appendix figure a. directed acyclic graph (dag) for milk ...oct 30, 2014 · 0.1.2.3 0 5 10 15 20...
TRANSCRIPT
Appendix Figure A. Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) for milk intake and fracture risk.
0.1.2.3
05
1015
2025
Follo
w−u
p (y
ears
)
Kap
lan−
Mei
er fa
ilure
est
imat
e hi
p fra
ctur
eC
umul
ativ
e in
cide
nce
hip
fract
ure
Cum
ulat
ive
inci
denc
e m
orta
lity
<1 g
lass
/day
0.1.2.3
05
1015
2025
Follo
w−u
p (y
ears
)
1 to
less
than
2 g
lass
es/d
ay
0.1.2.3
05
1015
2025
Follo
w−u
p (y
ears
)
2 to
less
than
3 g
lass
es/d
ay
0.1.2.3
05
1015
2025
Follo
w−u
p (y
ears
)
≥3 g
lass
es/d
ay
App
endi
x Fi
gure
B. C
umul
ativ
e in
cide
nce
curv
es fo
r hip
frac
ture
and
all-
caus
e m
orta
lity
by m
ilk in
take
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort.
The
solid
line
repr
esen
ts th
e K
apla
n-M
eier
failu
re e
stim
ate
for h
ip fr
actu
re. T
he fi
gure
indi
cate
s tha
t the
ov
eres
timat
ion
of h
ip fr
actu
re in
cide
nce
by th
e K
apla
n-M
eier
failu
re e
stim
ate
is sm
all a
nd d
oes n
ot d
iffer
by
cate
gorie
s of m
ilk
inta
ke a
nd th
at a
n ap
prox
imat
ion
to su
rviv
al m
etho
ds is
acc
epta
ble.
P trend=0.0240.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5A
djus
ted
urin
e 8−
iso−
PG
F 2α
(nm
ol/m
mol
cre
atin
ine)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Servings of fermented milk or yoghurt/day
P trend=0.0290
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Adj
uste
d se
rum
IL−6
(mg/
ml)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Servings of fermented milk or yoghurt/day
A
P trend=0.650.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Adj
uste
d ur
ine
8−is
o−P
GF 2
α(n
mol
/mm
ol c
reat
inin
e)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Slices of cheese/day
P trend=0.690
1
2
3
4
5
6
7A
djus
ted
seru
m IL−6
(mg/
ml)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Slices of cheese/day
B
Appendix Figure C. Adjusted predictions of urine log(8-iso-PGF2 ), a marker of oxidative stress (n=700) and serum log(IL-6; n=633), a marker of inflammation, after cubic spline regression with fermented milk/yogurt consumption (panel A) and cheese consumption (panel B). Consumption was assessed among men aged 71 years and measurement of inflammatory markers was at age 77 years. Covariates were age, BMI, energy intake, education, smoking status and physical activity. One serving of fermented milk/yogurt corresponds to 100 grams and one slice of cheese corresponds to 20 grams.
Tab
le A
. Bas
elin
e ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
wom
en in
the
Swed
ish
Mam
mog
raph
y C
ohor
t (19
87-9
0) a
nd o
f the
men
in th
e C
ohor
t of S
wed
ish
Men
(199
7) b
y ca
tego
ries o
f che
ese
inta
ke. V
alue
s are
num
bers
(per
cent
ages
) unl
ess s
tate
d ot
herw
ise
C
ateg
orie
s of d
aily
che
ese
inta
ke
<2
0 g/
d 20
-39
g/d
40-5
9 g/
d
T
he S
wed
ish
Mam
mog
raph
y C
ohor
t
N
o 22
678
2260
6 69
56
9193
M
ean
(SD
) age
at e
ntry
(yea
rs)
57.2
(10.
6)
50.9
(7.7
) 61
.9 (5
.8)
45.7
(4.9
) M
ean
(SD
) bod
y m
ass i
ndex
(kg/
m2 )
25.3
(4.0
) 24
.6 (3
.8)
25.0
(3.8
) 23
.6 (3
.6)
Mea
n (S
D) h
eigh
t (cm
) 16
3.3
(5.8
) 16
4.5
(5.7
) 16
3.3
(5.6
) 16
5.4
(5.7
) M
ean
(SD
) nut
rient
inta
ke:
En
ergy
(kca
l/d)
1434
(446
) 15
55 (4
12)
1774
(448
) 18
81 (4
60)
C
alci
um (m
g/d)
81
2 (1
92)
863
(166
) 96
6 (1
63)
992
(163
)
Phos
phor
us (m
g/d)
13
44 (2
27)
1371
(193
) 14
46 (1
83)
1440
(183
)
Vita
min
D (m
g/d)
4.
6 (1
.6)
4.4
(1.3
) 4.
2 (1
.2)
4.1
(1.2
)
Ret
inol
(mg/
d)
1.04
(0.7
2)
1.05
(0.6
5)
0.97
(0.5
3)
0.96
(0.5
5)
Pr
otei
n (g
/d)
64.4
(9.9
) 66
.7 (8
.4)
69.0
(7.8
) 71
.0 (7
.8)
To
tal f
at (g
/d)
43.6
(17.
6)
49.0
(16.
2)
59.2
(18.
0)
65.2
(19.
0)
Sa
tura
ted
fat (
g/d)
18
.4 (8
.5)
21.4
(7.7
) 27
.4 (8
.8)
30.4
(9.1
)
Alc
ohol
(g/d
) 2.
0 (3
.3)
2.9
(3.6
) 1.
9 (2
.9)
3.4
(3.8
) M
ean
(SD
) met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts (k
cal/k
g an
d ho
ur)
42.2
(4.9
) 42
.6 (4
.8)
42.5
(4.8
) 42
.6 (4
.8)
Cal
cium
supp
lem
ent u
se*
6172
(27.
2)
7718
(34.
1)
2008
(28.
9)
3223
(35.
