application of nanotechnology, institute of engineers ,qatar chapter

CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED

Nanotechnology

&

Its Industrial

Applications

Dr. Narendra Kumar Agnihotra

TCE QSTP-LLC, Doha, Qatar


Greek word “Nano” means “Dwarf”

1 Nanometer = 10-9 meter

1 billion nanometers (nm) make one meter

Virus are typically 75 times larger than a nm

DNA molecule is roughly 1 – 2.5 nm wide

Dimension of a small molecule like methane (CH4) ~ 0.5 nm

One human hair is around 100 thousand times thicker

What is Nano?


Nanometer Scale

Size Comparisons

An atom's nucleus is much smaller ~ 0.00001 nm


What is New in Nanotechnology ?

Control / manipulation of materials on an atomic / molecular scale

- Normally dealing with sizes of 1 to 100 nanometers

- Fabrication of device / system within the nanometer length scale

Nanotechnology is Engineering with molecules and atoms

New behavior at nanoscale is not necessarily predictable from what

we know at macroscales

• Physical

• Chemical

• Electrical

• Mechanical

• Optical

• Magnetic

• - - - - -

Unique Properties of

Nanoscale Materials


Devic

e s

ize (

nm

)

Time

100 -

109 -

Nanotechnology: Self-

assembly, Growth,

Precision engineering

How can we achieve nanoscale ?

Possibilities:

- Bottom Up Approach

- Top-down Approach


For example, 5 cubic centimeters ~1.7 cm per side of material divided 24

times will produce 1 nanometer cubes and spread in a single layer could cover a

football field

Nanoscale ≈ High Surface Area


Size Dependence of Properties

• Delocalization of valence electrons can be extensive. The extent of delocalization

can vary with the size of the system

• Structure also changes with size

• The above two changes can lead to different physical and chemical properties,

depending on size

• Optical properties

• Bandgap (for semiconductors such as ZnO, CdS, and Si, bandgap

changes with size)

• Surface reactivity

• Specific heat

Nanocrystalline materials are higher than their bulk counterparts

Pd: 48% from 25 to 37 J/mol.K at 250 K for 6 nm crystalline

Cu: 8.3% from 24 to 26 J/mol.K at 250 K for 8 nm

Ru: 22% from 23 to 28 J/mol.K at 250 K for 6 nm

• Melting point


Smaller Size of Gold Particle

Gold Particles at Nano Scale

Well! . . . . strange things happen at the small scale – If you keep cutting

until the gold pieces are in the nanoscale range, they don‟t look gold

anymore… They look RED!

Melting point of Bulk gold 1064oC.

But, at nanoscale gold melts at 300oC !!!


Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

CNTs are a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1 nm

Extraordinary properties:

Electrical conductivity higher than copper

Very high current carrying capacity

(107 - 109 A/cm2)

Young‟s modulus over 1 T Pa

As stiff as diamond

Tensile strength ~ 200 GPa

Single wall CNTDouble wall CNT


Unexplained Properties

Silver / gold nanoparticles are less effective as disinfectants in their bulk form

Development of antibacterial, water purifiers, food / drink packaging materials

etc.

Some scientist defined these effects as an

oligodynamic effect but, some mechanisms are not

appropriate to define the cause of antiviral and

antibacterial effects

Gold ash Silver nanoparticles

with water

“Swarna Bhasma” (gold ash) nourishes the body and cures psychic disorders,

apasmaram (epilepsy)


„Surface science‟ is a mature science. But the application of

nanotechnology provides it with new directions and dimensions

Influence of Nanotechnology


Dr. Richard Feynman

1959…"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"

Evolution of Nanotechnology?

1974… Norio Taniguchi uses term “Nano-technology”

1981… Invention of Scanning

Tunneling Microscopy

Dr. Gerd Binnig &

Dr. Heinrich at

IBM Zurich Research Lab

1977… Prof. Eric Drexler originates Molecular

Nanotechnology concepts and later wrote a book

“Engines of Creation” in 1986

STM

First breakthrough experiment

by IBM researcher Dr. Don Eigler


1985

Discovery of Fullerene, C60

Prof. Richard Smalley, Dr. Robert Curl & Dr. Harold

Kroto at Rice University

1986

Invention for Atomic Force

Microscope by Dr. Gerd Binnig

1991

Discovery of Carbon Nanotubes

Japanese physicist Prof. Sumio Iijima

2005

Graphene, one-atom-thick planar sheets

Prof. Andre Geim and Dr. Konstantin Novoselov

AFM

More Milestones………..

Fullerene, C60

Graphene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley


Maya Blue (Maya civilization) AD 500

hybrid organic and inorganic pigment,

to decorate pots, sculpture, codices and panels.

Combination of ingredients-

Indigo plant and Palygorskite ore - circa150 - 200oC

Chinese Porcelain known as famille rose contains

gold particles 20-60 nm size

Gold salt with Tin Chloride

Mural at Bonampak,

Chiapas, Mexico

Is Nanotechnology New ?

