apple
DESCRIPTION
Operation: Annihilate!. KABOOM!!!. ANTI-APPLE. APPLE. Note to the teacher: This lesson and its companion lesson “ENERGY’S SPAWN” deal with the transformation of matter to energy (and energy to matter) using the formula E = mc 2 it is recommended that you go through - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
electron neutrino up quark down quark
![Page 4: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
electron neutrino up quark down quark
positron anti-neutrino anti-up quark anti-down quark
![Page 5: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
electron neutrino up quark down quark
positron anti-neutrino anti-up quark anti-down quark
![Page 6: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
*You will find a short tutorial on this formula in “Oh No!! Formulas!” in the
Background Materials:
![Page 11: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PREVIOUSLY, WE SAW WAYS IN WHICH PREVIOUSLY, WE SAW WAYS IN WHICH MATTER AND ANTIMATTER ARE SIMILARMATTER AND ANTIMATTER ARE SIMILAR
AND WAYS IN WHICH THEY DIFFER. AND WAYS IN WHICH THEY DIFFER.
INTERESTING THOUGH THAT MAY BE,INTERESTING THOUGH THAT MAY BE,IT DOESN’T REALLY EXPLAINIT DOESN’T REALLY EXPLAIN
WHY THERE IS SO MUCH OF A WHY THERE IS SO MUCH OF A FUSSFUSSABOUT ANTIMATTER.ABOUT ANTIMATTER.
TO GET AN IDEA OF WHAT WE ARE TALKING TO GET AN IDEA OF WHAT WE ARE TALKING ABOUT, HAVE A LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING ABOUT, HAVE A LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING
CLIP...CLIP...
![Page 12: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
From the film “Angels & Demons” (2009)
To see the video, click on the picture
![Page 13: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Who WROTE this stuff???
Who WROTE this stuff???
![Page 14: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
I’m going to have a little chat with
my agent…
I’m going to have a little chat with
my agent…
![Page 15: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
NOW, LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT NOW, LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT SOME OF THAT RIVETING DIALOGUE…SOME OF THAT RIVETING DIALOGUE…
(THE INTERESTING BITS ARE IN BLUE)(THE INTERESTING BITS ARE IN BLUE)
![Page 16: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vittoria Vetra: That canister contains an extremely combustible substance called antimatter. We need to locate it immediately or evacuate
Vatican City!
Cdr. Richter: I’m quite familiar with incendiaries, Miss Vetra. I’m unaware of antimatter being used as such.
Vittoria Vetra: Well, it’s never been generated in sufficient quantities before. It’s a way of studying the origins of the Universe...
…The antimatter is suspended there, in an airtight, nano-composite shell with electromagnets on each end. But if it were to fall out of suspension and come in contact with matter, say at the bottom of the canister, then the two opposing forces would annihilate one another, violently.
Cdr. Richter: And what might cause it to fall out of suspension?
Vittoria Vetra: The battery going dead. Which it will—just before midnight.
Cdr. Richter: What kind of annihilation? How violent?
Vittoria Vetra: A cataclysmic event. A blinding explosion equivalent to about five kilotons.
Robert Langdon: Vatican City will be consumed by light.
![Page 17: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ANTIMATTER + MATTER = ENERGY
![Page 20: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ANTIMATTER + MATTER = ENERGYLET’S LOOK AT THIS MORE CLOSELY FOR THE CASE OF
AN ELECTRON AND A POSITRON:
![Page 21: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ANTIMATTER + MATTER = ENERGYLET’S LOOK AT THIS MORE CLOSELY FOR THE CASE OF
AN ELECTRON AND A POSITRON:
electron
MATTER
![Page 22: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ANTIMATTER + MATTER = ENERGYLET’S LOOK AT THIS MORE CLOSELY FOR THE CASE OF
AN ELECTRON AND A POSITRON:
+
electron positron
MATTER ANTIMATTER+
![Page 23: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ANTIMATTER + MATTER = ENERGYLET’S LOOK AT THIS MORE CLOSELY FOR THE CASE OF
AN ELECTRON AND A POSITRON:
+
electron positron
twophotons
MATTER ANTIMATTER ENERGY+ =
![Page 24: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
IT IS VERY SIMPLE TO FIND OUT HOW MUCH ENERGY IS PRODUCED.
![Page 25: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WE NEED THE MASS OF
THE ELECTRON (me ) AND THE POSITRON (me+)
AND THE FORMULA
E = mc2
IT IS VERY SIMPLE TO FIND OUT HOW MUCH ENERGY IS PRODUCED.
![Page 26: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
WE NEED THE MASS OF
THE ELECTRON (me ) AND THE POSITRON (me+)
AND THE FORMULA
E = mc2
Let’s do a short calculation…
IT IS VERY SIMPLE TO FIND OUT HOW MUCH ENERGY IS PRODUCED.
![Page 27: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The masses of an electron and a positron are the same:
me- = me+ = 9.11 × 1031 kg
So the total mass of both particles is:
me- + me+ = m = 1.82 × 1030 kg
and, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s
So,
E = mc2 = 1.82 × 1030 × (3.00 × 108)2
E = 1.64 × 1013 J
![Page 28: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
THIS MEANS THAT THE MASS OF THE ELECTRON AND THE MASS OF THE POSITRON HAVE BEEN CONVERTED INTO TWO LITTLE PACKETS OF ENERGY, THE TWO PHOTONS,
EACH OF THEM CONTAINING 0.82 × 1013 JOULES OF ENERGY:
+
electron positron
9.11 × 1031 kg + 9.11 × 1031 kg
0.82 × 1013 J
0.82 × 1013 J
![Page 29: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
* The reasons for this go beyond the scope of this module, but it is to satisfy conservation of momentum requirements.