1)
Vita
min
D su
pple
men
t use
* 26
86 (1
1.8)
32
78 (1
4.5)
10
18 (1
4.6)
16
18 (1
7.6)
Ev
er o
estro
gen
repl
acem
ent u
se*
4027
(17.
8)
5486
(24.
3)
1236
(17.
8)
2801
(30.
5)
Educ
atio
n le
vel:
1899
0 (8
3.7)
17
687
(78.
2)
5737
(82.
5)
6548
(71.
2)
10
-12
year
s 14
83 (6
.5)
1753
(7.8
) 40
0 (5
.8)
899
(9.8
)
>12
year
s 70
2 (3
.1)
1158
(5.1
) 22
2 (3
.2)
861
(9.4
)
othe
r 15
03 (6
.6)
2008
(8.9
) 59
7 (8
.6)
885
(9.6
) C
harls
on c
omor
bidi
ty:
0
1972
1 (8
7.0)
20
733
(91.
7)
6131
(88.
1)
8560
(93.
1)
1
2284
(10.
1)
1538
(6.8
) 61
8 (8
.9)
531
(5.8
)
2 67
3 (3
.0)
335
(1.5
) 20
7 (3
.0)
102
(1.1
) N
ullip
arou
s 28
21 (1
2.4)
21
72 (9
.6)
824
(11.
8)
881
(9.6
) Ev
er c
ortis
one
use*
11
19 (4
.9)
1098
(4.9
) 39
1 (5
.6)
413
(4.5
) Sm
oker
stat
us:*
Cur
rent
42
42 (1
8.7)
47
34 (2
0.9)
93
0 (1
3.4)
21
84 (2
3.8)
Form
er
6725
(29.
7)
6848
(30.
3)
1761
(25.
3)
3011
(32.
8)
N
ever
11
711
(51.
6)
1102
4 (4
8.8)
42
65 (6
1.3)
39
98 (4
3.5)
Li
ving
alo
ne
6549
(28.
9)
4329
(19.
1)
1823
(26.
2)
1767
(19.
2)
T
he C
ohor
t of S
wed
ish
Men
N
o 72
08
6354
11
402
2037
5 M
ean
(SD
) age
at e
ntry
(yea
rs)
60.1
(9.6
) 60
.5 (9
.7)
61.2
(9.8
) 59
.7 (9
.7)
Mea
n (S
D) b
ody
mas
s ind
ex (k
g/m
2 ) 26
.0 (3
.4)
25.8
(3.3
) 25
.8 (3
.3)
25.7
(3.3
) M
ean
(SD
) hei
ght (
cm)
176.
4 (6
.8)
176.
9 (6
.7)
177.
1 (6
.6)
177.
7 (6
.6)
Mea
n (S
D) n
utrie
nt in
take
:
Ener
gy (k
cal/d
) 21
57 (7
34)
2301
(701
) 24
98 (6
87)
3040
(810
)
Cal
cium
(mg/
d)
1178
(507
) 13
01 (4
16)
1412
(399
) 16
51 (4
32)
Ph
osph
orus
(mg/
d)
1944
(390
) 19
86 (3
24)
2040
(314
) 21
57 (3
25)
V
itam
in D
(mg/
d)
7.2
(4.1
) 6.
8 (3
.2)
6.7
(2.8
) 6.
3 (2
.5)
R
etin
ol (m
g/d)
1.
25 (1
.13)
1.
28 (0
.88)
1.
26 (0
.88)
1.
22 (0
.78)
Prot
ein
(g/d
) 96
.4 (1
7.6)
98
.7 (1
4.9)
10
0.7
(14.
0)
106.
5 (1
4.0)
Tota
l fat
(g/d
) 81
.1 (1
6.9)
85
.3 (1
4.0)
88
.1 (1
3.5)
94
.3 (1
4.1)
Satu
rate
d fa
t (g/
d)
33.9
(9.4
) 37
.2 (8
.0)
39.7
(7.8
) 45
.0 (8
.8)
A
lcoh
ol (g
/d)
13.5
(28.
6)
14.1
(19.
8)
13.4
(18.
0)
13.5
(20.
0)
Met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts (k
cal/k
g an
d ho
ur)
41.3
(5.0
) 41
.2 (4
.8)
41.2
(4.7
) 41
.9 (5
.0)
Cal
cium
supp
lem
ent u
se
704
(9.8
) 64
5 (1
0.2)
11
02 (9
.7)
1989
(9.8
) V
itam
in D
supp
lem
ent u
se
939
(13.
0)
895
(14.
1)
1494
(13.
1)
2725
(13.
4)
Educ
atio
nal l
evel
:
50
89 (7
1.0)
43
15 (6
8.2)
77
61 (6
8.3)
14
197
(69.
8)
10
-12
year
s 97
7 (1
3.6)
93
1 (1
4.7)
16
29 (1
4.3)
27
36 (1
3.5)
>12
year
s 10
54 (1
4.7)
10
51 (1
6.6)
19
29 (1
7.0)
33
34 (1
6.4)
othe
r 43
(0.6
) 28
(0.4
) 43
(0.4
) 66
(0.3
)
Cha
rlson
com
orbi
dity
:
0 58
32 (8
0.9)
52
61 (8
2.8)
94
10 (8
2.5)
17
379
(85.
3)
1
929
(12.
9)
751
(11.
8)
1407
(12.
3)
2115
(10.
4)
2
447
(6.2
) 34
2 (5
.4)
585
(5.1
) 88
1 (4
.3)
Ever
cor
tison
e us
e 30
0 (4
.2)
267
(4.2
) 44
7 (3
.9)
899
(4.4
) Sm
oker
stat
us:
C
urre
nt
1946
(27.
5)
1556
(24.
9)
2587
(23.
0)
5020
(25.
0)
Fo
rmer
27
77 (3
9.2)
24
80 (3
9.6)
44
73 (3
9.7)
76
85 (3
8.2)
Nev
er
2364
(33.
4)
2221
(35.
5)
4197
(37.
3)
7405
(36.