Porcelain Plates

Purple of Cassius

The Lycurgus Cup

in British Museum

The Lycurgus cup is dichroic;

- an opaque greenish-yellow tone,

- Light shines turns it into a ruby colour

http://andrewbaseman.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/IMG_7483_2.jpg

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Goldrubinglas_Schatzkammer_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg

http://www.frogheart.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/redLycurgusl.jpg

http://www.frogheart.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/greenLycurgus.jpg


Gupta era Iron Pillar

(400-420 AD)

7 metres tall made of

98% pure wrought iron

Rustless Wonder Smelted iron with tiny amount of foreign matter

(V, Cr, Mg, Co, Ni & some rare elements)

Characteristic wavy pattern known as damask

Extraordinary mechanical properties

Exceptionally sharp cutting edge

Damascan knife / blade

Wonders in Iron & Steel


Applications of Nanotechnology


Energy Industry

We need revolutionary breakthroughs in energy science & technology

• Light weighted materials for turbine

• Ceramic and intermetallic nanocoatings

• Metallic components from corrosion

• Increase life of components

• Increasing the output

• Reducing the energy consumption

Energy distribution

Coal & Gas Based Power Plants

High voltage transmission

• Nanofillers for electrical isolation systems

• Soft magnetic nano-materials for efficient

current transform

• CNT power lines ;Superconducting cables

Conventional Energy


Photovoltaic Solar Cells/Solar Thermal Energy

Nanomaterials, thin films, DSC, Concentrating solar cells

Wind Energy

Nano-composite based Light weighted blades

Geothermal

Nano coatings /composites for wear and

resistant drilling

Biomass Energy

Nano catalysts/ sensors for optimum yield

Hydrogen Generation

Nanocatalyst and new process Electrolysis,

Photo-catalytic, Biophotonic

Fuel cells/Storage Batteries

Nano-optimized membranes/electrode,

Nano-porous,nanolayered structures

Alternative Energy


Oil & Gas Industry

Better Equipment

Nanomaterials : Lighter, stronger, and more corrosion-resistant

structural materials in platforms for offshore drilling

Graphene: Nano structured filters, Nano membranes; remove volatile

organic compounds from oil vapor and mercury from soil and water

Smart Fluids/Nano fluids

New Sensors for Improving Exploration

Reliable/economical sensors from optical fibers for measuring

temperature, pressure, oil-flow rate and acoustic waves in oil wells

Explore more oil reserves

Improve properties of crude oil in the reservoir- density,

surface tension, reduce interfacial tension, viscosity etc

Improved oil recovery (IOR)/EOR

Properties can be changed by applying an electric field / magnetic field


Electronics & Communication Industry

CNT quantum wire interconnects

Diodes and transistors for computing

Data Storage (Hard Disk, Flash drive etc)

Capacitors

Sensors

Flat panel displays

Wireless Technology


Glass Industry

TiO2 is used in nanoparticles form to coat glazing for sterilizing and anti-fouling

Fire-protective glass, Smooth Rubbing, Anti-scratch , Anti-Fingerprint

Thermochromic technologies

block light and heat coming in through windows

prevent UV rays

Thin film coatings, to prevent visibility in night in building

Electrochromic coatings, tungsten oxide; becoming more opaque when

applied voltage


Building & Construction Industry

Ceramic Coating (stainz-free/anti-microbial - water savings & hygienic)

Humidity, high temp, dust damages the surface and paints, wall putty, coating

Cement at nano scale reinforcement of concrete in batter way

Nano Paints can protect the building for long period of time

Water Proof Paints, Self-cleaning Building

Anti-graffiti Paints

Anti-graffiti

Paints


Nanotechnology will make transportation safer, faster and cheaper

Anti fog Glasses for Aircraft, Ships & Cars

Eco-friendly fuels (GTL)

Less fuel consumption (fuel additives like CeO2)

Nanographite, Nanosilica for rubber gasket /sealants

Nano ceramic breaks are used for SUV vehicle

Carbon black nanoparticles used as a filler to reinforce car tyres

Transport Industry


Natural Nano Products

Nature takes brittle materials, forms them together to make very strong

and beautiful products


Stain-resistance fabrics

Anti-bacterial fabrics

No body odor

No need to wash socks daily

Heat resistive

Cool in summer and warm in

winter

Wrinkle free textile

No need to iron

Textile Industry

Lotus Effect

Lotus leaf


Taste of peanut butter/mayonize is affected by particle size

Extremely fine amorphous silica is added to control the ketchup flow

Portable instruments for checking fat, Na, Allergic substance in food

Smart packaging of food

Nanocapsules food for Astronomers

Agriculture & Food Industry

Genetically modified seeds

Molecular treatment of diseases

Rapid disease detection

Improving nutrients /fertilizers for high yield


Sports Industry

Wilson Nano Tennis Racquet

- Made With Nanotechnology

Thin, flexible and fracture-resistant and durable sports utilities

Montreal Sports Oy developed new composite stick

60 -70% better impact resistant than the traditional composite stick


Application of various personal care and cosmetics products, such

as sunscreens, anti-aging creams, toothpastes, hair care and perfumes

Nano sized TiO2 and SiO2 have strong absorption of ultra violet rays

Cosmetic Industry


Highly sophisticated cameras/sensors/radar system technology

to capture abnormal activities at the border

Fire resistant cloths, high quality bullet proof jackets

Strong and Light weighted military vehicles

Light weight sophisticated weapons, anti-missiles

Lighter metals/composites artifacts to carry in the war zone

Defense & Security Industry


Technique : Replica molding , Embossing, Microcontact printing: transfers

pattern from the stamp at contact regions with the surface

Soft Lithography

Non-photolithographic strategy based on self-assembly and replica molding for

carrying out micro and nanofabrication

Nanoimprint


Drug delivery

- Targeted delivery, controlled release (either timed or in response to

an external signal)

BioSenser

- Incorporating sensors would allow release of drugs

Nano robot for Brain surgery

- for brain surgery

Cancer Therapy

- Fe2O3 nanoparticles used for cancer treatment

Nano Robot s

Cancer Cells

Biomedical Industry

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http://www.jabulela.com/files/media/nanorobot_7.jpg