in:To assist in:
Arctic and Antarctic studies; global scienceArctic and Antarctic studies; global science
Purpose 2Purpose 2To assist in:To assist in: ocean, lake, &ocean, lake, & ice road transportation planningice road transportation planning
All Images FromIce Road Truckers
Image Gallery Unless Otherwise Noted
Collage and Image Above FromCrowley , Inc., Alaska
Images: Lloyd Mitchell ©2008
Purpose 3Purpose 3To assist in:To assist in: planetary studies planetary studies
Ice Cracks on Europa All Images ©NASA
Above: R. Mars, L. Ice Ridges on EuropaBelow: Earth Orbiting Satellites
Ice CracksIce Cracks: : Important Important Scientific FactsScientific Facts You Should You Should
Know!Know!1. Ice1. Ice cracks! cracks!
2. Ice is a2. Ice is a mineral! mineral!
3. All minerals have a 3. All minerals have a specific atomic structurespecific atomic structure. .
4. Minerals fracture according to universal 4. Minerals fracture according to universal fracturing processes determined its fracturing processes determined its specific specific atomic structureatomic structure. .
5.Therefore, ice’s fracturing process results in 5.Therefore, ice’s fracturing process results in unique and predictable crack unique and predictable crack
configurationsconfigurations based upon based upon ice’s ice’s specific atomic structurespecific atomic structure. .
Atomic StructureAtomic Structure
Ice assumes related crystalline structures, more than any other known material: Ice I – Ice XIV, (Ice IX mentioned Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle.)
Two closely related variants of ice I: 1. Ih (normal), Hexagonal Ice, hexagonal symmetry, and 2. Ic (cold below 140°K), Cubic Ice, crystal structure similar to
diamond
Amorphous ice: made by depositing water vapor onto a substrate at lower temperatures …below 140K!
Atomic Structure: A Closer Atomic Structure: A Closer LookLook
A. Each oxygen atom surrounded by four other oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement
B. Bernal-Fowler rules: Hydrogen atoms in ice are arranged following Bernal-Fowler rules:
1. two protons close (about 0.98A) to each oxygen atom, like free water molecule
2. each H20 molecule oriented so the two protons point toward two adjacent oxygen atoms
3. only one proton between two adjacent oxygen atoms
4. under ordinary conditions large number of possible configurations is equally probable
C. Cold: Colder Temps = configuration changes
D. Distance: Distance between oxygen atoms is approximately 2.75 Angstroms.
Data Collection by Agencies:Data Collection by Agencies:Three Basic CategoriesThree Basic Categories
Sea IceSea Ice National Snow and Ice Data CenterNational Snow and Ice Data Center National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration Canadian Ice ServiceCanadian Ice Service
Lake IceLake Ice National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Oceanic and Atmospheric
AdministrationAdministration
Planetary IcePlanetary Ice National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration
Data Collection & Analysis: Sea Data Collection & Analysis: Sea IceIce
Cells + Grids = Maps:
Sea Ice Often Studied in Cells
Cells Put Together in Large Grids
Grids Put Together to Create Maps
<-Remote Sensing:
Grids Critical In Data Observations
Model Used by National Snow and Ice Data Center,University of Colorado
Data Collection & Analysis: Data Collection & Analysis: Lake IceLake Ice
A Critical Canadian-U.S. Joint VentureA Critical Canadian-U.S. Joint Venture Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory: Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory:
NOAANOAA
and theand the Canadian Ice ServiceCanadian Ice Service
Ice AtlasIce Atlas Digitalized Ice Charts:Digitalized Ice Charts:
First Ice, Last Ice, & Ice DurationFirst Ice, Last Ice, & Ice Duration Daily Ice Cover Time SeriesDaily Ice Cover Time Series Weekly Ice Cover StatisticsWeekly Ice Cover Statistics Real Time Ice Cover DataReal Time Ice Cover Data
Example at Right: 04 February 08 ->Example at Right: 04 February 08 ->
DataData CollectionCollection && Analysis:Analysis:
PlanetaryPlanetary IceIce NASA World’s Lead Data Collection AgencyNASA World’s Lead Data Collection Agency Data Collection Value for Ice VariesData Collection Value for Ice Varies
Earth ObservationsEarth Observations Life and Origins of UniverseLife and Origins of Universe Terraforming and Planetary ColonizationTerraforming and Planetary Colonization Resource Exploitation Resource Exploitation Product Commercialization i.e. Jupiter Ice Water!Product Commercialization i.e. Jupiter Ice Water!
