appendix i. telephone survey of public attitudes towards ......qual_sex8. honest and ethical...

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APPENDIX I.

Telephone Survey of Public Attitudes towards Female Political

Leadership

[Interviewer read out: We would like to ask about your views on social and political participation

in Hong Kong, such as becoming government officials, legislators, political party members,

community leaders, leaders in policy advocacy, non-official members serving on public sector

advisory and statutory bodies and so on.]

Desired Qualities of Political Leaders

[Interviewer read out]: In general, do you think each of the following characteristics is more true

for men, more true for women, or equally true for both?

1. More true for women

2. More true for men

3. Equally true for both

8. Don’t know

9. Refused to answer

[CATI: RANDOMISE ITEMS]

QUAL_SEX1. Competent

QUAL_SEX2. Compassionate

QUAL_SEX3. Visionary

QUAL_SEX4. Persuasive

QUAL_SEX5. Prioritising the public interest

QUAL_SEX6. Collaborative and working out compromises

QUAL_SEX7. Hard-working

QUAL_SEX8. Honest and ethical

QUAL_SEX9. Standing up for what they believe in despite political pressure

[Interviewer read out: In general, do you think female or male leaders are more capable of

dealing with the following issues?

1. Male leader is more capable

2. Female leader is more capable

3. No difference

8. Don’t know


QUAL_AREA1. Economics, finance, and trade

QUAL_AREA2. Security affairs

QUAL_AREA3. Social welfare (such as poverty alleviation, medical service)

QUAL_AREA4. Infrastructure and development

QUAL_AREA5. Environment

QUAL_AREA6. Education

QUAL_AREA7. Political reforms

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QUAL_AREA8. Labour issues

Perceptions of Gender Equality and Female Political Leadership in Hong Kong

PERCEPT1. In Hong Kong, do you think men or women generally make better political leaders?

1. Men

2. Women

3. No difference

8. Don’t know


PERCEPT1a. In Hong Kong, do you think men or women generally perform better as

community/grassroots leaders?

1. Men

2. Women

3. No difference

8. Don’t know


PERCEPT 1b. In Hong Kong, do you have greater confidence in the performance of female or male

members in the Legislative Council and District Councils?

1. More confidence in female council members

2. More confidence in male council members

3. Similar confidence in male and female council members

8. Don’t know


PERCEPT2. Do you think men or women leaders in Hong Kong have greater influence on social

and political issues?

1. Women have greater influence

2. Men have greater influence

3. No difference

8. Don’t know


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Barriers Faced by Women in Attaining Political Leadership

BAR1. In Hong Kong, do women or men face more challenges when attempting to attain higher

political leadership positions (e.g. Legislative Council members, senior government officials)?

1. More difficult for men

2. More difficult for women

3. No difference

8. Don’t know


[Interviewer read out: In Hong Kong, other than personal choices, do you think the following

factors prevent men or women from attaining political leadership?]

1. Obstacle for men

2. Obstacle for women

3. Obstacle for both men and women

4. Not an obstacle for either men or women

88. Don’t know


[CATI: RANDOMISE ITEMS]

BAR_W1. Traditional attitudes towards gender roles (e.g. “women are to take care of the

family while men are to work outside”)

BAR_W2. Domestic responsibilities

BAR_W3. Lack of confidence

BAR_W4. Lack of experience

BAR_W5. Lack of support from political parties and organisations

BAR_W6. Lack of support from family

BAR_W7. Lack of social network and connections

BAR_W8. Double standards between genders to prove themselves

Views on Policies to Increase Female Political Leadership

POLICY1. Around 20% of the Legislative Council and District Council members and 37% of

government officials on the directorate pay scale are women. Should we increase the proportion of

women in political leadership positions?

1. Yes

2. No

8. Don’t know


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[Interviewer read out: What should be done to increase women’s political leadership? Among the

following measures, which item(s) would you support?

1. Support

2. Do not support

3. Neither support or against

7. Insist not to answer these questions (do not read out)

8. Don’t know


POLICY1a. Make more female role models and mentors available

POLICY1b. Provide training for potential female leaders

POLICY1c. Implement family-friendly policies (e.g. maternity/paternal leave, subsidised care

services, flexible work arrangements, etc.)

POLICY1d. Encourage women to lean in for opportunities

POLICY1e. Improve gender awareness and talk openly about the issue of gender equality

POLICY1f. Require the nomination/candidacy lists to have a certain number of women

POLICY1g. Reserve a certain number of seats for women in the Legislative Council, District

Councils, and Government units

Others (do not read out)

POLICY2. If Hong Kong is to establish the above-mentioned quota system in the Government and

councils, in general what should be the percentage allotted to women?

1. 50% or higher

2. 40–49%

3. 30–39%

4. 20–29%

5. 10–19%

6. Below 10%

7. Do not agree (do not read out)

8. Don’t know


Sociodemographic Status

AGE. Which age group are you in?

1. 15–24

2. 25–34

3. 35–44

4. 45–54

5. 55–64

6. 65 or above


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SEX. What is your gender?

[Note to interviewer: don’t read out the options]

1. Male

2. Female

3. Other

MARITAL. What is your marital status at present?

1. Never married

2. Now married

3. Other

Cohabiting

Separated

Divorced

Widowed

8. Don’t know


EDU. What is the highest level of education you have attained?

1. Primary or below

2. Lower secondary (Form 1 to Form 3)

3. Upper secondary (Form 4 to Form 7)

4. Tertiary non-degree

5. Bachelor’s degree

6. Postgraduate (master’s or doctoral degree)

7. Other (please specify _______)

8. Don’t know


W1. Are you currently employed? If not, are you doing housekeeping, a student, retired or looking

for a job?

1. Employed

2. Housekeeping

3. Retired

4. Unemployed/looking for a job

5. Student

6. Other (please specify:______)


INCOME. What is your average monthly income?

[Note to interviewer: Read out options 1 to 5 only]

1. Less than HK$10,000

2. HK$10,000–19,999

3. HK$20,000–29,999

4. HK$30,000–49,999

5. HK$50,000 or above

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8. Unstable income


CHILD. Do you have any children aged 18 or under?

1. Yes

2. No

POL. Which political camp do you think best reflects your political orientation?

1. Pan-democrates

2. Moderate groups

3. Pro-establishment

4. Localist

6. (Do not read) None

7. (Do not read) Others (please specify)

8. (Do not read) Don’t know/hard to say

9. (Do not read) Refused to answer

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Web-based Survey of Public Attitudes towards Female Political Leadership

AGE. Which age group are you in?

1. 15–17 (Please answer CONSENT) 2. 18–24 3. 25–34 4. 35–44 5. 45–54 6. 55–64 7. 65 or above

CONSENT. If you are at the age of 15-17, did your parent/guardian consent to your participation in this survey?

1. I am under 18 and my parent/guardian consented to my participation in this survey (PROCEED TO SURVEY)

2. I am under 18 and my parent/guardian DID NOT consent to my participation in this survey (END SURVEY)

SEX. What is your gender? 4. Male 5. Female 6. Other

Desired Qualities of Political Leaders In general, do you think each of the following characteristics is more true for men, more true for women, or equally true for both?

1. More true for women

2.More true for men

3. Equally true for both

QUAL_SEX1. Competent

QUAL_SEX2. Compassionate

QUAL_SEX3. Visionary

QUAL_SEX4. Persuasive

QUAL_SEX5. Prioritising the public interest

QUAL_SEX6. Collaborative and working out compromises

QUAL_SEX7. Hard-working

QUAL_SEX8. Honest and ethical

QUAL_SEX9. Standing up for what they believe in despite political pressure

In general, do you think female or male leaders are more capable of dealing with the

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following issues?

1. Male leader is more capable

2. Female leader is more capable

3. No difference

QUAL_AREA1. Economics, finance, and trade

QUAL_AREA2. Security affairs

QUAL_AREA3. Social welfare (such as poverty alleviation, medical service)

QUAL_AREA4. Infrastructure and development

QUAL_AREA5. Environment

QUAL_AREA6. Education

QUAL_AREA7. Political reforms

QUAL_AREA8. Labour issues

Perceptions of Gender Equality and Female Political Leadership in Hong Kong

What do you think about the following questions regarding male or female political leaders and officials?

1. Men

2. Women

3. No difference

PERCEPT1. In Hong Kong, who do you think generally make better political leaders?

PERCEPT1a. In Hong Kong, who do you think generally perform better as community/grassroots leaders?

PERCEPT 1b. In Hong Kong, do you have greater confidence in the performance of female or male members in the Legislative Council and District Councils?

PERCEPT2. In Hong Kong, do women or men face more challenges when attempting to attain higher political leadership positions (e.g. Executive Council members, Legislative Council members, senior government officials)?

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In the context of Hong Kong, do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

1. Strongly agree

2. Agree 3. Neither agree nor disagree

4. Disagree 5. Strongly disagree

PERCEPT3. Women and men should have an equal role in running the government.

PERCEPT4. Female leaders have a responsibility to represent the interests of women in society at large.

PERCEPT5. Male leaders have a responsibility to represent the interests of men in society at large.

PERCEPT6. The more women leaders there are in government and councils, the greater influence they will have on political priorities and policy.

PERCEPT7. Male leaders can sufficiently represent the interests of women in politics.

PERCEPT8. Female leaders can sufficiently represent the interests of men in politics.

PERCEPT9. Women are 50% of the population and should be as equally represented as men in decision-making positions.

PERCEPT10. Women’s presence will increase the political legitimacy of government and councils.

PERCEPT11. Women should be represented in decision making because this right is enshrined in laws.

PERCEPT12. Women bring

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different views, perspectives and talents to politics. PERCEPT13. The empowerment of women will lead to the development of society at large.

PERCEPT14. Including more women will increase the electoral appeal of political parties or groupings.

Structural and Other Barriers Faced by Women and Men in Attaining Political Leadership BAR1. Has your gender helped or hurt your political career, or made no difference?

1. Helped my political career 2. Hurt my political career 3. Made no difference to my political career

BAR2. The following factors commonly hinder career success/promotions and candidacy for political leaders and government officials. According to your experience, are they preferable for describing males or females?

1. Males

2. Females

3. Obstacle for both men and women


5. Yourself

BAR_W1. Traditional attitudes towards gender roles (e.g. “women are to take care of the family while men are to work outside”)

BAR_W2. Domestic responsibilities

BAR_W3. Lack of confidence

BAR_W4. Lack of experience

BAR_W5. Lack of support from political parties and organisations

BAR_W6. Lack of support from family

BAR_W7. Lack of social network and connections

BAR_W8. Double standards between genders to prove themselves

BAR2A. Regarding factors that commonly hinder career success/promotions and candidacy for political leaders and government officials, according to your experience, is another

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factor preferable for describing males or females?

1. Male

2. Female 3. Obstacle for both men and women


5. Yourself

BAR_W9. Other, please specify:______

BAR3. What can contribute to your successful advancement in your organisation? (Select all that apply)

Should adopt

BAR3a. Mentoring and experience sharing

BAR3b. Provide training to those with potential

BAR3c. Improve promotion pipelines BAR3d. Implement family-friendly policies (e.g. maternity/parental leave, subsidised care services, flexible work arrangements)

BAR3e. Provide chances for me to lean in for opportunities BAR3f. Improving gender awareness and talking openly about the issue of gender equality

BAR3g. Require the nomination/candidacy lists to have a certain number of seats based on genders

BAR3h.Reserve a certain number of seats at the leadership and managerial levels based on genders

BAR3i. Other, please specify BAR3j. None of the above

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Views on Policies to Increase Female Political Leadership

POLICY1. Around 20% of the Legislative Council and District Council members and 37% of government officials on the directorate pay scale are women. Should we increase the proportion of women in political leadership positions?