8)
Livi
ng a
lone
16
70 (2
3.2)
11
31 (1
7.8)
18
87 (1
6.5)
34
13 (1
6.8)
*I
nfor
mat
ion
avai
labl
e on
ly in
the
1997
que
stio
nnai
re a
nd v
alue
s are
impu
ted
from
thes
e da
ta
Tab
le B
. Bas
elin
e ch
arac
teris
tics o
f the
wom
en in
the
Swed
ish
Mam
mog
raph
y C
ohor
t (19
87-9
0) a
nd o
f the
men
in th
e C
ohor
t of
Swed
ish
Men
(199
7) b
y ca
tego
ries o
f sou
red
milk
and
yog
urt i
ntak
e. V
alue
s are
num
bers
(per
cent
ages
) unl
ess s
tate
d ot
herw
ise
C
ateg
orie
s of d
aily
sour
ed m
ilk a
nd y
ogur
t int
ake
<1
g/d
1-
199
g/d
200-
399
g/d
g/d
T
he S
wed
ish
Mam
mog
raph
y C
ohor
t
N
o 13
543
3377
7 12
921
1192
M
ean
(SD
) age
at e
ntry
(yea
rs)
55.1
(9.9
) 53
.3 (9
.3)
53.4
(10.
4)
53.7
(9.7
) M
ean
(SD
) bod
y m
ass i
ndex
(kg/
m2 )
25.0
(4.0
) 24
.8 (3
.9)
24.5
(3.8
) 24
.7 (3
.8)
Mea
n (S
D) h
eigh
t (cm
) 16
3.6
(5.9
) 16
4.1
(5.7
) 16
4.4
(5.8
) 16
3.5
(6.0
) M
ean
(SD
) nut
rient
inta
ke:
En
ergy
(kca
l/d)
1467
(473
) 15
86 (4
48)
1666
(452
) 19
61 (5
63)
C
alci
um (m
g/d)
80
3 (1
94)
864
(172
) 95
6 (1
67)
1128
(201
)
Phos
phor
us (m
g/d)
13
03 (2
21)
1369
(191
) 14
67 (1
85)
1606
(216
)
Vita
min
D (m
g/d)
4.
3 (1
.5)
4.4
(1.3
) 4.
5 (1
.4)
4.6
(1.7
)
Ret
inol
(mg/
d)
1.02
(0.7
2)
1.04
(0.6
3)
1.00
(0.6
2)
0.98
(0.6
4)
Pr
otei
n (g
/d)
64.4
(9.9
) 66
.5 (8
.6)
69.3
(8.8
) 73
.6 (1
0.3)
Tota
l fat
(g/d
) 47
.4 (1
9.2)
51
.2 (1
8.6)
51
.4 (1
8.6)
61
.3 (2
4.9)
Satu
rate
d fa
t (g/
d)
20.5
(9.4
) 22
.5 (9
.2)
23.0
(9.1
) 28
.9 (1
2.7)
Alc
ohol
(g/d
) 2.
3 (3
.7)
2.6
(3.5
) 2.
7 (3
.5)
2.3
(3.7
) M
ean
(SD
) met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts (k
cal/k
g an
d ho
ur)
42.3
(4.9
) 42
.5 (4
.8)
42.4
(4.8
) 42
.7 (4
.9)
Cal
cium
supp
lem
ent u
se*
3477
(25.
7)
1097
7 (3
2.5)
43
19 (3
3.4)
34
8 (2
9.2)
V
itam
in D
supp
lem
ent u
se*
1348
(10.
0)
4818
(14.
3)
2217
(17.
2)
217
(18.
2)
Ever
oes
troge
n re
plac
emen
t use
* 25
15 (1
8.6)
74
60 (2
2.1)
32
37 (2
5.1)
33
8 (2
8.4)
Ed
ucat
ion
leve
l:
11
273
(83.
2)
2669
8 (7
9.0)
10
036
(77.
7)
955
(80.
1)
10
-12
year
s 85
6 (6
.3)
2498
(7.4
) 10
95 (8
.5)
86 (7
.2)
>1
2 ye
ars
476
(3.5
) 16
25 (4
.8)
788
(6.1
) 54
(4.5
)
othe
r 93
8 (6
.9)
2956
(8.8
) 10
02 (7
.8)
97 (8
.1)
Cha
rlson
com
orbi
dity
:
0
1191
6 (8
8.0)
30
583
(90.
5)
1159
7 (8
9.8)
10
49 (8
8.0)
1 12
52 (9
.2)
2574
(7.6
) 10
42 (8
.1)
103
(8.6
)
2 37
5 (2
.8)
620
(1.8
) 28
2 (2
.2)
40 (3
.4)
Nul
lipar
ous
1728
(12.
8)
3303
(9.8
) 15
18 (1
1.7)
14
9 (1
2.5)
Ev
er c
ortis
one
use*
61
2 (4
.5)
1651
(4.9
) 70
3 (5
.4)
55 (4
.6)
Smok
er st
atus
:*
C
urre
nt
2902
(21.
4)
6709
(19.
9)
2254
(17.
4)
225
(18.
9)
Fo
rmer
41
12 (3
0.4)
98
92 (2
9.3)
39
72 (3
0.7)
36
9 (3
1.0)
Nev
er
6529
(48.
2)
1717
6 (5
0.9)
66
95 (5
1.8)
59
8 (5
0.2)
Li
ving
alo
ne
3348
(24.
7)
7586
(22.
5)
3191
(24.
7)
343
(28.
8)
T
he C
ohor
t of S
wed
ish
Men
N
o 17
113
1097
6 10
309
6941
M
ean
(SD
) age
at e
ntry
(yea
rs)
60.5
(9.8
) 59
.3 (9
.5)
60.6
(9.7
) 60
.9 (9
.8)
Mea
n (S
D) b
ody
mas
s ind
ex (k
g/m
2 ) 25
.9 (3
.5)
25.9
(3.3
) 25
.6 (3
.2)
25.6
(3.2
) M
ean
(SD
) hei
ght (
cm)
176.
8 (6
.8)
177.