Ice CracksIce Cracks Assist Climate Change StudiesAssist Climate Change Studies Analyze Meteoric ImpactsAnalyze Meteoric Impacts Observation and Imaging of Ice Cracks, and …Observation and Imaging of Ice Cracks, and … Artistic Interpretation of Ice Crack Geomorphology Artistic Interpretation of Ice Crack Geomorphology -->-->
Back-and-forth shearing forces may create heat
that turns ice into water vapour on Saturn's moon Enceladus
© NASA JPL
DataData CollectionCollection && Analysis:Analysis: Non-Non-AgencyAgency
Non-ProfitNon-Profit United States of America FoundationsUnited States of America Foundations Canadian, British, Euro FoundationsCanadian, British, Euro Foundations World TrustsWorld Trusts
Variable FundingVariable Funding ConsortiaConsortia International GroupsInternational Groups
CorporateCorporate Oil (U.S., Dutch)Oil (U.S., Dutch) Transportation (Greek, Norwegian)Transportation (Greek, Norwegian)
PrivatePrivate
DataData CollectionCollection && Analysis:Analysis: Non-Non-AgencyAgency Non-ProfitNon-Profit
United States of America FoundationsUnited States of America Foundations Charles Lindberg FoundationCharles Lindberg Foundation Koch Family FoundationKoch Family Foundation
Canadian, British, Euro FoundationsCanadian, British, Euro Foundations European Foundation CentreEuropean Foundation Centre
World TrustsWorld Trusts Pew Charitable TrustsPew Charitable Trusts
Variable FundingVariable Funding ConsortiaConsortia International GroupsInternational Groups AcademiaAcademia
Friends of Scott Polar Research Friends of Scott Polar Research GroupGroup
CorporateCorporate Oil (U.S., Dutch)Oil (U.S., Dutch)
Shell Oil Company FoundationShell Oil Company Foundation Transportation (Greek, Norwegian)Transportation (Greek, Norwegian)
Onassis FoundationOnassis Foundation PrivatePrivate
Lloyd W. Mitchell Jr. FundLloyd W. Mitchell Jr. Fund SelfSelf
IPY 2008: Results IPY 2008: Results All Ice Crack Studies Come All Ice Crack Studies Come
Together!Together!Upper Left: Resonance Fracturing
Lower Left: Tidal & Wind Action Fracturing
Center Left: Wind Action Blow Off (Enceladus,
Saturn)
Lower Right: Canadian, Greenland, American Ice
Center Right: Europa Ice Crack Formation
Upper Right: Alaskan Mega Crack
Ice Crack Classification Ice Crack Classification SystemSystem
NameName FeatureFeature Ice TypeIce TypeLinearLinear Straighter or slightly Straighter or slightly
curvedcurvedSea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
LightningLightning Bolt likeBolt like Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
ArchedArched Archway likeArchway like Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
Multi-Multi-ArchedArched
Two or more arches Two or more arches combinedcombined
Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
HoneycomHoneycombb
Found only on surface iceFound only on surface ice Primarily Primarily LakeLake
CommonCommon
JaggedJagged Sawtooth likeSawtooth like Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
RidgeRidge Above GroundAbove Ground SeaSea Very Very RareRare
MarriedMarried Varies:Varies: AnyAny TwoTwo oror MoreMore
Forms Forms Sea, LakeSea, Lake RareRare
MirrorMirror Any One TypeAny One Type LakeLake Very Very RareRare
ParallelParallel Any One TypeAny One Type Sea, LakeSea, Lake RareRare
NetworkNetwork Crack Network Crack Network CombinationCombination
Sea, LakeSea, Lake ****
RadiantRadiant Impact crater or hole Impact crater or hole Sea , LakeSea , Lake **
Ice Crack Classification Ice Crack Classification SystemSystem
NameName FeatureFeature Ice TypeIce Type
LinearLinear Straighter or slightly curvedStraighter or slightly curved Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
LightningLightning Bolt likeBolt like Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
ArchedArched Archway likeArchway like Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
Multi-Multi-ArchedArched
Two or more arches Two or more arches combinedcombined
Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
HoneycomHoneycombb
Found only on surface iceFound only on surface ice Primarily Primarily LakeLake
CommonCommon
JaggedJagged Sawtooth likeSawtooth like Sea, LakeSea, Lake CommonCommon
RidgeRidge Above GroundAbove Ground SeaSea Very Very RareRare
MarriedMarried Varies: Any Two or More Varies: Any Two or More Forms Forms
Sea, LakeSea, Lake RareRare
MirrorMirror Any One TypeAny One Type LakeLake Very Very RareRare
ParallelParallel Any One TypeAny One Type Sea, LakeSea, Lake RareRare
NetworkNetwork Crack Network CombinationCrack Network Combination Sea, LakeSea, Lake ****
RadiantRadiant Impact crater or hole Impact crater or hole Sea , LakeSea , Lake **
Thank You, Mr. Robert Wu,National Science Foundation’s Official Ice Crack Photographer
All Images Made Possible With A Grant From TheNational Science Foundation
Critical Crack Ecology: Marine Critical Crack Ecology: Marine LifeLife
Life in the Cracks
Seals Hunt, Sometimes Kill, and Eat the Little Fish
Killer Whales Hunt, Sometimes Kill, and Eat the Seals, and…
Critical Crack Ecology: Critical Crack Ecology: HumansHumans
Critical Crack Ecology: Critical Crack Ecology: HumansHumans
All Photographs © Lloyd Mitchell 2008
Recommendations:Recommendations:Honor Your PastHonor Your Past
All Photographs © Lloyd Mitchell 2008
Recommendations: Recommendations: Prepare For Your FuturePrepare For Your Future
Photograph © Lloyd Mitchell 2008
And Don’t Forget…And Don’t Forget…
The Importance of Cracks…The Importance of Cracks…
Do You Want To BecomeDo You Want To BecomeA Crackologist?A Crackologist?
Contact Dr. Lloyd MitchellContact Dr. Lloyd Mitchell
Elizabeth City State UniversityElizabeth City State University
[email protected]@mail.ecsu.edu
252.335.3693252.335.3693
oror
[email protected]@yahoo.com
252.338.8899252.338.8899