1. Yes 2. No

POLICY2. In which of the following areas would it be good to see more women? (Select all that apply)

1. Senior government officials (e.g. secretary for a bureau) 2. Legislative Council 3. District Councils 4. The legal system 5. Party leaders 6. None of the above

POLICY3. What should be done to increase women’s political leadership? Among the following measures, which item(s) would you support?

1. Support

2. Neither support nor against

3. Do not support

POLICY3a. Make more female role models and mentors available

POLICY3b. Provide training for potential female leaders

POLICY3c. Implement family-friendly policies (e.g. maternity/parental leave, subsidised care services, flexible work arrangements, etc.)

POLICY3d. Encourage women to lean in for opportunities POLICY3e. Improve gender awareness and talk openly about the issue of gender equality

POLICY3f. Require the nomination/candidacy lists to have a certain number of women

POLICY3g. Reserve a certain number of seats for women in the Legislative Council, District Councils, and Government units

POLICY3h. What should be done to increase women’s political leadership? Except for the above measures, what other measures would you support? POLICY3h. Other (please specify: ________) POLICY4. If Hong Kong is to establish the above-mentioned quota system in the Government and councils, in general what should be the percentage allotted to women? 1. 50% or higher 2. 40–49% 3. 30–39% 4. 20–29% 5. 10–19% 6. Below 10% 7. Do not agree

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POLICY5. What are your views on the following statements regarding the use of gender quotas to increase women’s participation in governments, councils, and parties?

Strongly agree

Agree Neither agree nor disagree

Disagree Strongly disagree

Policy5a. Quotas are a necessary measure to address the under-representation of women and increase their numbers in governments and councils.

Policy5b. Quotas should only be implemented on a temporary basis.

Policy5c. Voluntary quotas adopted by political parties are preferable to quotas legislated by governments and councils.

Policy5d. Quotas that are legislated must be accompanied by enforcement provisions.

Policy5e. Quotas are useful but not sufficient and must be accompanied by other measures, such as awareness programmes.

Policy5f. Quotas are not useful and lead to tokenism for women.

Policy5g. Quotas are not necessary. Women should be elected on merit.

Policy5h. Quotas are discriminatory. Policy5i. Leaders who gain their mandate through reserved seats, political party quotas or appointments are viewed differently to other leaders.

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Sociodemographic Status MARITAL. What is your marital status at present?

1. Never married 2. Now married 3. Cohabiting 4. Separated 5. Divorced

6. Widowed EDU. What is the highest level of education you have attained?

1. Primary or below 2. Lower secondary (Form 1 to Form 3) 3. Upper secondary (Form 4 to Form 7) 4. Tertiary non-degree 5. Bachelor’s degree 6. Postgraduate (master’s or doctoral degree) 7. Other (please specify _______)

W1. Are you currently employed? If not, are you doing housekeeping, a student, retired or looking for a job? 1. Employed 2. Housekeeping 3. Retired 4. Unemployed/looking for a job 5. Student 6. Other (please specify:______) INCOME. What is your average monthly income?

1. Less than HK$10,000 2. HK$10,000–19,999 3. HK$20,000–29,999 4. HK$30,000–49,999 5. HK$50,000 or above

8. Unstable income

CHILD. How many children aged 0–15 or at or above the age of 16 do you have?

Child/children aged 0–15 _____ Child/children at or above the age of 16 _______

POL. Which political camp do you think reflects your political orientation? 1. Pan-democrates 2. Moderate groups 3. Pro-establishment 4. Localist 6. None 7. Other (please specify) FAM_HISTORY. Do you have family members who have served in politics?

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1. Yes 2. No

Leader-level Identification Q2. What is/was your position? (Select all that apply)

Past Current 1. Government: Directorate pay officials

2. Legislative Council members 3. District Council members 4. Members of Advisory and Statutory Bodies 5. Party leaders 6. Non-government organisation (NGO) /non-profit organisation (NPO)

leaders

7. Community organisation leaders

8. Think tank leaders 9. Private organisation leaders 10. Other, please specify:

Q29a. Do you think you are a political leader now (at any level)?

1. Yes, I think I am currently a political leader 2. No, I think I am not a political leader

Q29b. Do you want to be a political leader?

1. Yes, I do 2. No, I don’t

Q30. If you have further views concerning the previous questions, you are welcome to leave your contact information and we may contact you later: Email address: Phone number:

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APPENDIX II.

Interview Guide

A Study on Public Attitudes towards Female Political Leadership

In-depth Interview Guide

Part 1: Personal experience

(More about past experiences for former leaders and more about estimations for

potential leaders

1. Can you share with us your journey leading to your current position: when and how

did you start your current role, or how did you expect to take up leadership?

• In your opinion, what is a leader?

• What experience/who inspires you most?

2. What were some highlights and low points of your journey? Did you experience any

barrier(s) in the process, or what barriers do you expect to face in the future?

3. What is the most challenging part of your role as a leader?

• How did you overcome these challenges? Did you receive any help from

anybody along the way?

• What is the most important leadership lesson you have learned?

4. Regarding your male and female colleagues/working partners (randomise: male and

female/female and male), what kinds of difficulties and opportunities may they face

in moving up towards leadership positions?

• Do you think men and women face the same challenges? And do you think that

women will encounter more challenges in moving up towards leadership

positions?

• What are the important characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of being a

male leader or a female leader?

5. What kind of support did you get, or would you like to get at every step of your career,

or when you are gradually moving up to be a leader?

6. What motivates or inspires you to continue to persevere as a leader or be willing to

take up a leadership role?

• How do you see yourself in five years’ time in terms of further development in

your current role?

(Note for the interviewer: please ask this follow-up question if applicable)

For the following groups (if you belong to one or more of these groups), do you have

specific experience of and views regarding being/becoming a political leader in Hong Kong?

If yes, would you please share with us? Ethnic minorities; persons with disabilities; other

(please specify).

Part 2: Your views on the situation in Hong Kong

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1. How well is Hong Kong doing in terms of gender ratio at senior political

leadership and decision-making levels? How would you evaluate it (how about

the ideal gender ratio)?

• What are the active spheres within the political field for men and women

leaders (randomise: men and women leaders/woman and men leaders)?

2. What factors are affecting women/men from being political leaders (at any level)?

• Prompt (let respondents name, elaborate, and rank them for men and women

respectively):

- General attitudes towards gender roles;

- Domestic responsibilities;

- Overly long working hours;

- Lack of confidence;

- Lack of experience;

- Lack of support from political parties, organisations, mentors;

- Lack of support from family;

- Lack of social network and connections;

- Double standards between genders that require them to do more to

prove themselves.

• Can you share any best practices that address some of these barriers (or the

kinds of support that help to overcome these barriers)?

Prompt (let respondents name, elaborate, and rank them for men and women

respectively):

- Make more female role models and mentors available;

- Provide training for potential female leaders;

- Require the nomination/candidacy lists to have a certain number of

women;

- Reserve a certain number of seats for women in the Legislative

Council, District Councils, and Government agencies;

- Enhance family-friendly policies (such as leave, care services,

flexible work arrangements);

- Encourage women to lean in for opportunities;

- Improve gender awareness and talk openly about the issue of

gender equality;

- Minimise the issue and shift the attention away from gender.

• What systems or organisations can play a role in these processes

(Government, party, social organisation, education bureau, etc.)?

3. How do you evaluate and estimate the current and future trends of their

representativeness for men and women leaders (randomise: men and women

leaders/woman and men leaders)?

• Are you aware of some effective measures to address the issues

(Prompt: quota system, financial support, etc.)?

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4. What suggestions would you like to offer young or aspiring female leaders?

Finally, what kinds of policies do you think the Government, political parties or

other political organisations can implement to assist more women to become

leaders?

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APPENDIX III.

Supplementary Graphs for the Telephone Survey (Chapter 4) and the Web-based Survey (Chapter 5)

Figure 4.2.2 Public perception: “Competent” (by subgroups) (*: P<0.05)

4.0 4.7 3.0 4.0 5.7 7.6 5.2 2.6 4.4 3.3 5.0 2.07.6 7.5

3.6 4.1

13.3 9.57.7

9.7

15.115.0

13.8

8.1 6.2 8.9

15.9

10.9

11.6

24.4

9.7 9.7

82.785.8

89.286.3

79.2 77.481.1

89.3 89.4 87.8

79.2

87.180.8

68.1

86.7 86.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Male Female 15-34 35-54 55+ Lower

secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency*

More true for women More true for men Equally true of both

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Figure 4.2.3 Public perception: “Compassionate” (by subgroups)

23.7 26.3 29.724.4 22.5 21.8 25.3 26.4 24.6

30.723.1 23.9 26.8 28.8

24.4 25.1

10.6 6.84.4

7.7 12.3 16.0 8.9 5.34.4

6.8

11.9 6.9

10.714.3

7.5 8.0

65.7 66.9 65.9 67.9 65.2 62.2 65.9 68.2 71.162.5 64.9

69.262.5

56.9

68.1 66.9

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency


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Figure 4.2.4 Public perception: “Visionary” (by subgroups)

2.15.8

0.8 3.8 6.5 9.34.7 1.5 0.5

6.2 5.6 2.7 5.9 4.5 3.1 4.2

33.2 25.3

26.225.8

34.1 31.7

32.0

26.4 25.6

25.233.4

25.9

33.6

46.8

30.6 25.5

64.768.9

73.1 70.4

59.4 59.063.2

72.1 73.868.6

61.1

71.4

60.5

48.7

66.270.3

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level* Marital Status and children* Employment* Political tendency*


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Figure 4.2.5 Public perception: “Persuasive” (by subgroups)

22.926.9

16.4

29.7 26.831.6

26.321.8 19.5

29.3 27.4 24.9 25.4

37.4

22.0 24.6

17.7 10.3

20.0

12.311.0

10.514.2

15.1 16.4

13.812.4 15.4 12.0

16.6

12.514.0

59.3 62.7 63.658.0

62.258.0 59.5

63.1 64.056.9 60.3 59.7 62.7

46.0

65.461.3

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*


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Figure 4.2.6 Public perception: “Prioritising the public interest” (by subgroups)

7.913.2

8.9 7.914.4 14.9 12.8

7.6 8.2 10.0 12.87.9

14.5

25.1

6.8 10.0

14.88.5

4.212.0

16.1 15.513.5

8.4 5.58.9

16.8

10.3

13.0

12.6

11.911.1

77.3 78.386.9

80.1

69.5 69.673.7

83.9 86.381.0

70.4

81.8

72.5

62.3

81.3 78.9

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency*


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Figure 4.2.7 Public perception: “Collaborative and working out compromises” (by subgroups)

26.1 25.7 23.427.0 26.6

30.825.0 24.3 22.6

30.326.1 24.1

28.3

41.8

23.5 24.5

12.1 12.58.4

15.1 12.612.6

13.0 11.98.8

14.4

13.813.5

10.9

12.5

15.2 11.1

61.8 61.868.2

57.9 60.856.6

62.0 63.968.7

55.360.1 62.5 60.9

45.8

61.3 64.4

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age Education level Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*


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Figure 4.2.8 Public perception: “Hard-working” (by subgroups)