3 (6
.6)
177.
5 (6
.6)
177.
8 (6
.8)
Mea
n (S
D) n
utrie
nt in
take
:
Ener
gy (k
cal/d
) 25
16 (8
30)
2600
(787
) 27
05 (7
83)
3042
(875
)
Cal
cium
(mg/
d)
1373
(501
) 13
86 (4
03)
1509
(403
) 17
61 (4
64)
Ph
osph
orus
(mg/
d)
1990
(363
) 20
16 (2
96)
2111
(291
) 22
92 (3
37)
V
itam
in D
(mg/
d)
6.7
(3.5
) 6.
6 (2
.6)
6.6
(2.8
) 6.
6 (2
.6)
R
etin
ol (m
g/d)
1.
25 (1
.05)
1.
27 (0
.79)
1.
23 (0
.74)
1.
20 (0
.76)
Prot
ein
(g/d
) 10
0.4
(16.
6)
101.
3 (1
3.8)
10
3.2
(13.
8)
107.
5 (1
4.8)
Tota
l fat
(g/d
) 90
.4 (1
6.7)
89
.8 (1
4.1)
88
.7 (1
4.0)
87
.2 (1
4.5)
Satu
rate
d fa
t (g/
d)
41.0
(10.
5)
40.5
(8.8
) 40
.6 (8
.8)
41.1
(9.2
)
Alc
ohol
(g/d
) 14
.1 (2
2.0)
13
.9 (2
2.0)
12
.8 (1
8.1)
13
.0 (2
1.7)
M
etab
olic
equ
ival
ents
(kca
l/kg
and
hour
) 41
.6 (5
.1)
41.5
(4.8
) 41
.3 (4
.7)
41.9
(5.0
) C
alci
um su
pple
men
t use
13
21 (7
.7)
1103
(10.
0)
1215
(11.
8)
801
(11.
5)
Vita
min
D su
pple
men
t use
18
17 (1
0.6)
14
86 (1
3.5)
16
47 (1
6.0)
11
03 (1
5.9)
Ed
ucat
iona
l lev
el:
1274
5 (7
4.8)
74
35 (6
7.9)
66
21 (6
4.5)
45
61 (6
5.9)
10-1
2 ye
ars
2103
(12.
3)
1652
(15.
1)
1530
(14.
9)
988
(14.
3)
>1
2 ye
ars
2123
(12.
5)
1820
(16.
6)
2077
(20.
2)
1348
(19.
5)
ot
her
72 (0
.4)
42 (0
.4)
44 (0
.4)
22 (0
.3)
Cha
rlson
com
orbi
dity
:
0 14
054
(82.
1)
9398
(85.
6)
8650
(83.
9)
5780
(83.
3)
1
2129
(12.
4)
1145
(10.
4)
1112
(10.
8)
816
(11.
8)
2
930
(5.4
) 43
3 (3
.9)
547
(5.3
) 34
5 (5
.0)
Ever
cor
tison
e us
e 71
6 (4
.2)
458
(4.2
) 43
6 (4
.2)
303
(4.4
) Sm
oker
stat
us:
C
urre
nt
5033
(29.
9)
2531
(23.
3)
2109
(20.
7)
1436
(21.
0)
Fo
rmer
65
39 (3
8.9)
42
37 (3
9.0)
40
03 (3
9.3)
26
36 (3
8.6)
Nev
er
5254
(31.
2)
4097
(37.
7)
4071
(40.
0)
2765
(40.
4)
Livi
ng a
lone
35
37 (2
0.7)
16
81 (1
5.3)
16
50 (1
6.0)
12
33 (1
7.8)
*I
nfor
mat
ion
avai
labl
e on
ly in
the
1997
que
stio
nnai
re a
nd v
alue
s are
impu
ted
from
thes
e da
ta
Tab
le C
. Che
ese
cons
umpt
ion
and
time
to d
eath
and
frac
ture
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort*
and
the
Coh
ort o
f Sw
edis
h M
en
C
ateg
orie
s of d
aily
che
ese
inta
ke
<2
0 g/
d 20
-39
g/d
40-5
9 g/
d g/
d C
ontin
uous
(p
er 2
0 g)
The
Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort
T
otal
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 66
02
4689
29
22
1328
15
541
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 36
9590
45
5595
19
6218
21
0415
12
3181
8 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
15.3
11
.0
11.0
10
.2
12.6
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.60
(0.5
8 to
0.6
2)
0.63
(0.6
0 to
0.6
6)
0.51
(0.4
8 to
0.5
4)
0.78
(0.7
7 to
0.7
9)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
70 (0
.68
to 0
.73)
0.
75 (0
.72
to 0
.79)
0.
67 (0
.63
to 0
.72)
0.
86 (0
.85
to 0
.88)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.72
(0.6
9 to
0.7
5)
0.77
(0.7
4 to
0.8
1)
0.70
(0.6
5 to
0.7
5)
0.87
(0.8
5 to
0.8
9)
C
ardi
ovas
cula
r m
orta
lity
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
2311
15
74
1034
35
9 52
78
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 36
9590
45
5595
19
6218
21
0415
12
3181
8 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
5.2
3.7
3.9
3.4
4.3
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
59 (0
.55
to 0
.62)
0.
63 (0
.59
to 0
.68)
0.
48 (0
.43
to 0
.53)
0.
77 (0
.74
to 0
.79)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.69
(0.6
4 to
0.7
3)
0.74
(0.6
8 to
0.8
0)
0.61
(0.5
4 to
0.6
8)
0.83
(0.8
1 to
0.8
6)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
70 (0
.65
to 0
.75)
0.
76 (0
.70
to 0
.82)
0.
63 (0
.55
to 0
.72)
0.
83 (0
.80
to 0
.87)
Can
cer
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 10
33
1165
61
3 47
2 32
83
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 36
9590
45
5595
19
6218
21
0415
12
3181
8 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
2.5
2.8
2.4
3.5
2.7
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
82 (0
.76
to 0
.90)
0.
