APPLE INSECT MANAGEMENT

Rick Weinzierl Weinzierl Fruit and Consulting, LLC raweinzierl@gmail.com 217-621-4957

January 2018

Key Topics

•Changes in insecticide registrations and labels

•Updates on major established and invasive pests, with seasonal pest management recommendations

Changes in Insecticide Recommendations •No longer labeled … still can use existing supplies •Belt for Lepidopteran control •Calypso for Lepidopteran control •Renounce (a.i. cyfluthrin still available as Baythroid)

•Additions •Sivanto … a neonicotinoid for use against rosy apple aphid and

“green” aphids in apples (14). •Closer … a neonicotinoid for aphid and leafhopper control in

apples (7) and peaches (7)

•Pending •Status of cyclaniliprole (Verdepryn … formerly slated to be

known as Harvanta) registrations … still progressing • For control of plum curculio, Leps in apples and peaches, and SWD • Same mode of action as Altacor and Exirel • Fairly low toxicity to bees (important for small fruit uses for spotted

wing Drosophila control)

Page 35 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

Apple Miticide Efficacy: Page 35 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

Page 135-137 of the 2017 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide …

•Observations in 2017, with relevant reports from Great Lakes EXPO … •European red mites in peaches and apples … why? •Brown marmorated stink bug and other stink bugs •Codling moth

European red mite

Possible reasons for European red mite outbreaks

•Favored by dry conditions … but outbreaks underway by early June, and conditions had not been very dry before then

•Disruption of natural control by insecticides that kill predator mites … pyrethroids in peaches (bit this is common, and in most years we don’t see red mite outbreaks

• Increased population growth rates for red mite populations exposed to repeated applications of Assail

•???

Managing European red mite •Prebloom applications of superior oil, 2% by volume

(apples and peaches)

•Avoid use of Sevin as a thinner in apples

•Avoid use of Assail for early season codling moth control in apples or OFM control in peaches

•Do not use pyrethroids in apples

•Use alternatives to pyrethroids for stink bug and plant bug control in peaches

•Use effective miticides if infestations exceed 5 mobile mites per leaf before mid-July

•Rotate miticides with different modes of action from year to year

Miticides for European red mite control in apples and peaches.

Miticide IRAC Code Pre-harvest Interval (Days)

Apple Peach

Acramite Un 7 3

Agri-Mek 6 28 Not labeled

Apollo 10A 45 21

Apta 21A Not labeled 14

Envidor 23 7 7

Kanemite 20B 14 Not labeled

Nealta 25 7 Not labeled

Nexter 21A 25 7

Onager / Savey 10A 28 7

Portal 21A 14 7

Zeal 10B 14 7

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (and other stink bugs) • Halyomorpha halys

• Introduced (NOT intentionally) from Asia, first detected in Allentown, PA, in 1998

• Some crop damage in IL in 2015 , 2016, and 2017

• Overwinters as an adult, aggregates in large numbers in homes and other shelters

• Expect 2 generations per year in IL

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

• Feeds on a variety of host plants • Ornamental shrubs (butterfly bush, viburnum, rose) • Ornamental trees (crabapple, walnut, maple, redbud) • Vegetables (sweet corn, tomato, green bean, asparagus, pepper) • Fruits (pear, pear, apple, cherry, grape, raspberry) • Agronomic crops (soybean, corn)

•Highly mobile and easily switches hosts • Like other stink bugs, BMSB sucks plant

juices with its beak causing plant injury •Where established, can be a continuous

problem throughout the season; difficult to control with insecticides

From Rutgers and Penn State research … • Activity begins mid-April to early May

… maybe earlier.