11.219.4

8.213.0

22.827.9

15.710.1 11.6 10.4

20.312.6

19.2 16.7 16.6 14.7

8.4

6.2

5.0

7.4

8.6

12.2

8.8

4.2 3.0 8.6

9.6

6.7

8.021.1

6.75.0

80.474.4

86.979.6

68.759.8

75.5

85.6 85.480.9

70.0

80.772.8

62.1

76.780.3

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 4.2.9 Public perception: “Honest and ethical” (by subgroups)

22.018.0 20.3 19.3 20.2 21.4 24.9

16.3 14.8

27.520.0 18.9 21.3

34.8

16.2 19.2

4.85.0 2.3 4.2

7.39.1

7.2

1.7 2.5

2.0

7.94.0

6.2

5.2

4.45.2

73.277.0 77.3 76.5

72.6 69.5 68.0

81.9 82.6

70.5 72.077.1

72.5

60.0

79.375.6

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age Education level* Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 4.2.10 Public perception: “Standing up for what they believe in despite political pressure” (by subgroups)

9.1 6.9 3.67.7 11.1

15.98.2

4.5 4.99.4 9.5 6.5 9.9 12.4

7.5 7.2

25.5

20.7 27.9 18.2

23.922.9

27.0

20.5 23.219.6

24.323.1

22.8

28.2

24.821.6

65.572.4

68.574.1

65.061.3

64.7

75.0 71.9 71.066.1

70.4 67.359.4

67.7 71.2

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Education level* Marital status and children Employment Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.3.2 Female or male leaders are more capable in “economics, finance, and trade” (by subgroups)

3.1 3.0 3.5 2.9 3.0 4.0 3.3 2.6 2.8 4.0 3.0 3.2 3.0 4.2 4.8 2.1

56.0

48.2

56.0

48.851.9 51.8 53.8

50.9 50.351.8 53.8 50.8 53.6

64.8

48.8 51.7

40.9

48.8

40.5

48.345.1 44.2 42.9

46.5 46.9 44.3 43.3 46.0 43.4

30.9

46.4 46.1

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Education level Marital status and children Employment Political tendency*

Female leader is more capable Male leader is more capable No difference

of 134

Figure 4.3.3 Female or male leaders are more capable in “security affairs” (by subgroups)

2.0 1.8 2.8 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.4 1.6 1.8 2.3 1.8 1.2 2.9 1.5 1.6 2.0

73.2 70.273.3

67.274.6 74.8 74.0

69.0 70.365.4

75.869.9

74.084.5

75.067.7

24.8 28.024.0

31.223.8 23.2 23.5

29.5 27.932.3

22.429.0

23.1

14.0

23.430.2

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age Education level Marital status and children Employment* Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 4.3.4 Female or male leaders are more capable in “social welfare” (by subgroups)

44.3 41.7 44.4 45.040.1 39.9

48.441.1 40.2

48.342.9 44.2 41.5

52.4

38.844.5

3.83.7 1.6

4.1

5.09.0

3.7

1.5 2.4

2.65.2 3.2

4.4

2.5

3.2

4.1

51.9 54.6 54.1 50.954.9

51.2 47.9

57.4 57.449.1 51.9 52.6 54.2

45.1

58.051.4

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender Age Education level* Marital status and children Employment Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.3.5 Female or male leaders are more capable in “infrastructure and development” (by subgroups)

1.1 1.6 1.5 1.8 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.3 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2

45.3 43.335.9

42.351.9

57.549.1

35.9 36.141.0

51.3

40.3

49.7

60.8

40.5 42.9

53.6 55.162.6

55.947.3

41.049.2

63.0 62.656.9

47.6

58.5

48.7

37.6

58.0 55.8

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.3.6 Female or male leaders are more capable in “environment” (by subgroups)

23.717.6 21.0 20.0 20.8 21.6 22.7

18.9 18.824.9

20.2 21.8 19.0

28.4

19.5 19.8

7.2

8.7 3.4 6.512.4 13.7 10.0

4.4 3.7

7.710.7 5.3 11.5

15.8

6.6 7.2

69.173.7 75.6 73.6

66.8 64.8 67.3

76.7 77.5

67.4 69.172.9 69.4

55.8

73.9 72.9

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.3.7 Female or male leaders are more capable in “education” (by subgroups)

35.427.9

35.130.6 29.7

34.8 33.329.1 29.5

33.4 32.4 32.8 29.934.3

29.3 32.7

4.7

5.7

3.74.5 7.0

8.05.2

4.0 4.43.0 6.7 3.5 7.4

4.8

5.25.0

59.966.4

61.1 65.0 63.357.1

61.666.9 66.1 63.6 60.8 63.7 62.7 60.9

65.5 62.2

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Education level Marital status and children Employment* Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.3.8 Female or male leaders are more capable in “political reforms” (by subgroups)

5.7 5.4 6.0 5.9 5.0 6.1 6.2 5.0 5.7 7.0 4.9 5.5 5.711.6

4.9 4.5

32.7

24.230.3

23.331.5 30.9 30.3

26.2 27.3 24.5 31.2 26.630.8

30.6

27.1 29.4

61.570.4

63.770.8

63.5 63.0 63.568.8 67.0 68.6

63.967.9

63.557.9

68.0 66.1

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Education level Marital status and children Employment Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 4.3.9 Female or male leaders are more capable in “labour issues” (by subgroups)

11.0 12.2 9.9 12.8 11.6 13.7 13.69.5 10.4 11.2 12.8 10.6 13.0 14.8 11.5 11.4

22.4 16.815.7

15.126.0

26.7 23.5

14.0 12.719.4

24.0

17.0

22.8

32.8

16.1 18.7

66.671.0 74.4 72.1

62.4 59.6 62.9

76.4 76.969.4

63.2

72.364.2

52.4

72.4 69.9

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.4.3 In Hong Kong, do you think men or women generally make better political leaders? (by subgroups)

14.7 12.2 9.6 8.5

20.2 17.4 15.310.3 8.2 7.1

19.7

11.715.4 17.9

12.6 12.8

6.9 9.3

4.7 7.9

10.7 13.9

6.1

7.25.2

11.3

8.9

6.7

10.1

15.5

5.7 8.0

78.4 78.5

85.6 83.6

69.1 68.7

78.682.6

86.581.6

71.4

81.574.5

66.6

81.8 79.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Male Female 15-34 35-54 55+ Lowersecondary

orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Employed Non-employed

Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate


Men Women No difference

of 134

Figure 4.4.4 In Hong Kong, do you think men or women generally perform better as community/grassroots leaders? (by subgroups)

10.1 7.4 8.4 5.711.6 11.4 8.8 7.6 8.6 6.1

10.0 7.8 10.0 8.9 10.2 8.2

13.9 17.9 18.016.5

14.218.4

17.214.4 14.6

22.8 14.014.7

17.9 19.09.8

18.9

76.0 74.6 73.677.8

74.270.2

74.078.1 76.7

71.176.0 77.5

72.2 72.0

80.073.0

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Educational level Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*

Men Women No differnce

of 134

Figure 4.4.5 In Hong Kong, do you have greater confidence in the performance of female or male members in the Legislative Council and

District Councils? (by subgroups)

7.1 5.6 3.58.1 6.7

9.8 7.74.0 4.2

10.56.0 6.2 6.6

11.0

2.97.0

11.19.1 10.7

6.412.9

14.6

9.6

8.4 9.5

6.412.0

8.212.4

14.4

9.4

9.7

81.785.3 85.8 85.5

80.475.6

82.887.6 86.3

83.0 81.985.7

81.074.5

87.683.3

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*

More confidence in female council members More confidence in male council members Similar confidence

of 134

Figure 4.4.6 Do you think men or women leaders in Hong Kong have greater influence on social and political issues? (by subgroups)

5.08.6

4.67.7 7.6 6.7 8.3 6.1 6.3

9.36.3 6.9 6.9

15.6

7.74.6

33.730.2

42.9

28.9 27.224.0

36.4

32.638.2 30.0

28.931.9 32.0

28.4

29.6 34.3

61.3 61.2

52.5

63.4 65.269.3

55.361.3

55.460.7

64.861.2 61.1

55.962.7 61.1

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*

Women have greater influence Men have greater influence No differnce

of 134

Figure 4.4.7 In Hong Kong, do women or men face more challenges when attempting to attain higher political leadership positions? (by

subgroups)

12.28.4

4.511.1 13.3 13.2 13.7

6.7 6.412.8 11.8 9.9 10.7

21.2

5.210.5

32.8 39.954.3

33.6 27.1 29.0

37.6

39.346.9

27.734.0 37.3 35.8

27.5

34.6

39.1

55.0 51.7

41.2

55.359.7 57.8

48.754.0

46.7

59.554.2 52.8 53.5 51.3

60.2

50.4

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency*

More difficult for men More difficult for women No difference

of 134

Figure 4.5.2 Public perception: “Traditional attitudes towards gender roles (e.g. ‘women are to take care of the family while men are to

work outside’)” (by subgroups)

2.8 3.3 1.2 3.2 4.3 3.8 4.5 1.8 1.3 4.8 3.6 2.6 3.7 4.7 1.5 3.2

51.0

60.3

73.8

57.7

41.8 44.7

53.062.8 66.3 57.4

48.357.2 54.5

48.2 56.756.9

13.9

11.9

9.4

12.5

15.517.4

15.29.3

14.5

8.3

13.7

13.312.3

13.8

13.1 12.6

32.224.6

15.5

26.6

38.534.0

27.2 26.117.9

29.534.4

26.9 29.533.2

28.7 27.2

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level* Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency

Obstacle for men Obstacle for women Obstacle for both Not an obstacle for either men or women

of 134

Figure 4.5.3 Public perception: “Domestic responsibilities” (by subgroups)

6.0 4.7 3.0 6.5 5.9 7.7 5.8 4.0 3.5 4.2 7.0 4.4 6.5 7.2 5.3 4.8

59.068.4 68.4

65.259.8

51.2

64.1 69.565.5

71.359.9 66.7 60.4

66.765.0 63.0

17.1

13.7 20.412.7

14.2

18.2

15.413.7 21.0 8.0

14.514.6

16.1

11.713.2 17.2

17.813.3

8.215.6

20.1 22.914.7 12.8 10.1

16.5 18.614.3 16.9 14.4 16.5 15.0

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.5.4 Public perception: “Lack of confidence” (by subgroups)

7.0 6.7 5.3 6.6 8.1 8.6 7.5 5.5 5.1 8.2 7.2 5.5 8.3 8.0 6.5 6.4

20.317.2

15.318.2

21.5 22.418.4

17.5 15.2

18.8 20.916.1

22.218.6 21.7

17.4

33.2 42.1 51.1

33.4

32.8

39.7

37.137.6

48.527.1

35.4

38.6

37.0

29.8

36.739.9

39.434.1

28.3

41.837.6

29.437.0 39.4

31.2

46.036.4 39.8

32.5

43.735.1 36.2

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.5.5 Public perception: “Lack of experience” (by subgroups)

3.6 2.1 2.6 1.9 3.9 4.5 3.4 1.8 1.7 2.7 3.5 2.5 3.2 1.6 3.3 2.6

13.7 15.0 11.8 12.3

18.1 15.8 16.212.7 10.9 9.7

19.1

11.917.7 21.0

13.3 13.6

42.7

51.5 56.3

43.6

44.5 51.247.1

45.755.6

40.4

44.5

44.3

51.039.5

47.6 48.7

40.031.3 29.2

42.233.6

28.633.2

39.831.8

47.3

32.941.2

28.1

37.9 35.8 35.1

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.5.6 Public perception: “Lack of support from political parties and organisations” (by subgroups)