76 (0
.68
to 0
.84)
0.
85 (0
.76
to 0
.95)
0.
94 (0
.91
to 0
.97)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.89
(0.8
2 to
0.9
7)
0.84
(0.7
6 to
0.9
3)
0.96
(0.8
5 to
1.0
9)
0.98
(0.9
5 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
89 (0
.81
to 0
.97)
0.
84 (0
.75
to 0
.94)
0.
95 (0
.83
to 1
.10)
0.
98 (0
.94
to 1
.02)
Any
frac
ture
N
umbe
r of f
ract
ures
56
72
5905
33
54
2321
17
252
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 33
4019
41
3732
17
2118
19
2968
11
1283
7
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
15
.6
15.2
17
.9
16.3
15
.5
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
83 (0
.80
to 0
.86)
0.
87 (0
.83
to 0
.91)
0.
79 (0
.76
to 0
.83)
0.
93 (0
.92
to 0
.95)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.86
(0.8
3 to
0.8
9)
0.92
(0.8
8 to
0.9
6)
0.85
(0.8
1 to
0.9
0)
0.96
(0.9
4 to
0.9
7)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
87 (0
.84
to 0
.91)
0.
94 (0
.90
to 0
.99)
0.
89 (0
.83
to 0
.94)
0.
97 (0
.95
to 0
.98)
Hip
frac
ture
N
umbe
r of f
ract
ures
17
22
1290
93
0 31
7 42
59
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 36
1851
44
9090
19
1694
20
8659
12
1129
5 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
4.0
3.1
3.6
2.8
3.5
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
63 (0
.59
to 0
.68)
0.
75 (0
.70
to 0
.82)
0.
50 (0
.44
to 0
.56)
0.
82 (0
.79
to 0
.85)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.69
(0.6
4 to
0.7
4)
0.81
(0.7
5 to
0.8
8)
0.57
(0.5
0 to
0.6
4)
0.86
(0.8
3 to
0.8
9)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
72 (0
.67
to 0
.78)
0.
88 (0
.80
to 0
.97)
0.
64 (0
.55
to 0
.74)
0.
89 (0
.85
to 0
.92)
The
Coh
ort o
f Sw
edis
h M
en
T
otal
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 17
54
1484
26
95
4179
10
112
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 84
070
7426
4 13
3546
24
2214
53
4094
R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
21.8
19
.7
18.2
18
.2
18.9
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.90
(0.8
4 to
0.9
6)
0.83
(0.7
8 to
0.8
8)
0.82
(0.7
8 to
0.8
7)
0.99
(0.9
8 to
1.0
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
97 (0
.91
to 1
.04)
0.
92 (0
.87
to 0
.98)
0.
93 (0
.87
to 0
.98)
0.
99 (0
.98
to 1
.01)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.95
(0.8
9 to
1.0
2)
0.89
(0.8
4 to
0.9
5)
0.86
(0.8
0 to
0.9
2)
0.97
(0.9
6 to
0.9
9)
C
ardi
ovas
cula
r m
orta
lity
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
811
694
1238
18
25
4568
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
8407
0 74
264
1335
46
2422
14
5340
94
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
10
.2
9.2
8.2
8.0
8.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
90 (0
.81
to 1
.00)
0.
80 (0
.73
to 0
.88)
0.
78 (0
.71
to 0
.84)
0.
98 (0
.97
to 1
.00)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.99
(0.8
9 to
1.0
9)
0.93
(0.8
5 to
1.0
1)
0.91
(0.8
4 to
1.0
0)
0.99
(0.9
7 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
97 (0
.88
to 1
.08)
0.
91 (0
.82
to 0
.99)
0.
87 (0
.79
to 0
.97)
0.
97 (0
.95
to 0
.99)
Can
cer
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 43
4 42
4 74
5 12
78
2881
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
8407
0 74
264
1335
46
2422
14
5340
94
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
5.
3 5.
6 5.
2 5.
5 5.
4 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.05
(0.9
2 to
1.2
1)
0.96
(0.8
5 to
1.0
8)
1.02
(0.9
2 to
1.1
4)
1.01
(0.9
9 to
1.0
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
09 (0
.95
to 1
.24)
1.
01 (0
.90
to 1
.14)
1.
07 (0
.95
to 1
.20)
1.
00 (0
.98
to 1
.02)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.09
(0.9
5 to
1.2
4)
1.01
(0.8
9 to
1.1
4)
1.07
(0.9
3 to
1.2
2)
1.00
(0.9
7 to
1.0
2)
A
ny fr
actu
re
Num
ber o
f fra
ctur
es
859
747
1411
23
62
5379
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
8026
9 70
808
1272
28
2310
57
5093
61
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
10
.9
10.5
10
.7
10.4
10
.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
97 (0
.88
to 1
.07)
0.
98 (0
.90
to 1
.07)
0.
96 (0
.88
to 1
.03)
1.
01 (0
.99
to 1
.02)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.98
(0.8
9 to
1.0
8)
1.00
(0.9
2 to
1.0
9)
0.95
(0.8
8 to
1.0
4)
1.00
(0.9
8 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
96 (0
.87
to 1
.06)
0.
97 (0
.88
to 1
.06)
0.
89 (0
.80
to 0
.98)
0.
99 (0
.97
to 1
.01)
Hip
frac
ture
N
umbe
r of h
ip fr
actu
res
227
161
369
509
1266
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
8339
1 73
732
1323
77
2405
47
5300
47
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
2.
9 2.
1 2.
5 2.
2 2.
4 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.74
(0.6
1 to
0.9
1)
0.86
(0.7
3 to
1.0
2)
0.77
(0.6
6 to
0.9
0)
1.00
(0.9
7 to
1.0
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
77 (0
.63
to 0
.94)
0.
91 (0
.77
to 1
.08)
0.
80 (0
.68
to 0
.95)
1.