• DD models under development

• Sample by limb-taps, plant observations, or traps • Most active at tops of trees, may be

easier to sample on cloudy days • Nymphs most active at night

• Traps baited with Trécé BMSB Dual lure (aggregation pheromone that attracts males and females and nymphs) or a Rescue lure may aid detection; expect concentration of damage in adjacent tree(s)

Notes on BMSB control

•Border sprays seem to be adequate for blocks up to 10 acres in size •Treat outer 2 rows and end trees, especially by

wooded borders

•Pyrethroids and neonicotinoids are generally most effective •Late season (August – October) infestations and damage can increase rapidly

Selected BMSB Insecticides by Crop

Among OMRI products, Venerate has been most effective (Nielson, Rutgers).

http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/michigan_brown_marmorated_stink_bug_report_for_oct_5_2016

Codling Moth Management •Mature larvae overwinter in hibernacula on trunks and limbs

• First flight begins at about 250 DD after January 1

•Use traps baited with CML2 lures replaced on 8-week intervals to determine the start of consistent flight (= biofix)

•Egg hatch begins ~240 DD (base 50F) after biofix

• Insecticides that kill eggs should be applied by ~100 DD after biofix; Rimon falls in this category

• Insecticides that kill larvae before they enter fruit should be applied by 240 DD after biofix; these include Altacor, Assail, and Delegate

• 2 or more successive applications are required to span first generation … retreat at 14-day intervals or after rainfall

2nd and 3rd Generation Codling Moth Management

•Use first generation biofix date and time sprays at • 1340 DD and 1525 DD after first generation biofix to control 2nd generation larvae

• 2440 DD and 2625 DD after first generation biofix to control 3rd generation larvae

OR, better …

•Continue to use traps baited with CML2 lures, and whenever traps are catching an average of 3-5 moths per week or more, plan to have a cover spray on the fruit when eggs are hatching 240 DD later

•Rotation? Use one insecticide for first generation, a different one (in a different IRAC group) for second generation, and yet a different one for third generation

•Obey PHI restrictions

Using mating disruption for codling moth control …

•Available codling moth mating disruption products (dispensers) include Isomate C-Plus, Isomate CM Flex, Isomate CM/OFM TT, No-Mate CM, and CheckMate CM. Application rates and longevity of control differ by product … more point sources per acre are always better

•Placement of a significant portion of the dispensers in the top 1/3 of the canopy is essential for success

•Work best in larger orchards; minimum recommended block size is usually 2-5 acres.

•Use pheromone traps to assess success and time supplemental sprays …use Pherocon CM-DA Combo + AA lures in mating disruption orchards

•Dispensers, traps, and lures available from Great Lakes IPM

Life histories of apple insects … what stage overwinters? How many generations per year?

Insect or Mite Overwintering Stage Generations per Year

European red mite Eggs on limbs 8 or more

San Jose Scale Immatures under scales on limbs

2

Stink bugs / Plant bugs Adults in ground cover, woods 2 or more

Plum curculio Adults in ground cover, woods 1 (2 in southern states)

Oriental Fruit Moth Mature larvae in cocoons on trees

3-5

Codling moth Mature larvae on trunks and branches

2-3

Dogwood borer Larvae in tunnels in burr knots 1

Life histories … when do infestations occur?

Insect or Mite Timing of infestations

European red mite Egg hatch begins around pink; numbers build over generations; thrive in hot, dry weather

San Jose Scale First generation mating occurs around bloom; crawlers start new infestations a few weeks later, around third cover. Second generation follows

Stink bugs / Plant bugs Adults become active as temps exceed 60 F

Plum curculio Adults become active around bloom; lay eggs into fruit shortly after petal fall

Oriental Fruit Moth First generation moth flight begins shortly before bloom; larvae hatch and tunnel into shoots; subsequent generations tunnel into fruit or shoots through fall

Codling moth First generation moth flight begins at bloom to petal fall; larvae of this and generations 2 and 3 tunnel into fruit

Dogwood borer Adults emerge May through September; larvae tunnel into burr knots

Time of occurrence … by DDs Insect or Mite Base

(oF) Timing of infestations

European red mite 50 Egg hatch begins at 150-175 DD after January 1 (pink); 350-400 DD/generation