6.0 4.6 6.3 3.3 6.4 5.6 6.3 4.5 6.4 3.8 5.3 4.9 5.8 8.8 5.7 4.5

16.8 23.115.6 20.0

23.3 21.8 23.6

17.2 15.5 21.9 22.419.1

21.522.3

16.6 21.8

40.5

42.7 53.1

38.7

36.3 43.742.7

39.9

49.2

32.0

40.841.1

42.3 31.244.5

42.0

36.729.7

25.0

38.034.0

28.9 27.3

38.4

29.0

42.3

31.6 35.030.4

37.733.1 31.7

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.5.7 Public perception: “Lack of support from family” (by subgroups)

6.61.1 2.5 2.9 5.3 7.9

3.3 2.3 3.4 2.5 4.5 3.3 4.4 6.3 4.8 2.8

36.3

35.4 35.2 37.3 34.934.4

39.034.6 32.5

42.6 35.534.0

38.430.5

41.2

34.8

25.932.8

35.226.2 28.6

30.7 30.0

28.437.8 17.2 29.0

29.6

29.2

18.0

29.4

31.6

31.2 30.7 27.133.6 31.2

26.9 27.734.7

26.2

37.830.9 33.1

27.9

45.2

24.530.8

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Education level* Marital status and children* Employment Poltiical tendecy*


of 134

Figure 4.5.8 Public perception: “Lack of social network and connections” (by subgroups)

8.5 5.9 7.3 5.6 8.514.2

4.0 6.2 7.8 6.2 7.2 6.8 7.6 6.7 9.2 6.1

20.717.2

9.317.1

27.1

25.4

21.3 14.7 11.4 11.7

27.5

16.522.1

32.3

17.816.9

38.0 47.255.4 41.7

35.0

38.7

45.3

42.952.3

41.4

36.6

43.3

42.329.2

40.3 46.7

32.8 29.8 27.935.6

29.521.6

29.536.2

28.5

40.6

28.733.5

28.031.8 32.7 30.4

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.5.9 Public perception: “Double standards between genders to prove themselves” (by subgroups)

4.8 3.1 3.4 3.2 4.8 5.1 3.7 3.5 2.8 5.3 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.8 6.52.2

43.4 49.9 52.848.2

41.347.6 48.1 45.8 49.2

51.0

43.5 47.1 46.5

35.4

45.750.2

18.6

22.321.9

20.2

20.0

23.520.1

19.4

22.9 16.2

20.720.0 21.2

20.6

17.821.5

33.224.7 21.9

28.433.9

23.828.1 31.3

25.1 27.531.8 29.2 28.2

39.230.1 26.1

0

20

40

60

80

100


secondary

or

below

Upper

secondary

Tertiary

or

above

Never

married

Married

w/children

Married

w/o

children

Employed Non-

employed

Pro-

estab

Non-

estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children Employment Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 4.6.2 Should we increase the proportion of women in political leadership positions? (by subgroups)

32.639.1

44.8

36.929.4

34.439.1

34.9

44.3

35.131.1

36.2 35.930.0

41.934.2

55.746.7

42.553.0

54.950.0

49.552.1

42.355.2

55.052.4

49.056.0

47.2

52.6

11.7 14.2 12.7 10.115.7 15.6

11.5 13.0 13.59.7

13.9 11.515.0 14.1 10.9 13.3

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency

Yes No Don't know

of 134

Figure 4.6.4 Perception: “Make more female role models and mentors available” (by subgroups)

57.463.1

68.7

59.156.0

59.163.4

59.265.5

60.956.8 59.0

62.459.3 61.1 61.0

10.3

7.0

6.8

9.39.0

6.5

7.210.1

8.1

5.710.0 8.6

8.3

5.0

9.8 8.7

32.3 29.924.5

31.635.0 34.4

29.4 30.726.3

33.5 33.2 32.5 29.335.7

29.1 30.4

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Educatio level Marital status and children Employment Political tendency

Support Do not support Neither support nor against

of 134

Figure 4.6.5 Perception: “Provide training for potential female leaders” (by subgroups)

69.1

79.6 81.276.4

68.6

76.2 74.7 74.278.0

75.0 72.1 74.9 74.580.0

70.176.2

10.2

6.8 5.68.2

10.5

8.26.3 10.0

8.5

7.19.0

7.6 9.6

6.1

9.6

8.2

20.713.7 13.2 15.4

20.915.6

19.015.8 13.5

17.9 18.8 17.5 16.0 13.920.4

15.5

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children Employment Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.6.6 Perception: “Implement family-friendly policies” (by subgroups)

73.1

82.0 79.4 80.974.0

77.481.1

76.3 78.685.1

74.479.4

76.1 78.082.6

75.2

10.5

7.5 11.3 6.5

9.46.7

4.7 12.411.4

2.4

10.27.4

10.9 7.9

7.0

10.3

16.510.5 9.3

12.716.6 15.9 14.2 11.3 9.9 12.5

15.3 13.2 13.0 14.010.3

14.5

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.6.7 Perception: “Encourage women to lean in for opportunities” (by subgroups)

69.5

80.4

69.0

76.8 78.1 78.081.0

70.5 71.775.3 77.6

74.4 76.6 76.9 79.872.5

12.9

7.3

13.8

10.3 7.1 5.74.6

15.3 14.9 7.18.0

9.510.7

6.97.9

11.8

17.612.3

17.313.0 14.8 16.3 14.4 14.2 13.4

17.614.4 16.1

12.816.2

12.215.7

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.6.8 Perception: “Improve gender awareness and talk openly about the issue of gender equality” (by subgroups)

70.276.7 79.4

71.2 71.974.9 76.1

71.8

80.3

68.371.6 71.1

77.1

68.1

79.072.1

11.1

5.65.1

8.5 9.97.9 5.1

10.3

7.0

6.8

9.57.5

9.0

10.3

7.5

8.3

18.7 17.8 15.520.3 18.2 17.2 18.7 17.9

12.7

24.918.9 21.3

13.9

21.6

13.519.6

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Education level Marital status and children* Employment* Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.6.9 Perception: “Require the nomination/candidacy lists to have a certain number of women” (by subgroups)

28.2

40.3 38.633.6 32.8

41.237.1

30.336.4 34.2 33.8 33.5 36.1

29.334.7 35.3

47.3

34.331.7 40.6

46.134.9

36.145.8 31.8

45.8 44.040.8

40.1

45.838.9 40.2

24.6 25.429.7

25.821.1 23.9 26.8

24.0

31.8

20.0 22.225.7 23.9 24.9 26.4 24.5

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 4.6.10 Perception: “Reserve a certain number of seats for women in the Legislative Council, District Councils, and Government

units” (by subgroups)

29.3

37.7 39.434.0

29.636.5 37.8

30.0

38.034.4

30.733.8 33.7

29.035.1 33.5

49.136.1 31.2 41.5 50.3 38.7 38.0

46.6 31.8

47.1

47.1 42.8 41.6 49.3 39.0 42.7

21.626.2

29.424.5

20.124.7 24.2 23.4

30.3

18.522.2 23.4 24.8 21.6

25.9 23.8

0

20

40

60

80

100


orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Education level Marital status and children* Employment Political tendency


of 134

Figure 4.6.12 What should be the percentage allotted to women? (by subgroups)

15.7

23.5 25.518.4 17.3 20.3 19.0 20.2 23.0 20.5 17.5 20.0 19.7

13.0

21.6 20.7

16.5

17.819.6

17.615.3

16.6 19.9 15.8

20.2

15.116.4

16.7 18.0

12.2

23.1

15.0

18.7

16.4

22.4

16.3

15.1

18.218.7

16.4

19.1

15.6 17.117.8 17.1

18.6

17.1

17.4

30.722.1

13.3

28.333.0 20.4

20.7 32.315.7

34.330.0

27.5 24.6

32.9

24.9

25.3

18.4 20.1 19.2 19.4 19.324.5 21.7

15.422.0

14.519.0 18.1 20.7 23.3

13.3

21.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Male Female 15to34

35to54

55or

above

Lowersecondary

orbelow

Uppersecondary

Tertiaryor

above

Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children


Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderategroups


50% or above 40 - 49% Below 40% Do not agree Don't know

of 134

Figure 5.2.2 Perception: “Competent” (by subgroups) (*: P<0.05)

3.310.3 10.0 7.1 4.0 8.2 4.5 5.4

16.1

4.4 5.911.9

2.17.0

1.8 2.110.2 6.3

7.71.8 1.7 3.6 8.7

4.73.0

6.8

6.5

4.45.9

3.6

5.25.1

5.3 8.31.7 5.8

89.0 87.9 88.3 89.3 87.3 87.192.5

87.877.4

91.2 88.2 84.592.7

87.993.0 89.6 88.1 88.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Male Female 15-34 35-54 55+ Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree

Postgrad <$50,000 ≥$50,000Grassroots Top Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children Education level Income* Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.2.3 Perception: “Compassionate” (by subgroups)

24.4

39.431.7 29.4 32.5 36.5 34.3

27.0

41.9

28.132.7 29.8 33.2 34.9

21.1

33.325.4

33.5

6.2

3.0

3.3 5.14.8

2.41.5

6.8

0.0

3.5

5.94.8

3.6 3.3

7.0

2.1

5.1

4.7

69.4

57.665.0 65.5 62.7 61.2 64.2 66.2

58.1

68.461.4 65.5 63.2 61.9

71.964.6

69.561.8

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.2.4 Perception: “Visionary” (by subgroups)

1.05.5

10.02.0 2.4 4.7 1.5 2.0

12.9

2.6 1.36.0

0.5 3.3 1.8 2.16.8

2.1

30.6 21.216.7

27.9 27.0 25.9 31.3 30.4

41.9

25.4 30.127.4

30.6 28.8 33.339.6

18.6 30.4

68.473.3 73.3 70.1 70.6 69.4 67.2 67.6

45.2

71.9 68.6 66.7 68.9 67.9 64.958.3

74.667.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Marital status and children Education level* Income* Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.2.5 Perception: “Persuasive” (by subgroups)

21.526.7

16.725.9 23.0 20.0

29.923.0

32.323.7 22.9 22.6 23.8 23.3 21.1 25.0 23.7 24.1

9.68.5

11.7

8.68.7

9.4

13.4

7.4

6.5

8.8 10.5 9.5 8.8 10.27.0

14.66.8 8.9

68.9 64.871.7

65.5 68.3 70.6

56.7

69.661.3

67.5 66.7 67.9 67.4 66.571.9

60.469.5 67.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.2.6 Perception: “Prioritising the public interest” (by subgroups)

3.8

15.8 11.7 8.6 8.7 10.6 9.0 8.8

19.4

7.9 9.2 13.17.3

11.63.5 6.3

13.69.4

12.0

6.18.3

8.1 11.9 5.9 6.0 10.1

9.7

6.19.2

7.1

7.87.4

7.06.3

3.4 9.9

84.278.2 80.0 83.2 79.4

83.5 85.1 81.1

71.0

86.081.7 79.8

85.0 80.989.5 87.5

83.1 80.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.2.7 Perception: “Collaborative and working out compromises” (by subgroups)

16.3

35.2

20.027.4

21.428.2 25.4 26.4 29.0 26.3 27.5 25.0 28.5 28.4

19.327.1 30.5

26.2

17.7

9.7

10.0

13.216.7

10.6 13.416.9

19.4

7.0

19.0

10.7

16.1 13.5

17.5

16.7 6.8 16.2

66.0

55.2

70.059.4 61.9 61.2 61.2

56.851.6

66.7

53.6

64.355.4 58.1

63.256.3

62.757.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.2.8 Perception: “Hard-working” (by subgroups)