00 (0
.97
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.76
(0.6
2 to
0.9
3)
0.88
(0.7
4 to
1.0
5)
0.75
(0.6
2 to
0.9
2)
0.98
(0.9
4 to
1.0
2)
CI:
conf
iden
ce in
terv
al; H
R: h
azar
d ra
tio
* ha
d ac
cess
to re
peat
exp
osur
e in
form
atio
n; e
xpos
ures
and
cov
aria
tes w
ere
treat
ed a
s cum
ulat
ive
aver
ages
†
Age
stan
dard
ized
rate
s, nu
mbe
r of c
ases
per
100
0 pe
rson
-yea
rs a
t ris
k M
odel
1: a
ge-a
djus
ted
Mod
el 2
: adj
uste
d fo
r age
, bod
y m
ass i
ndex
, hei
ght,
tota
l ene
rgy
inta
ke, t
otal
alc
ohol
inta
ke, a
hea
lthy
diet
ary
patte
rn, c
alci
um a
nd v
itam
in D
su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts, s
mok
ing
stat
us
and
Cha
rlson
’s c
omor
bidi
ty in
dex;
and
in w
omen
add
ition
ally
for e
ver u
se o
f oes
troge
n re
plac
emen
t the
rapy
and
nul
lipar
ity.
Mod
el 3
: adj
uste
d ac
cord
ing
to m
odel
2 b
ut a
dditi
onal
ly a
djus
ted
for i
ntak
e of
cal
cium
, vita
min
D, p
hosp
horu
s, to
tal f
at, s
atur
ated
fat,
tota
l pr
otei
n an
d re
tinol
Tab
le D
. Sou
red
milk
and
yog
urt c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
time
to d
eath
and
frac
ture
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort*
and
the
Coh
ort o
f Sw
edis
h M
en
C
ateg
orie
s of d
aily
sour
ed m
ilk a
nd y
ogur
t int
ake
<1
g/d
1-
199
g/d
200-
399
g/d
g/d
Con
tinuo
us
(per
200
g/d
)
The
Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort
T
otal
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 35
12
7846
36
92
491
1554
1 Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
2200
64
6991
22
2790
85
3354
7 12
3181
8 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
16.1
11
.8
11.7
11
.7
12.6
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.65
(0.6
2 to
0.6
8)
0.65
(0.6
2 to
0.6
9)
0.62
(0.5
6 to
0.6
8)
0.78
(0.7
5 to
0.8
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
76 (0
.73
to 0
.80)
0.
84 (0
.80
to 0
.89)
0.
86 (0
.78
to 0
.95)
0.
92 (0
.90
to 0
.95)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.76
(0.7
3 to
0.8
0)
0.84
(0.8
0 to
0.8
8)
0.86
(0.7
8 to
0.9
5)
0.91
(0.8
9 to
0.9
4)
C
ardi
ovas
cula
r m
orta
lity
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
3738
13
39
201
5278
37
38
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 91
9186
27
9085
33
547
1231
818
9191
86
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
5.
4 4.
0 4.
0 4.
3 4.
1 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.65
(0.6
0 to
0.6
9)
0.66
(0.6
1 to
0.7
1)
0.68
(0.5
9 to
0.7
9)
0.81
(0.7
8 to
0.8
5)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
75 (0
.70
to 0
.81)
0.
83 (0
.77
to 0
.90)
0.
92 (0
.78
to 1
.07)
0.
95 (0
.91
to 1
.00)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.75
(0.7
0 to
0.8
1)
0.83
(0.7
6 to
0.9
0)
0.93
(0.7
9 to
1.0
9)
0.95
(0.9
0 to
1.0
0)
C
ance
r m
orta
lity
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
2425
75
1 10
7 32
83
2425
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
9191
86
2790
85
3354
7 12
3181
8 91
9186
R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
83 (0
.76
to 0
.91)
0.
76 (0
.68
to 0
.84)
0.
75 (0
.61
to 0
.92)
0.
88 (0
.83
to 0
.93)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.90
(0.8
2 to
0.9
9)
0.86
(0.7
7 to
0.9
6)
0.85
(0.6
9 to
1.0
5)
0.95
(0.8
9 to
1.0
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
89 (0
.81
to 0
.98)
0.
84 (0
.74
to 0
.94)
0.
81 (0
.65
to 1
.01)
0.
93 (0
.87
to 0
.99)
Any
frac
ture
N
umbe
r of f
ract
ures
12
638
4099
51
5 17
252
1263
8 Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
8320
99
2509
76
2976
2 11
1283
7 83
2099
R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
16.2
15
.2
15.5
15
.4
15.2
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.84
(0.8
0 to
0.8
7)
0.85
(0.8
2 to
0.9
0)
0.80
(0.7
2 to
0.8
7)
0.93
(0.9
0 to
0.9
5)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
88 (0
.85
to 0
.92)
0.
92 (0
.88
to 0
.96)
0.
90 (0
.82
to 0
.99)
0.
97 (0
.95
to 1
.00)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.89
(0.8
5 to
0.9
2)
0.94
(0.8
9 to
0.9
8)
0.93
(0.8
4 to
1.0
3)
0.98
(0.9
6 to
1.0
1)
H
ip fr
actu
re
Num
ber o
f fra
ctur
es
3075
10
69
115
4259
30
75
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 90
4452
27
3920
32
923
1211
295
9044
52
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
4.
5 3.
3 3.
4 2.
7 3.
4 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.63
(0.5
9 to
0.6
9)
0.66
(0.6
1 to
0.7
2)
0.49
(0.4
1 to
0.6
0)
0.78
(0.7
4 to
0.8
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
72 (0
.66
to 0
.77)
0.
81 (0
.74
to 0
.88)
0.
64 (0
.53
to 0
.78)
0.
89 (0
.84
to 0
.94)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.73
(0.6
8 to
0.7
9)
0.84
(0.7
6 to
0.9
3)
0.70
(0.5
7 to
0.8
6)
0.92
(0.8
7 to
0.9
8)
T
he C
ohor
t of S
wed
ish
Men
T
otal
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 42
71
2034
22
56
1551
10
112
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 19
8527
13
1942
12
1784
81
840
5340
94
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
21
.2
17.0
17
.9
17.7
18
.9
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
79 (0
.75
to 0
.83)
0.