San Jose Scale 51 Peak flight 250-300 DD after January 1; 1050 DD/generation

Brown marmorated stink bug

50 Adults become active 360 DD after January 1; 686 DD/generation … models still under development

Plum curculio 50 Egg-laying into fruit ENDS 308 DD after petal fall

Oriental Fruit Moth 45 First flight begins ~230 DD after January 1; ~965 DD/generation

Codling moth 50 First flight begins ~250 DD after January 1 (bloom to petal fall); ~1100 DD/generation

Dogwood borer 50 Variable. Hang traps by petal fall; expect first flight 250-850 DD after January 1; flight continues through September

Prebloom in apples… Oils at green tip to pink suffocate insect stages that are coated with spray

Dormant oil / superior oil at 2 percent by volume early, decreasing to 0.5 to 1 percent by volume at pink

Controls San Jose scale, European red mite eggs, and rosy apple aphid eggs

Successive applications of oil in this period improve control Not harmful to beneficials at this time. No cross-resistance or

resistance management issues May add Lorsban to improve scale and aphid control, but oil alone is

very effective … do NOT push Lorsban application too close to bloom to avoid bee kill

May add Esteem for increased scale control, but later application against crawlers is also effective

Timing by DDs … before 250 DD (base 51F) starting January 1 (before SJS adults are mature and males leave the scales to mate with females) … you will do that anyway if the sprays are applied before bloom

San Jose Scale •Immature stages overwinter under covering. Males fly to females and mate around bloom; females give birth to live nymphs under the protective cover of the scale. Crawlers become active a few weeks later. Superior oil prebloom, with or without Lorsban or Esteem. Centaur, Esteem, Movento, Diazinon, or Assail against crawlers (~3rd-4th cover after petal fall)

When the traps begin to catch males consistently, start accumulating degree-days using a 51˚F lower threshold and a 90˚F upper threshold. If it is needed, apply a treatment for crawlers around 400-450 DD after you catch the first SJS males (OR around 400-450 DD after the local codling moth biofix date OR ~650-700 DD starting January 1). Be aware that SJS traps may fail to catch any adults if weather is cold, rainy, or windy. Total generation time for San Jose scale is 1050 DD.

These DD accumulations start with “biofix” (= capture of males in traps). That occurs at roughly the same time as codling moth biofix, so …

Timing control of San Jose scale crawlers

DD Target Action taken when target reached

300 Place a piece of black tape, with sticky side out on an infested scaffold limb. Begin examining tape at least twice weekly for minute scale crawlers.

380-400 Crawler emergence should begin.

600-700 Maximum crawler movement. This is the best time for an insecticide spray.

Controlling San Jose scale crawlers in apples

Insecticide Effectiveness PHI

Admire Pro F 7

Assail F 7

Belay G 7

Centaur E 14

Diazinon F 21

Esteem E 45

Movento G 7

Plum Curculio

Assail, Avaunt, and Imidan are products of choice for PC control at petal fall (and sometimes first cover) but not very effective against stink bugs and plant bugs; avoid pyrethroids in apples because they trigger mite outbreaks.

First Generation Codling Moth Management •Mature larvae overwinter in hibernacula on trunks and limbs

• First flight begins at about 250 DD after January 1

•Use traps baited with CML2 lures replaced on 8-week intervals to determine the start of consistent flight (= biofix)

•Egg hatch begins ~240 DD (base 50F) after biofix

• Insecticides that kill eggs should be applied by ~100 DD after biofix; Rimon falls in this category

• Insecticides that kill larvae before they enter fruit should be applied by 240 DD after biofix; these include Altacor, Assail, and Delegate

• 2 or more successive applications are required to span first generation … retreat at 14-day intervals or after rainfall

2nd and 3rd Generation Codling Moth Management

•Use first generation biofix date and time sprays at • 1340 DD and 1525 DD after first generation biofix to control 2nd generation larvae

• 2440 DD and 2625 DD after first generation biofix to control 3rd generation larvae

OR, better …

•Continue to use traps baited with CML2 lures, and whenever traps are catching an average of 3-5 moths per week or more, plan to have a cover spray on the fruit when eggs are hatching 240 DD later

•Rotation? Use one insecticide for first generation, a different one (in a different IRAC group) for second generation, and yet a different one for third generation

•Obey PHI restrictions

Dogwood Borer

•Hang traps 4 feet above the ground!