11.521.8

10.018.3 15.1 14.1 19.4 17.6

25.8

11.420.3 17.9 16.6 19.1 14.0

20.815.3 17.3

3.3

3.6

5.0

3.03.2 4.7

3.0 2.70.0

2.6

4.63.6 3.1 3.3

3.50.0

1.74.7

85.274.5

85.078.7 81.7 81.2 77.6 79.7 74.2

86.075.2 78.6 80.3 77.7 82.5 79.2 83.1 78.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.2.9 Perception: “Honest and ethical” (by subgroups)

10.516.4

8.315.2 11.9 11.8 14.9 14.2

25.8

11.4 13.717.9

11.415.3

8.816.7 16.9

12.6

2.9

1.2

1.7

1.53.2 2.4

1.5 2.0

0.0

0.93.3

0.0

2.61.9

1.8

0.0 1.72.6

86.682.4

90.083.2 84.9 85.9 83.6 83.8

74.2

87.783.0 82.1

86.0 82.889.5

83.3 81.4 84.8

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.2.10 Perception: “Standing up for what they believe in despite political pressure” (by subgroups)

7.712.7

8.3 10.2 10.3 8.2 11.9 10.8

25.8

9.6 8.513.1

8.3 11.67.0

14.68.5 10.5

11.09.1

6.710.2 11.1

7.1

16.410.1

19.4

6.112.4

10.710.9

12.1

5.3

6.310.2

12.0

81.3 78.285.0

79.7 78.684.7

71.679.1

54.8

84.279.1 76.2

80.876.3

87.779.2 81.4 77.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level* Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.3.2 Female or male leaders are more capable in “economics, finance, and trade” (by subgroups)

1.9 2.4 1.7 3.0 0.8 1.2 4.5 2.7 3.2 1.8 3.3 3.6 2.1 3.3 1.8 2.1 3.4 2.6

32.126.1 28.3 28.4 30.2 29.4

32.829.7

32.3 32.5 29.435.7

28.031.2

21.1

37.530.5 29.3

66.071.5 70.0 68.5 69.0 69.4

62.767.6 64.5 65.8 67.3

60.7

69.965.6

77.2

60.466.1 68.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree

Postgrad <$50,000 ≥$50,000 Grassroots Top Pro-estab

Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.3 Female or male leaders are more capable in “security affairs” (by subgroups)

2.4 1.8 1.7 1.0 4.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 2.6 1.3 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.8 4.2 1.7 1.0

51.7

40.6 43.3 46.248.4

43.546.3

52.761.3

50.046.4

51.247.7 49.8 49.1

58.3

39.050.3

45.9

57.6 55.0 52.847.6

56.550.7

45.338.7

47.452.3

46.450.8 48.8 49.1

37.5

59.3

48.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.4 Female or male leaders are more capable in “social welfare” (by subgroups)

32.5 35.831.7 32.0

36.5 35.3 35.8 34.541.9

34.2 34.642.9

32.637.2

28.1

39.6

28.836.1

5.34.2

6.7 5.63.2 3.5 6.0

4.7

3.2

3.5 6.5

2.4

5.25.1

3.5

8.3

3.4

4.7

62.2 60.0 61.7 62.4 60.3 61.2 58.2 60.854.8

62.3 58.854.8

62.257.7

68.4

52.1

67.859.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.5 Female or male leaders are more capable in “infrastructure and development” (by subgroups)

2.4 1.8 0.0 2.0 3.2 0.0 3.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.6 1.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 2.1

36.432.7

31.734.5 34.9

32.935.8 37.2 41.9

35.135.9 40.5 34.2 35.3 36.8

52.1

25.4

35.6

61.265.5 68.3

63.5 61.967.1

61.2 61.5 58.164.9 61.4 59.5

64.2 63.3 61.4

47.9

74.6

62.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 5.3.6 Female or male leaders are more capable in “environment” (by subgroups)

12.419.4

15.0 15.7 14.320.0 16.4 13.5

32.3

16.7 12.4

26.2

11.9 15.8 15.8 14.6 16.9 16.2

7.2

5.56.7 6.6 6.3

3.5 9.08.1

6.5

5.39.2

2.4

8.37.9

1.812.5

3.4 7.3

80.475.2 78.3 77.7 79.4 76.5 74.6 78.4

61.3

78.1 78.471.4

79.8 76.382.5

72.979.7 76.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level Income* Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.3.7 Female or male leaders are more capable in “education” (by subgroups)

18.225.5 26.7

21.817.5

27.1 26.9

16.222.6 20.2 22.9

29.8

18.7 21.915.8

20.827.1

20.4

5.3

4.8 5.05.1

5.6

3.5 6.0

5.4

6.52.6

7.22.4

5.25.6

3.5

6.33.4

5.8

76.669.7 68.3

73.1 77.069.4 67.2

78.471.0

77.269.9 67.9

76.2 72.680.7

72.9 69.573.8

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.8 Female or male leaders are more capable in “political reforms” (by subgroups)

1.9 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.4 6.0 2.7 3.2 1.8 4.6 4.8 2.6 3.7 3.5 4.2 1.7 3.7

16.717.0 16.7 17.3 15.9 16.5 11.9 18.9

25.8

16.715.7 19.0

14.016.7

12.3

29.2

10.2

16.2

81.3 78.8 80.0 79.7 81.7 81.2 82.1 78.471.0

81.6 79.7 76.283.4 79.5

84.2

66.7

88.180.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.9 Female or male leaders are more capable in “labour issues” (by subgroups)

5.710.9

6.7 8.1 7.9 9.4 11.9 8.8

22.6

5.310.5 11.9 8.8 10.7 8.8 6.3 6.8

11.5

12.47.9

10.0 10.2 11.1 8.210.4

10.1

12.9

9.6

9.8 10.78.3

10.28.8 16.7

8.5

8.9

81.8 81.2 83.3 81.7 81.0 82.477.6 81.1

64.5

85.179.7 77.4

82.9 79.1 82.577.1

84.779.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.11 In Hong Kong, who make better political leaders? (by subgroups)

3.69.7 9.6 6.5 5.1 8.2 6.0 6.1

19.4

5.3 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.0 7.0 10.46.8 6.3

11.95.8 7.7

9.78.5

5.914.9

8.1

9.7

5.311.8 8.3 9.8 9.8 7.0

20.8

5.1 7.3

84.5 84.4 82.7 83.8 86.4 85.979.1

85.8

71.0

89.582.4

85.7 83.9 84.2 86.0

68.8

88.1 86.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children Education level* Income Political position Political tendency*

Women Men No difference

of 134

Figure 5.3.12 In Hong Kong, who perform better as community/grassroots leaders? (by subgroups)

10.4 13.69.6 11.4 13.6

8.2 11.9 13.5 12.9 10.5 13.1 14.39.8 12.1 8.8

16.78.5 12.0

7.87.8

9.6 7.07.6

8.26.0

6.8 6.55.3

8.5 9.5

6.28.8

1.8

8.3

3.4

7.9

81.9 78.6 80.8 81.6 78.883.5 82.1 79.7 80.6 84.2

78.4 76.283.9

79.1

89.5

75.0

88.180.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.3.13 In Hong Kong, do you have greater confidence in the performance of female or male members in the Legislative Council

and District Councils? (by subgroups)

4.19.7 7.7 8.1 4.2 1.2

10.4 7.416.1

3.5 7.2 7.1 5.7 7.0 7.0 10.4 6.8 5.8

12.47.8

7.7 10.311.0

7.1

11.99.5

19.4

7.09.2 11.9

7.8 8.4 8.8

12.5

8.5 8.9

83.4 82.5 84.6 81.6 84.791.8

77.683.1

64.5

89.583.7 81.0

86.5 84.7 84.277.1

84.7 85.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.2 In Hong Kong, who face more challenges when attempting to attain higher political leadership positions? (by subgroups)

30.1

46.1 50.0

36.231.4

49.441.8

33.1 32.338.6

43.150.0

36.840.9

36.841.7

54.2

35.6

9.8

5.2

7.7

5.910.2

5.9

9.0

7.43.2

7.97.8

7.1

7.38.4

1.8

12.5

1.7

7.9

60.1

48.742.3

57.8 58.5

44.749.3

59.564.5

53.549.0

42.9

56.050.7

61.4

45.8 44.1

56.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 5.4.3 Perception: “Women and men should have an equal role in running the government” (by subgroups)

3.6 4.59.6

2.2 5.90.0 0.0

6.8 3.2 0.9 3.9 1.2 1.6 2.8 3.5 0.0 3.4 3.14.1 3.9

3.8

3.84.2

3.5 3.0

5.46.5

4.43.9

3.6 4.1 4.2 3.5

0.0

6.8 4.7

9.316.2

15.4

14.111.0

15.3 13.4

10.19.7 15.8 11.1 14.3 9.8

12.1 8.8

12.5

11.9 13.1

33.7

35.119.2 36.2 36.4 40.0

31.3

33.1 41.934.2

33.3 31.0 37.335.8 38.6

37.5

28.835.6

49.240.3

51.943.8 42.4 41.2

52.244.6

38.744.7 47.7 50.0 47.2 45.1 45.6

50.0 49.243.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate


Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree

of 134

Figure 5.4.4 Perception: “Female leaders have a responsibility to represent the interests of women in society at large” (by subgroups)

10.96.5

17.3

5.911.0

4.7 4.512.2

3.2 5.310.5

4.8 6.7 7.9 5.3 2.1

11.97.9

20.7

14.3

15.4

18.916.9

16.5 19.4

19.6

16.118.4

19.6

19.020.2 18.1

19.3 25.013.6 18.8

34.2

37.0

25.0 38.437.3

32.935.8

35.1

22.6

38.634.6

33.336.3 34.9 38.6

29.2 28.8

38.2

22.8

25.321.2

23.823.7

29.4 20.9

24.3

38.7

23.723.5

26.2

24.924.2

29.8

27.1 28.8

23.6

11.416.9

21.213.0 11.0

16.5 19.4

8.8

19.414.0 11.8

16.711.9 14.9

7.016.7 16.9

11.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.5 Perception: “Male leaders have a responsibility to represent the interests of men in society at large” (by subgroups)

10.9 7.817.3

7.0 11.0 7.1 4.512.2

6.5 7.9 9.2 6.0 7.8 8.8 5.3 2.1

13.68.4

25.4

15.6

19.2

21.620.3

17.6 22.4

24.3

19.424.6 20.9 23.8 22.8 20.0 28.1

29.215.3 22.5

40.9

42.2

28.8 45.4 42.4

40.041.8

41.9

32.3

41.2 43.836.9

44.041.4

47.445.8

28.8

44.5

16.1

22.117.3

18.9 17.8

22.4 17.9

17.6

29.0

16.7 19.0

22.6

17.620.0

15.8

12.5

32.2

16.8

6.712.3

17.3

7.0 8.512.9 13.4

4.112.9 9.6 7.2 10.7 7.8 9.8

3.510.4 10.2 7.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.6 Perception: “The more women leaders there are in government and councils, the greater influence they will have on

political priorities and policy” (by subgroups)