83 (0
.79
to 0
.88)
0.
83 (0
.78
to 0
.87)
0.
95 (0
.93
to 0
.97)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.88
(0.8
4 to
0.9
3)
0.91
(0.8
6 to
0.9
5)
0.90
(0.8
5 to
0.9
6)
0.97
(0.9
5 to
0.9
9)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
88 (0
.84
to 0
.93)
0.
90 (0
.86
to 0
.95)
0.
90 (0
.84
to 0
.96)
0.
97 (0
.95
to 0
.99)
Car
diov
ascu
lar
mor
talit
y N
umbe
r of d
eath
s 19
38
917
996
717
4568
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
1985
27
1319
42
1217
84
8184
0 53
4094
R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s†
9.6
7.8
7.9
8.1
8.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
80 (0
.74
to 0
.87)
0.
81 (0
.75
to 0
.88)
0.
84 (0
.77
to 0
.91)
0.
95 (0
.93
to 0
.98)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.91
(0.8
4 to
0.9
8)
0.89
(0.8
2 to
0.9
6)
0.93
(0.8
5 to
1.0
1)
0.98
(0.9
5 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
91 (0
.84
to 0
.98)
0.
88 (0
.82
to 0
.95)
0.
90 (0
.82
to 0
.99)
0.
97 (0
.94
to 1
.00)
C
ance
r m
orta
lity
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
1181
61
9 65
6 42
5 28
81
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 19
8527
13
1942
12
1784
81
840
5340
94
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
5.
9 5.
1 5.
2 4.
9 5.
4 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.85
(0.7
7 to
0.9
4)
0.88
(0.8
0 to
0.9
7)
0.83
(0.7
4 to
0.9
2)
0.94
(0.9
0 to
0.9
8)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
90 (0
.81
to 0
.99)
0.
93 (0
.84
to 1
.02)
0.
87 (0
.78
to 0
.98)
0.
95 (0
.92
to 0
.99)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.90
(0.8
2 to
1.0
0)
0.94
(0.8
5 to
1.0
3)
0.89
(0.7
9 to
1.0
1)
0.96
(0.9
2 to
1.0
0)
A
ny fr
actu
re
Num
ber o
f fra
ctur
es
2103
12
35
1199
84
2 53
79
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 18
9017
12
6054
11
6338
77
952
5093
61
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
11
.1
10.1
10
.2
10.6
10
.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
90 (0
.84
to 0
.97)
0.
91 (0
.85
to 0
.98)
0.
94 (0
.87
to 1
.02)
1.
00 (0
.97
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.93
(0.8
7 to
1.0
0)
0.92
(0.8
6 to
0.9
9)
0.95
(0.8
7 to
1.0
3)
1.00
(0.9
7 to
1.0
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
93 (0
.87
to 1
.00)
0.
92 (0
.86
to 0
.99)
0.
95 (0
.87
to 1
.03)
1.
00 (0
.97
to 1
.03)
H
ip fr
actu
re
Num
ber o
f hip
frac
ture
s 56
5 24
6 26
8 18
7 12
66
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 19
6838
13
1053
12
0947
81
209
5300
47
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars†
2.
8 2.
1 2.
1 2.
1 2.
4 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.73
(0.6
3 to
0.8
5)
0.74
(0.6
4 to
0.8
6)
0.75
(0.6
3 to
0.8
8)
0.96
(0.9
1 to
1.0
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
77 (0
.66
to 0
.90)
0.
76 (0
.65
to 0
.88)
0.
77 (0
.65
to 0
.92)
0.
97 (0
.92
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.78
(0.6
7 to
0.9
0)
0.75
(0.6
5 to
0.8
7)
0.75
(0.6
3 to
0.9
0)
0.97
(0.9
1 to
1.0
4)
CI:
conf
iden
ce in
terv
al; H
R: h
azar
d ra
tio
*had
acc
ess t
o re
peat
exp
osur
e in
form
atio
n, e
xpos
ures
and
cov
aria
tes w
ere
treat
ed a
s cum
ulat
ive
aver
ages
†
Age
stan
dard
ized
rate
s, nu
mbe
r of c
ases
per
100
0 pe
rson
-yea
rs a
t ris
k M
odel
1: a
ge-a
djus
ted
Mod
el 2
: adj
uste
d fo
r age
, bod
y m
ass i
ndex
, hei
ght,
tota
l ene
rgy
inta
ke, t
otal
alc
ohol
inta
ke, a
hea
lthy
diet
ary
patte
rn, c
alci
um a
nd v
itam
in D
su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts, s
mok
ing
stat
us
and
Cha
rlson
’s c
omor
bidi
ty in
dex;
and
in w
omen
add
ition
ally
for e
ver u
se o
f oes
troge
n re
plac
emen
t the
rapy
and
nul
lipar
ity.
Mod
el 3
: adj
uste
d ac
cord
ing
to m
odel
2 b
ut a
dditi
onal
ly a
djus
ted
for i
ntak
e of
cal
cium
, vita
min
D, p
hosp
horu
s, to
tal f
at, s
atur
ated
fat,
tota
l pr
otei
n an
d re
tinol
.
Tab
le E
. Mec
hani
stic
mod
el o
f milk
con
sum
ptio
n in
rela
tion
to m
orta
lity
and
frac
ture
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort*
and
in th
e C
ohor
t of
Sw
edis
h M
en.
C
ateg
orie
s of d
aily
milk
inta
ke
<1 g
lass
1
to 2
gla
sses
2
to 3
gla
sses
Con
tinuo
us
(<
200
g/d)
(2
00 to
399
g/d
) (4
00 to
599
g/d
) g/
d)
(per
200
g/d
)
The
Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort
T
otal
mor
talit
y A
djus
ted
HR
(95%
CI)
† 1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
33 (1
.27
to 1
.38)
1.
90 (1
.80
to 2
.01)
2.