TO BE MORE ACCURATE, THE TWO PHOTONS MOVE OFF IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS AFTER THE ANNIHILATION*…
![Page 30: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
* The reasons for this go beyond the scope of this module, but it is to satisfy conservation of momentum requirements.
TO BE MORE ACCURATE, THE TWO PHOTONS MOVE OFF IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS AFTER THE ANNIHILATION*…
![Page 31: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
* The reasons for this go beyond the scope of this module, but it is to satisfy conservation of momentum requirements.
TO BE MORE ACCURATE, THE TWO PHOTONS MOVE OFF IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS AFTER THE ANNIHILATION*…
![Page 32: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
* The reasons for this go beyond the scope of this module, but it is to satisfy conservation of momentum requirements.
TO BE MORE ACCURATE, THE TWO PHOTONS MOVE OFF IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS AFTER THE ANNIHILATION*…
![Page 33: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
For information on the electron volt, see “Units!” in the Background Materials:
THE CALCULATION BECOMES MUCH SIMPLER IF, INSTEAD OF USING MASS UNITS (KILOGRAMS) AND JOULES, WE USE THE ENERGY UNITS MEGA ELECTRON VOLTS (MeV)
FOR ALL OF THE PARTICLES…
![Page 34: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
+
electron positron
0.51 MeV + 0.51 MeV
0.51 MeV
0.51 MeV
THE CALCULATION BECOMES MUCH SIMPLER IF, INSTEAD OF USING MASS UNITS (KILOGRAMS) AND JOULES, WE USE THE ENERGY UNITS MEGA ELECTRON VOLTS (MeV)
FOR ALL OF THE PARTICLES…
![Page 35: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
WE CAN EVEN FIND OUT IN WHAT FORM
THIS ENERGY IS BY USING
E = hf
![Page 36: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TAKING E = hf and rearranging in terms of f gives:
Hz
As an exercise, use to show that
the wavelength λ of the photon is 2.42 × 1012 m.
f E
h
f 0.82 10
- 13
6.63 10- 34
1.24 1020
E hc
![Page 37: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Frequencies of 1020 Hz (or wavelengths of 1012 m) are characteristic of
GAMMA RAYS (γ-rays)
![Page 38: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
f
Frequencies of 1020 Hz (or wavelengths of 1012 m) are characteristic of
GAMMA RAYS (γ-rays)
![Page 39: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
+
electron positron two γ-ray photons
![Page 42: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
5 KILOTONS OF WHAT?
LET’S ASSUME THAT THEY MEAN 5 KILOTONS OF TNT.
THIS LEADS TO AN INTERESTING LITTLE EXERCISE:
![Page 48: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
![Page 49: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
When 1 kiloton of TNT explodes, it gives roughly 4.2 × 1012 joules of energy.
So 5 kilotons would give 2.1 × 1013 joules.
Using E = mc2, calculate the total mass (antimatter + matter) required to obtain
2.1 × 1013 joules of energy.
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
![Page 50: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
When 1 kiloton of TNT explodes, it gives roughly 4.2 × 1012 joules of energy.
So 5 kilotons would give 2.1 × 1013 joules.
Using E = mc2, calculate the total mass (antimatter + matter) required to obtain
2.1 × 1013 joules of energy. (Answer: 0.00023 kg OR 0.23 g)
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
![Page 51: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
When 1 kiloton of TNT explodes, it gives roughly 4.2 × 1012 joules of energy.
So 5 kilotons would give 2.1 × 1013 joules.
Using E = mc2, calculate the total mass (antimatter + matter) required to obtain
2.1 × 1013 joules of energy. (Answer: 0.00023 kg OR 0.23 g)
What mass of antimatter is required?
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
![Page 52: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
When 1 kiloton of TNT explodes, it gives roughly 4.2 × 1012 joules of energy.
So 5 kilotons would give 2.1 × 1013 joules.
Using E = mc2, calculate the total mass (antimatter + matter) required to obtain
2.1 × 1013 joules of energy. (Answer: 0.00023 kg OR 0.23 g)
What mass of antimatter is required?(Answer: 0.00012 kg OR 0.12 g)
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
![Page 53: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
When 1 kiloton of TNT explodes, it gives roughly 4.2 × 1012 joules of energy.
So 5 kilotons would give 2.1 × 1013 joules.
Using E = mc2, calculate the total mass (antimatter + matter) required to obtain
2.1 × 1013 joules of energy. (Answer: 0.00023 kg OR 0.23 g)
What mass of antimatter is required?(Answer: 0.00012 kg OR 0.12 g)
If we assume that it is the annihilation of protons by antiprotons, how many antiprotons would be required?
![Page 54: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
WHAT TOTAL MASS OF ANTIMATTER + MATTER WOULD HAVE TO
ANNIHILATE TO GIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS 5 KILOTONS OF TNT?
When 1 kiloton of TNT explodes, it gives roughly 4.2 × 1012 joules of energy.
So 5 kilotons would give 2.1 × 1013 joules.
Using E = mc2, calculate the total mass (antimatter + matter) required to obtain
2.1 × 1013 joules of energy. (Answer: 0.00023 kg OR 0.23 g)
What mass of antimatter is required?(Answer: 0.00012 kg OR 0.12 g)
If we assume that it is the annihilation of protons by antiprotons, how many antiprotons would be required?
(Answer: 7.2 × 1022 antiprotons)
![Page 55: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Celebrity Socialite
![Page 60: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
anti-Celebrity Socialite
Celebrity Socialite
Of course, our anti-celebrity would not really look like this—it’s just used as an effect.
![Page 61: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: APPLE](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/5681337c550346895d9a8ab5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)