5.2 6.515.4

3.2 6.8 4.70.0

8.1 6.5 2.6 5.9 2.4 4.1 5.1 5.30.0

8.5 4.7

19.29.7

13.5

10.8

21.217.6

9.0

15.59.7 18.4 13.1

14.315.5 12.6 15.8

14.6

15.314.7

24.434.4

19.2

33.5

27.128.2

26.9

29.7

32.333.3

25.534.5 24.9 31.6 21.1

25.0

25.4 31.4

40.9 34.432.7

41.134.7

34.1

46.3

37.2

35.534.2

41.8 31.0 44.0 35.8 52.6

43.833.9

38.2

10.414.9 19.2

11.4 10.215.3 17.9

9.516.1 11.4 13.7 17.9

11.4 14.95.3

16.7 16.911.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.4.7 Perception: “Male leaders can sufficiently represent the interests of women in politics” (by subgroups)

4.110.4

17.3

5.4 5.9 9.40.0

8.8 6.5 3.58.5 7.1 4.1 7.4 5.3 2.1 5.1 7.9

29.0

37.017.3

33.037.3 31.8

37.329.7 35.5

28.9

33.328.6 33.2

34.4

26.322.9

39.0 31.9

49.2

40.3

42.3

48.1 42.438.8 49.3 48.0 41.9

52.642.5

45.247.7

45.1

43.9 56.3

42.445.0

14.59.1

15.4

11.4 11.916.5

10.4 12.212.9 10.5 15.0

15.513.5 11.2

21.118.8 8.5 13.1

3.1 3.27.7

2.2 2.5 3.5 3.0 1.4 3.2 4.4 0.7 3.6 1.6 1.9 3.5 5.1 2.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.4.8 Perception: “Female leaders can sufficiently represent the interests of men in politics” (by subgroups)

5.2 8.415.4

4.9 6.8 5.90.0

9.5 6.5 2.67.8 7.1

2.6 5.6 5.3 2.18.5 5.8

25.9

31.8 17.329.7 29.7

25.9 37.324.3

25.823.7

31.4

21.4 30.630.2

22.822.9

30.528.3

49.7

42.2

44.249.7 43.2

42.4

46.3 50.748.4

54.4

42.5

48.848.2

47.9

43.956.3

44.146.6

16.1 14.317.3

13.017.8

22.4

13.4 14.212.9 15.8 17.6

19.017.1 14.0

26.3

18.8 13.6 16.8

3.1 3.2 5.8 2.7 2.5 3.5 3.0 1.46.5 3.5 0.7 3.6 1.6 2.3 1.8 3.4 2.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.9 Perception: “Women are 50% of the population and should be as equally represented as men in decision-making positions”

(by subgroups)

5.7 6.5 9.6 4.9 7.6 3.5 1.58.1

3.2 2.6 6.5 4.8 3.6 4.7 7.0 6.3 3.4 4.7

8.3 6.59.6

7.07.6

8.2 11.96.1 12.9

4.4

9.84.8 9.8 9.3 3.5 6.3 11.9 7.3

33.227.3

26.933.0 29.7

25.928.4

36.5 29.036.0

30.1

31.031.1 27.4

42.129.2 25.4 35.1

35.2

29.225.0

33.5 33.141.2 32.8

27.0

25.837.7 29.4

32.133.7

34.9

29.8

33.328.8

33.0

17.6

30.5 28.821.6 22.0 21.2 25.4 22.3

29.019.3

24.2 27.421.8 23.7

17.525.0

30.519.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.10 Perception: “Women’s presence will increase the political legitimacy of government and councils” (by subgroups)

3.6 6.511.5

3.8 5.1 2.4 0.07.4

3.2 1.8 5.2 3.6 2.6 4.7 3.5 0.0 3.4 4.7

11.4 5.8

7.7

8.610.2

10.6 11.9

7.4 16.18.8

8.57.1 9.8 8.4 12.3

8.38.5 9.9

34.232.5

26.936.2 33.1

31.8 32.834.5 29.0 43.9

27.5 34.5 33.7 33.0 29.8

31.332.2

35.1

36.8

33.1 30.8

36.2 33.9 41.234.3

34.5

25.8

34.2

39.9 33.338.9 35.8

42.1

31.3

37.3

37.2

14.022.1 23.1

15.1 17.8 14.120.9

16.225.8

11.419.0 21.4

15.0 18.112.3

29.2

18.613.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.11 Perception: “Women should be represented in decision making because this right is enshrined in laws” (by subgroups)

3.1 5.2 7.72.7 5.9

1.2 0.06.8 3.2 1.8 3.9 2.4 2.1 3.3 5.3 2.1 1.7 3.7

3.13.9

3.82.7

4.23.5 3.0

4.13.2 6.1 2.0 6.0 2.6 3.3

5.3

0.08.5 3.1

22.827.9 21.2

25.4

28.0

23.5 23.9

27.029.0 27.2

24.2 22.6 25.9 25.624.6

27.1

25.425.7

42.5

40.942.3 42.2

39.050.6

40.3

37.835.5

42.143.1 44.0 43.0 42.3

42.1

31.3

42.4 44.5

28.522.1 25.0 27.0 22.9 21.2

32.824.3

29.022.8 26.8 25.0 26.4 25.6 22.8

39.6

22.0 23.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.12 Perception: “Women bring different views, perspectives and talents to politics” (by subgroups)

2.6 5.8 9.63.2 4.2 1.2 0.0

6.8 3.2 1.8 3.9 1.2 2.6 3.3 3.5 0.0 3.4 3.74.7 0.6

0.0

1.65.9

2.40.0

5.46.5

2.63.3

2.4 2.6 2.8 3.5 6.35.1 2.1

29.522.7

30.8

25.9

28.0

24.7 32.8

23.6 32.3

31.621.6 32.1

23.827.9 24.6 27.1

28.825.7

43.5

42.2

30.845.4

42.4

44.740.3

43.9 32.3 48.2

41.835.7 48.2 38.6

54.4

33.3

42.446.1

19.728.6 28.8

23.819.5

27.1 26.920.3

25.815.8

29.4 28.622.8

27.4

14.0

33.3

20.3 22.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.4.13 Perception: “The empowerment of women will lead to the development of society at large” (by subgroups)

3.6 6.511.5

3.8 5.11.2 1.5

8.1 6.52.6 4.6 3.6 2.1 4.2 5.3

0.06.8 4.2

5.2 1.30.0

0.5

9.3

2.4 0.0

4.73.2

2.63.3

0.0 4.1 2.8 1.84.2

3.42.6

33.2

24.0 19.2 30.8

32.2

22.431.3

32.445.2

36.022.2 29.8

28.5 28.436.8

31.3 22.0 31.9

42.5

40.338.5

44.9

35.6

48.2

44.8

38.5

32.3

41.2

45.846.4 44.0 41.9

43.9

45.844.1

41.4

15.5

27.9 30.8

20.0 17.825.9 22.4

16.2 12.917.5

24.2 20.2 21.2 22.8

12.318.8

23.719.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Marital status and children* Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.4.14 Perception: “Including more women will increase the electoral appeal of political parties or groupings” (by subgroups)

5.2 5.29.6

4.3 5.9 2.4 0.08.8 6.5

1.85.9 4.8 2.1 4.7 5.3

0.05.1 5.2

8.83.9

1.94.9

11.0

3.5 4.5

7.46.5

5.35.9

2.4 6.2 4.212.3

8.35.1 5.2

33.2 39.626.9

38.4

38.1

34.1 38.8

35.8 45.2

36.834.6

35.7 35.8 34.9

40.4

22.9

40.7 38.7

38.929.2

34.6

36.230.5

41.2 32.8

33.8 19.441.2 34.6

36.938.9 35.8

33.3

43.8

30.5 35.1

14.022.1

26.9

16.2 14.418.8

23.914.2

22.614.9

19.0 20.2 17.1 20.5

8.8

25.018.6 15.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.2 Has gender helped or hurt men’s or women’s political careers? (by subgroups)

12.819.9 20.8

14.6 14.7 15.319.4

14.222.6

14.0 15.722.6

11.415.8 14.0

20.827.1

11.0

2.8

8.5 10.4

6.41.8

11.8 4.5

2.7

6.5

5.36.5

4.8

5.7

7.03.5

4.2

10.2

5.2

84.4

71.6 68.8

78.983.5

72.9 76.183.1

71.0

80.7 77.872.6

82.977.2

82.575.0

62.7

83.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children* Education level Income Political position Political tendency*

Helped my political career Hurt my political career Made no difference

of 134

Figure 5.5.4 Perception: “Traditional attitudes (e.g. ‘women are to take care of the family while men are to work outside’)” (by subgroups)

43.046.8

41.746.2

41.349.4

55.2

38.5

19.4

48.2 49.041.7

48.2 46.0

35.1 37.5

49.2 46.6

2.81.4

6.31.2

2.8

0.0

1.5

2.7

3.2

1.8 1.3

0.0

1.62.3

1.8 0.0

1.72.1

26.3 24.833.3

25.7

21.1

32.9 17.9

27.0

29.0

27.2 25.5

32.124.9 26.5

29.8 29.2

32.2

24.1

27.9 27.018.8

26.934.9

17.625.4

31.8

48.4

22.8 24.2 26.2 25.4 25.133.3 33.3

16.9

27.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Men Women 15-34 35-54 55+ Nevermarried

Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children * Education level Income Political position Political tendency

Obstacle for women Obstacle for men Obstacles for both Not an obstacle for either men or women

of 134

Figure 5.5.5 Perception: “Domestic responsibilities” (by subgroup)

63.1 62.458.3 60.8 64.2 67.1 67.2

60.151.6

62.368.0

60.768.9

64.2 63.2

72.964.4 61.8

2.8 2.86.3 1.2

4.6 1.2 3.0

2.7

6.5

3.50.7

3.6

1.02.3 5.3

4.2

3.41.6

21.817.7

25.022.2

13.822.4 16.4

22.325.8

20.220.3

25.018.7

20.921.1

10.420.3

23.0

12.317.0

10.415.8 17.4

9.413.4 14.9 16.1 14.0 11.1 10.7 11.4 12.6 10.5 12.5 11.9 13.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.6 Perception: “Lack of confidence” (by subgroups)

10.615.6 16.7

11.7 11.9 15.3 14.910.8

19.411.4 13.1

17.910.4

14.95.3 8.3

20.312.0

3.93.5 4.2

4.7 2.82.4 4.5

3.4

6.5

3.5 2.6

3.6

2.1

3.7

3.54.2

5.1

2.6

62.6 53.2 50.0 56.7 62.463.5

52.2 60.8

51.6

58.862.1 52.4 66.8 57.2

70.2 60.4

57.6

60.2

22.927.7 29.2 26.9

22.918.8

28.4 25.0 22.6 26.322.2 26.2

20.7 24.2 21.127.1

16.925.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.7 Perception: “Lack of experience” (by subgroups)

7.811.3 8.3 8.2 11.0 11.8 10.4 8.1

12.9 9.6 9.215.5

7.3 10.25.3 4.2

20.3

7.9

3.91.4 6.3

2.91.8 1.2 1.5 3.4

3.23.5 1.3

1.2

2.12.8

1.8 2.1

3.4

2.1

65.457.4 52.1 61.4

64.2 67.162.7 60.8 51.6 60.5 67.3 56.0 69.9 62.3 71.9

62.5

57.6

64.9

22.929.8 33.3

27.522.9 20.0

25.4 27.732.3

26.322.2

27.420.7

24.721.1

31.3

18.625.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.8 Perception: “Lack of support from political parties and organisations” (by subgroups)