•Moth emergence continues over most of the season.

• Insecticide applications are most effective if applied at first to peak egg hatch; first egg hatch is typically 7-10 days after the first moths are caught in traps, For southern Illinois, peak egg hatch usually occurs by mid-June.

•Use Lorsban Advanced, Lorsban 50W, or Lorsban 4E. Apply to trunk and lower branches but DO NOT apply to fruit or foliage. One application per year, 28-day PHI.

• Tree guards … provide habitat very conducive to dogwood borers’ survival and damage

Hang traps by petal fall; expect first flight 250-850 DD after January 1; flight continues through September.

European red mite outbreaks will be likely if pyrethroids are used for BMSB control

Miticide IRAC Code Pre-harvest Interval (Days)

Acramite Un 7

Agri-Mek 6 28

Apollo 10A 45

Envidor 23 7

Kanemite 20B 14

Nealta 25 7

Nexter 21A 25

Onager / Savey 10A 28

Portal 21A 14

Zeal 10B 14

Leafhoppers … Potato Leafhopper

•Migrate into the Midwest from southern states in late May and early June

•Adults and nymphs feed on foliage and inject a salivary toxin through their feeding stylets … toxin causes hopper burn (to apples, redbuds, potatoes, green beans, and other crops)

• Imidan or Assail used for plum curculio, codling moth, OFM, or other primary targets are effective if timing is right

•Actara, Belay, Lannate, Portal, Agri-Mek, and Centaur also are effective

•Altacor, Delegate, and Rimon do not prevent damage

Woolly Apple Aphid

•Colonies winter on roots

•Aphids move up and down trunks from spring through fall

• Illinois growers have used Lorsban at early pink … effective as residue on bark for a few weeks

•EPA regulatory action on Lorsban has been held put off (or dropped)

Woolly Apple Aphid

•David Biddinger, Penn State University: •Problems may be related in part to reductions in natural enemies where Rimon or Delegate is used • Insecticide choices: •Lorsban by ½-inch green in delayed dormant sprays •Diazinon when aphids first noticed above-ground •Movento – must include a penetrant … postbloom only •Admire Pro … postbloom only

•Especially susceptible varieties include Fuji, Rome, Greening, York, and Ginger Gold

Multi-year overview (CM resistance to OPs, etc.; no apple maggot):

Timing, Target Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Pre-bloom (scale, mites, aphids)

1-2% oil by volume; add Esteem if San Jose scale was a problem the previous year, add Lorsban for woolly apple aphid

Petal Fall (+ first cover?) – plum curculio

Imidan, Assail, or Avaunt

2nd – 4th Covers – 1st gen codling moth

Altacor Rimon Delegate

5th – 7th Covers – 2nd gen codling moth

Assail Altacor Rimon

8th - ? Covers – 3rd gen codling moth + late OFM

Delegate Assail Altacor

Sprays to control Japanese beetles or stink bugs

Assail or Sevin or Imidan against JB. Use Actara or Belay against stink bugs (or a pyrethroid such as Danitol or Warrior or mixture such as Leverage … but these will flare red mite infestations)

References, resources •2018 Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide •https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Pages/sfg_sprayguide.aspx

•Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News •http://ipm.illinois.edu/ifvn/

•Purdue’s Facts for Fancy Fruit •http://www.hort.purdue.edu/fff/fff.shtml

•Great Lakes IPM •http://www.greatlakesipm.com/