7.312.1 14.6

6.411.0 14.1

9.0 8.116.1

8.8 9.817.9

7.3 10.7 7.02.1

13.6 11.03.9

1.4

6.3

2.32.8

1.23.0 2.7

3.2

3.5 1.3

1.2

2.12.3

1.82.1

5.11.6

63.7 56.7

54.2

60.8

60.664.7

56.7 60.8 45.2 57.966.7

56.066.3 61.4

64.9

62.5

61.0

60.7

25.129.8

25.030.4

25.720.0

31.3 28.435.5

29.822.2 25.0 24.4 25.6 26.3

33.3

20.326.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.9 Perception: “Lack of support from family” (by subgroups)

24.6 27.020.8

26.3 24.8 25.931.3

25.0

16.1

28.1 28.1 28.6 28.0 28.4 28.1 27.132.2

25.1

2.8 0.76.3

1.2 1.8 0.0

1.5

2.0

3.2

2.6 0.0 1.2 0.5 1.9 1.8 2.1

1.7

1.0

56.448.2 47.9

51.5 55.0 57.650.7

52.0

48.4

48.258.2

50.057.5 51.2

57.956.3 47.5

54.5

16.2

24.1 25.021.1 18.3 16.5 16.4

20.9

32.3

21.113.7

20.214.0

18.612.3 14.6

18.6 19.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level * Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.5.10 Perception: “Lack of social network and connections” (by subgroups)

9.5 10.6 10.4 9.9 9.24.7

11.9 12.8 16.17.9 11.1 9.5 10.9 10.2

14.0 12.56.8

11.0

1.72.8 4.2

1.2 3.7

2.4

1.5 1.4

3.2

1.81.3

1.2 1.0 1.91.8

0.03.4

1.6

68.7 61.7 60.4 64.367.0

75.3 59.764.2

48.4 64.9

71.2

63.1

71.067.0

64.9

62.572.9 65.4

20.124.8 25.0 24.6

20.2 17.6

26.921.6

32.325.4

16.3

26.2

17.120.9 19.3

25.016.9

22.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.11 Perception: “Double standards between genders to prove themselves” (by subgroups)

30.2

39.733.3 31.6

36.7 37.6 38.831.1

22.6

36.0 36.6 36.9 35.2 34.0 31.6 33.3

49.2

30.9

3.9

1.48.3

1.2

3.7 2.4 1.5

2.7

3.2

2.6 2.0 1.2 2.1 2.3 3.5 2.1

3.4

2.1

40.2

37.6 37.5

40.9

34.940.0 35.8

41.248.4

40.4 37.3 41.739.4 41.9

35.1 31.3

33.9

43.5

25.721.3 20.8

26.3 24.820.0

23.9 25.0 25.821.1 24.2

20.2 23.3 21.929.8 33.3

13.6

23.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.13 Perception: “Traditional attitudes” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

95.588.7 87.5

93.6 93.689.4

95.5 92.6 93.5 93.9 90.8 88.194.8 92.6 91.2 91.7 91.5 93.2

4.511.3 12.5

6.4 6.410.6

4.5 7.4 6.5 6.1 9.2 11.95.2 7.4 8.8 8.3 8.5 6.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate


Not an obstacle for oneself Obstacle for oneself

of 134

Figure 5.5.14 Perception: “Domestic responsibilities” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

96.185.8 83.3

93.0 93.689.4 92.5 91.9 93.5 93.9

88.9 86.993.8 92.6

87.793.8

83.1

93.7

3.914.2 16.7

7.0 6.410.6 7.5 8.1 6.5 6.1

11.1 13.16.2 7.4

12.36.3

16.9

6.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.15 Perception: “Lack of confidence” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

93.9 91.5 89.694.2 92.7 92.9 89.6

93.987.1

96.590.8 90.5 94.3 92.1 91.2

83.393.2 95.3

6.1 8.5 10.45.8 7.3 7.1 10.4

6.112.9

3.59.2 9.5 5.7 7.9 8.8

16.76.8 4.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.16 Perception: “Lack of experience” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

91.6 89.4 87.592.4 89.9 89.4 86.6

92.6 90.3 93.088.2 90.5 90.7 89.3 91.2

83.389.8 92.7

8.4 10.6 12.57.6 10.1 10.6 13.4

7.4 9.7 7.011.8 9.5 9.3 10.7 8.8

16.710.2 7.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.17 Perception: “Lack of support from political parties and organisations” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

91.1 90.8 91.7 93.687.2 90.6 92.5 89.9 93.5 94.7

86.9 90.5 91.2 90.7 89.583.3

89.8 93.2

8.9 9.2 8.3 6.412.8 9.4 7.5 10.1 6.5 5.3

13.1 9.5 8.8 9.3 10.516.7

10.2 6.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.18 Perception: “Lack of support from family” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

92.7 92.2 93.8 94.789.0

94.1 92.5 91.2 90.395.6

90.2 94.0 92.2 93.586.0 87.5

94.9 93.2

7.3 7.8 6.3 5.311.0

5.9 7.5 8.8 9.74.4

9.8 6.0 7.8 6.514.0 12.5

5.1 6.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.19 Perception: “Lack of social network and connections” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

87.7 90.883.3

91.8 88.1 90.6 89.6 87.893.5 93.9

84.3 88.1 89.6 88.4 89.583.3

89.8 90.6

12.3 9.216.7

8.2 11.9 9.4 10.4 12.26.5 6.1

15.7 11.9 10.4 11.6 10.516.7

10.2 9.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.20 Perception: “Double standards between genders to prove themselves” for respondents themselves (by subgroups)

96.688.7 89.6 93.0 95.4

89.495.5 93.9 96.8 96.5

89.5 90.594.8 93.0 91.2 87.5

94.9 94.2

3.411.3 10.4 7.0 4.6

10.64.5 6.1 3.2 3.5

10.5 9.55.2 7.0 8.8 12.5

5.1 5.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.22 Perception: “Mentoring and experience sharing” (by subgroups)

69.8

49.6 45.8

60.265.1

55.3 58.266.9 67.7 66.7

56.952.4

68.460.5

64.9 66.7

52.5

63.4

30.2

50.4 54.2

39.834.9

44.7 41.833.1 32.3 33.3

43.147.6

31.639.5

35.1 33.3

47.5

36.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate


Support Do not support

of 134

Figure 5.5.23 Perception: “Provide training to those with potential” (by subgroups)

75.4

63.1 64.670.2 67.9 70.6

79.1

68.277.4

71.1 71.266.7

76.771.6 75.4

68.8 71.2 72.8

24.6

36.9 35.429.8 32.1 29.4

20.9

31.822.6

28.9 28.833.3

23.328.4 24.6

31.3 28.8 27.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.24 Perception: “Improve promotion pipelines” (by subgroups)

53.6

41.8 43.8 47.4 49.5 52.9 56.7

44.6

58.1

43.953.6

41.7

54.950.2 49.1 52.1

45.851.3

46.4

58.2 56.3 52.6 50.5 47.1 43.3

55.4

41.9

56.146.4

58.3

45.149.8 50.9 47.9

54.248.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134


48.6 48.9

60.4

47.4 44.0

54.1 55.245.9

51.6 48.252.3

58.350.3 48.8 50.9

45.8

61.0

48.7

51.4 51.1

39.6

52.6 56.0

45.9 44.854.1

48.4 51.847.7

41.749.7 51.2 49.1

54.2

39.0

51.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.26 Perception: “Provide chances for me to lean in for opportunities” (by subgroups)

59.8

39.7 43.850.9 51.4 48.2

56.751.4

61.3

46.554.2

47.656.0 53.5 54.4 58.3 55.9

49.2

40.2

60.356.3

49.1 48.6 51.843.3

48.638.7

53.545.8

52.444.0 46.5 45.6 41.7 44.1

50.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134


35.831.2

35.431.0

35.842.4

29.9 33.141.9

34.2 34.6 38.133.7 33.5 36.8

31.3

47.5

32.5

64.268.8

64.669.0

64.257.6

70.1 66.958.1

65.8 65.4 61.966.3 66.5 63.2

68.8

52.5

67.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.5.28 Perception: “Require the nomination/candidacy lists to have a certain number of seats based on genders” (by subgroups)

11.2 14.220.8

13.56.4

15.3 14.910.1 9.7 10.5

15.0 17.910.9 14.4

5.312.5

18.611.0

88.8 85.879.2

86.593.6

84.7 85.189.9 90.3 89.5

85.0 82.189.1 85.6

94.787.5

81.489.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.5.29 Perception: “Reserve a certain number of seats at the leadership and managerial levels based on genders” (by subgroups)

11.2 12.1 12.5 12.39.2

16.511.9

8.8 6.5 8.815.0 15.5

9.814.9

3.58.3

16.911.0

88.8 87.9 87.5 87.790.8

83.588.1

91.2 93.5 91.285.0 84.5

90.285.1

96.591.7

83.189.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level Income Political position* Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.5.30 Perception: “None of the above” (by subgroups)

5.613.5

6.310.5 10.1 8.2 7.5 8.8

0.07.9 10.5 11.9

5.29.3

3.58.3 8.5 7.9

94.486.5

93.889.5 89.9 91.8 92.5 91.2

100.092.1 89.5 88.1

94.890.7

96.591.7 91.5 92.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.2 Should we increase the proportion of women in political leadership positions? (by subgroups)

41.5

62.0

47.843.4

59.8 58.8

43.3 46.6 48.443.9

53.659.5

45.151.2

40.4 43.8

64.4

46.1

58.5

38.0

52.256.6

40.2 41.2

56.7 53.4 51.656.1

46.440.5

54.948.8

59.6 56.3

35.6

53.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age* Marital status and children Education level Income* Political position Political tendency*

YES NO

of 134

Figure 5.6.5 Perception: “Make more female role models and mentors available” (by subgroups)

52.0

64.358.7

54.7 57.867.1

56.750.7

54.8 57.0 57.563.1

56.060.9

43.9

62.5 62.753.9

41.5

31.032.6 40.9 35.3

29.4

38.841.2

41.9 39.534.6

34.5

38.334.0

47.4

31.3 28.841.9

6.4 4.78.7

4.4 6.9 3.5 4.5 8.13.2 3.5

7.82.4 5.7 5.1 8.8 6.3 8.5

4.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate


Support Neither support nor against Do not support

of 134

Figure 5.6.6 Perception: “Provide training for potential female leaders” (by subgroups)

56.1

69.860.9 60.4 61.8

70.6

59.7 57.4

71.0

57.963.4 66.7

61.1 63.756.1 56.3

64.4 62.8

38.0

25.6

28.337.1

30.4

27.1

35.834.5

25.8

36.830.7

29.834.2 31.6

35.139.6 27.1 33.0

5.8 4.710.9

2.57.8

2.4 4.5 8.13.2 5.3 5.9 3.6 4.7 4.7

8.84.2

8.54.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134


73.169.8 71.7 72.3

66.771.8 73.1

68.964.5

68.474.5 77.4

69.4 72.168.4

77.1 76.3

68.1

22.824.8 19.6

25.8

25.522.4

25.4

25.0 32.3 27.220.3

20.2

25.923.7

24.6

18.816.9

28.3

4.1 5.48.7

1.97.8 5.9

1.56.1 3.2 4.4 5.2 2.4 4.7 4.2 7.0 4.2 6.8

3.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.8 Perception: “Encourage women to lean in for opportunities” (by subgroups)

67.3 68.2 67.462.9

71.6 72.9

61.265.5 67.7 69.3

65.472.6

66.3 69.3

59.6

72.9 72.963.9

29.8 28.726.1 36.5 22.5

24.7

37.3 29.732.3 28.1

30.725.0

31.1 28.8

33.3

25.0 22.034.0

2.9 3.1 6.50.6

5.9 2.4 1.5 4.70.0 2.6 3.9 2.4 2.6 1.9

7.02.1 5.1 2.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age* Marital status and children Education level Income Political position Political tendency


of 134


52.056.6

65.2

47.256.9

64.7

47.8 48.641.9

50.957.5 56.0 52.3

56.3

42.1

52.1

66.1

49.7

43.3 37.226.1

48.437.3

30.6

47.8 44.6 58.144.7 35.3 41.7

41.539.5

45.6

41.7

27.1

46.1

4.7 6.2 8.74.4 5.9 4.7 4.5 6.8

0.04.4 7.2

2.46.2 4.2

12.36.3 6.8 4.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level Income Political position* Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.6.10 Perception: “Require the nomination/candidacy list to have a certain number of women” (by subgroups)

15.2

30.2 30.4

20.8 17.6

31.8

20.914.2

22.6 19.3 21.628.6

16.625.1

8.8

20.825.4

19.4

27.5

41.937.0

34.034.3

36.5

37.3

31.1

51.6

33.3 30.7

38.1

31.1

35.8

22.8

16.7

40.7

36.6

57.3

27.932.6

45.3 48.0

31.8

41.8

54.7

25.8

47.4 47.7

33.3

52.3

39.1

68.462.5

33.9

44.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children* Education level Income* Political position* Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 5.6.11 Perception: “Reserve a certain number of seats for women in the Legislative Council, District Councils, and Government

units” (by subgroups)

12.9

28.7 30.4

17.0 17.628.2

19.412.8

22.616.7 19.6

29.8

13.022.3

5.3

16.725.4

17.3

29.2

41.130.4

35.8 36.3

35.3

35.8

33.8

54.8

32.532.0

36.9

32.6

35.8

28.1

18.8

37.3

38.2

57.9

30.239.1

47.2 46.136.5

44.853.4

22.6

50.9 48.4

33.3

54.4

41.9

66.7 64.6

37.344.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender* Age Marital status and children* Education level Income* Political position* Political tendency*


of 134

Figure 5.6.13 What should be the percentage allotted to women? (by subgroups)

6.410.9 8.7 7.5 8.8 8.2 10.4

6.19.7

6.1 8.5 9.5 7.3 9.33.5

12.5 11.95.2

6.4

16.3

10.9 10.7 10.8 12.9 10.4

8.8

12.9

11.4 9.811.9

8.811.2

7.0

0.0

13.6

12.6

12.3

19.4

17.4 17.0 11.8

17.6 17.9

13.5

12.915.8 16.3

17.9

14.0

15.8

12.312.5

15.3

16.2

74.9

53.5

63.0 64.868.6

61.2 61.2

71.664.5 66.7 65.4

60.7

69.963.7

77.2 75.0

59.366.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate


50% or above 40 - 49% Below 40% Do not agree

of 134

Figure 5.6.14 Perception: “Quotas are a necessary measure” (by subgroups)

22.8

12.4 15.2 17.6 20.612.9

16.422.3

6.514.0

23.5

9.5

21.2 18.6 21.125.0

15.3 16.8

37.4

27.126.1

35.2 31.4

29.4

32.8

35.1

22.6

34.2

34.6

27.4

37.8

30.2

43.9

45.8

25.4

32.5

27.5

33.3 32.6

33.3

26.5

31.8

31.3

29.1

51.6

34.2

22.9

38.1

25.9

30.2

26.3 14.6

35.6

33.0

8.2

17.1 17.4

7.515.7

20.0 9.0

8.812.9 11.4 12.4

14.3

10.9

12.6

8.8

12.5

13.6

11.5

4.110.1 8.7 6.3 5.9 5.9

10.44.7 6.5 6.1 6.5

10.74.1

8.42.1

10.26.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.15 Perception: “Quotas should only be implemented on a temporary basis” (by subgroups)

10.56.2 6.5 8.2 10.8

7.1 4.511.5

3.28.8 9.2

4.88.8 8.8 10.5 8.3 6.8 8.4

15.8

12.4 10.9

16.4 11.812.9 17.9

12.8

9.7

15.8 13.715.5

14.0 13.515.8

14.6 16.9 13.1

48.5

51.9 56.549.7

50.0 54.1 47.850.0

67.7

52.6

45.847.6

52.848.4

56.1

43.8

54.251.8

21.124.0 15.2

23.322.5 21.2 26.9 20.9

19.4

17.526.8

25.0

21.824.2

15.8

29.2

18.622.0

4.1 5.410.9

2.5 4.9 4.7 3.0 4.70.0

5.3 4.6 7.12.6 5.1

1.8 4.2 3.4 4.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.16 Perception: “Voluntary quotas adopted by political parties are preferable to quotas legislated by governments and councils”

(by subgroups)

10.5 7.8 6.5 9.4 10.85.9 4.5

12.8

3.29.6 9.2

4.89.3 8.4

14.08.3 10.2 7.9

15.2

10.9 13.013.8 12.7

17.616.4

9.5

9.7

13.2 14.4

14.3

13.5 13.5

15.8

12.513.6

13.6

38.6

40.332.6

42.1 40.2

31.843.3 43.2

51.637.7 39.2

39.339.9 40.0

36.8

37.535.6 42.4

28.133.3

37.0

28.3 28.437.6

29.9 26.422.6 30.7

32.0

32.131.1 31.6

28.1

35.4 32.228.8

7.6 7.810.9

6.3 7.8 7.1 6.0 8.112.9

8.85.2

9.56.2 6.5 5.3 6.3 8.5 7.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.17 Perception: “Quotas that are legislated must be accompanied by enforcement provisions” (by subgroups)

34.5

14.0

28.3 25.2 25.520.0

23.930.4

16.1

27.2 26.822.6

28.0 25.1

36.843.8

23.7 21.5

29.8

27.9

19.629.6 30.4

30.628.4

27.7

35.5

29.826.8

28.6

30.1

27.4

29.8

31.3

28.828.3

20.5

32.6

30.4

28.322.5

24.725.4

27.0

29.0

28.1

23.523.8

25.4

25.6

21.1

12.5

23.7 30.4

11.7

19.415.2

12.617.6 22.4 16.4

10.1

9.7

10.519.6

19.0

14.0

16.7

10.5 10.4

20.3 14.7

3.5 6.2 6.5 4.4 3.9 2.46.0 4.7

9.74.4 3.3 6.0

2.6 5.11.8 2.1 3.4 5.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.18 Perception: “Quotas are useful but not sufficient and must be accompanied by other measures, such as awareness

programmes” (by subgroups)

7.6 6.2 8.7 6.3 7.83.5 3.0

10.8

0.04.4

9.83.6

7.3 7.0 8.84.2 5.1 7.3

9.9

3.1 0.0 6.3

10.8

4.7 6.0

8.8

6.5

7.9

6.5

1.2

9.36.0

12.3

12.53.4

6.8

48.0

45.7 45.7

51.643.1

40.0

52.2

49.3

48.4

49.145.8

41.7

50.3

47.4

42.1

35.445.8

51.3

25.1

29.526.1

25.2 28.4

35.3

28.4

21.6

29.0

27.2 26.8

33.3

25.9

26.5

29.8

37.5 30.5

23.6

9.415.5

19.6

10.7 9.816.5

10.4 9.516.1

11.4 11.1

20.2

7.313.0

7.010.4

15.311.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate

Gender Age Marital status and children Education level Income* Political position Political tendency


of 134

Figure 5.6.19 Perception: “Quotas are not useful and lead to tokenism for women” (by subgroups)

4.1 2.36.5

1.35.9

2.4 4.5 3.40.0 0.9

5.2 3.6 2.1 2.87.0

0.05.1 2.6

9.918.6

17.4

13.810.8 17.6 13.4

11.5

9.711.4

16.3 21.4

11.413.5

12.3

12.5

27.1

9.9

45.0

45.0

47.8

48.441.2

41.252.2

45.351.6

52.639.2

40.5

46.647.0 42.1

50.0

30.5

49.7

26.919.4

17.4

21.428.4

27.116.4

24.325.8

22.823.5

21.425.9 20.9

29.8

16.7

30.523.0

14.0 14.710.9

15.1 13.7 11.8 13.4 15.5 12.9 12.315.7 13.1 14.0 15.8

8.8

20.8

6.814.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.20 Perception: “Quotas are not necessary; women should be elected on merit” (by subgroups)

4.1 3.16.5

1.36.9

2.4 3.0 4.7 3.2 1.8 4.6 3.6 2.6 2.88.8

2.16.8

2.1

2.9 7.86.5

4.4

4.98.2 6.0 2.7

0.0 4.46.5 10.7

3.1 5.6

3.5

4.2

11.9

3.1

16.4

30.219.6

27.019.6 21.2 26.9

21.6 32.3 27.2 17.0

22.6

20.722.8 14.0

10.4

23.7

25.7

31.6

30.2

26.132.1

29.432.9

29.9

29.7

41.9

28.9

30.1

26.2

33.2

32.1

26.3

29.2

25.4

33.0

45.0

28.7

41.335.2

39.235.3 34.3

41.2

22.6

37.741.8

36.940.4

36.7

47.454.2

32.236.1

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree

Postgrad <$50,000 ≥$50,000 Grassroots Top Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.21 Perception: “Quotas are discriminatory” (by subgroups)

5.82.3 4.3 1.3

9.8

1.24.5 6.1

0.04.4 4.6 3.6 3.6 3.3

8.82.1 3.4 4.2

7.0 13.213.0

10.7

5.915.3 9.0 6.8

3.2

12.3 9.216.7

7.311.2

7.014.6

16.9

6.3

26.3

38.0 32.6

34.6 28.4

36.5

28.4 29.741.9

32.5

28.1

31.0

30.130.2 28.1

14.6

30.5

36.1

39.8

31.832.6

34.6 39.2

31.8

41.8 37.2

45.232.5

38.6

34.5

39.437.2 38.6

47.9

33.935.1

21.114.7 17.4 18.9 16.7 15.3 16.4

20.3

9.7

18.4 19.614.3

19.7 18.1 17.520.8

15.3 18.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



of 134

Figure 5.6.22 Perception: “Leaders who gain their mandate through reserved seats, political party quotas or appointments are viewed

differently from other leaders” (by subgroups)

2.9 1.6 2.2 1.34.9

0.0 3.0 3.40.0 0.9 3.3

0.0 2.1 1.95.3

0.0 1.7 2.12.3 7.0 4.3 5.0

2.95.9 3.0 4.1

0.04.4

5.2

3.65.2 5.1

1.8

4.28.5

3.1

36.8

48.847.8

40.344.1 47.1

35.8

41.961.3

44.7 35.9

53.6

36.342.3

36.8

29.2

39.0 46.6

40.9

28.728.3

36.5

36.3 34.1

41.8

34.5

35.5

31.6 39.9

31.0

39.4

36.7

36.852.1

37.3 31.9

17.014.0

17.4 17.011.8 12.9

16.4 16.2

3.2

18.4 15.711.9

17.1 14.019.3

14.6 13.6 16.2

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


Marriedw/children

Marriedw/o

children

Tertiarynon-

degreeor

below

Bachelordegree


Non-estab

Moderate



appendix i. telephone survey of public attitudes towards ......qual_sex8. honest and ethical...

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