61 (2
.41
to 2
.84)
1.
26 (1
.23
to 1
.29)
Any
frac
ture
A
djus
ted
HR
(95%
CI)
† 1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
13 (1
.09
to 1
.17)
1.
28 (1
.21
to 1
.35)
1.
37 (1
.26
to 1
.49)
1.
06 (1
.04
to 1
.09)
Hip
frac
ture
A
djus
ted
HR
(95%
CI)
† 1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
38 (1
.28
to 1
.49)
2.
03 (1
.83
to 2
.25)
2.
54 (2
.15
to 3
.00)
1.
25 (1
.19
to 1
.32)
The
Coh
ort o
f Sw
edis
h M
en
T
otal
mor
talit
y A
djus
ted
HR
(95%
CI)
† 1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
01 (0
.96
to 1
.07)
1.
09 (1
.02
to 1
.15)
1.
16 (1
.07
to 1
.25)
1.
05 (1
.03
to 1
.06)
Any
frac
ture
A
djus
ted
HR
(95%
CI)
† 1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
03 (0
.96
to 1
.11)
1.
02 (0
.94
to 1
.11)
1.
05 (0
.94
to 1
.16)
1.
02 (1
.00
to 1
.05)
Hip
frac
ture
A
djus
ted
HR
(95%
CI)
† 1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
98 (0
.84
to 1
.14)
1.
19 (1
.01
to 1
.40)
1.
10 (0
.89
to 1
.37)
1.
07 (1
.02
to 1
.13)
H
R: H
azar
d ra
tio, C
I: co
nfid
ence
inte
rval
*h
ad a
cces
s to
repe
at e
xpos
ure
info
rmat
ion,
exp
osur
es a
nd c
ovar
iate
s wer
e tre
ated
as c
umul
ativ
e av
erag
es
†The
haz
ard
ratio
s wer
e ad
just
ed fo
r age
, bod
y m
ass i
ndex
, hei
ght,
tota
l ene
rgy
inta
ke, t
otal
alc
ohol
inta
ke, a
hea
lthy
diet
ary
patte
rn, c
alci
um a
nd
vita
min
D su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts,
smok
ing
stat
us a
nd C
harls
on’s
com
orbi
dity
inde
x an
d in
add
ition
inta
ke o
f cal
cium
, vita
min
D, p
hosp
horu
s, to
tal f
at, s
atur
ated
fat,
tota
l pro
tein
an
d re
tinol
; and
in w
omen
add
ition
ally
for e
ver u
se o
f oes
troge
n re
plac
emen
t the
rapy
and
nul
lipar
ity.
Tab
le F
. Dai
ly c
onsu
mpt
ion
of m
ilk, c
hees
e an
d fe
rmen
ted
milk
or y
ogur
t in
rela
tion
to m
orta
lity
and
frac
ture
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort*
; mut
ually
adj
uste
d fo
r int
akes
of t
he o
ther
dai
ry c
ateg
orie
s
Tot
al m
orta
lity
Milk
inta
ke
<200
g/d
20
0 to
399
g/d
40
0 to
599
g/d
g/
d pe
r 200
g/d
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.29
(1.2
4 to
1.3
3)
1.75
(1.6
7 to
1.8
3)
2.05
(1.9
2 to
2.1
9)
1.18
(1.1
6 to
1.2
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
19 (1
.15
to 1
.24)
1.
53 (1
.46
to 1
.61)
1.
78 (1
.66
to 1
.91)
1.
13 (1
.11
to 1
.15)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.33
(1.2
8 to
1.3
9)
1.91
(1.8
0 to
2.0
3)
2.62
(2.3
8 to
2.8
9)
1.19
(1.1
5 to
1.2
4)
Che
ese
inta
ke
<20
g/d
20 to
39
g/d
40 to
59
g/d
g/d
per 2
0 g/
d H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.64
(0.6
1 to
0.6
6)
0.65
(0.6
2 to
0.6
8)
0.54
(0.5
0 to
0.5
7)
0.79
(0.7
8 to
0.8
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
74 (0
.71
to 0
.77)
0.
78 (0
.75
to 0
.82)
0.
72 (0
.67
to 0
.76)
0.
87 (0
.86
to 0
.89)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.82
(0.7
9 to
0.8
6)
0.96
(0.9
1 to
1.0
1)
0.98
(0.9
1 to
1.0
6)
0.93
(0.9
0 to
0.9
5)
Ferm
ente
d m
ilk/y
ogur
t int
ake
<1 g
/d
1 to
199
g/d
20
0 to
399
g/d
g/
d pe
r 200
g/d
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.70
(0.6
7 to
0.7
3)
0.73
(0.6
9 to
0.7
6)
0.67
(0.6
1 to
0.7
4)
0.82
(0.8
0 to
0.8
4)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
79 (0
.76
to 0
.83)
0.
88 (0
.84
to 0
.93)
0.
90 (0
.81
to 0
.99)
0.
94 (0
.91
to 0
.96)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.85
(0.8
2 to
0.8
9)
1.03
(0.9
8 to
1.0
9)
1.20
(1.0
8 to
1.3
3)
0.98
(0.9
5 to
1.0
2)
C
ardi
ovas
cula
r m
orta
lity
Milk
inta
ke
<200
g/d
20
0 to
399
g/d
40
0 to
599
g/d
g/
d pe
r 200
g/d
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.25
(1.1
7 to
1.3
3)
1.76
(1.6
3 to
1.9
0)
2.04
(1.8
2 to
2.2
9)
1.20
(1.1
6 to
1.2
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
14 (1
.07
to 1
.22)
1.
51 (1
.40
to 1
.64)
1.
73 (1
.54
to 1
.96)
1.
13 (1
.10
to 1
.17)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.25
(1.1
6 to
1.3
4)
1.80
(1.6
2 to
1.9
9)
2.35
(2.0
0 to
2.7
7)
1.18
(1.1
1 to
1.2
6)
Che
ese
inta
ke
<20
g/d
20 to
39
g/d
40 to
59
g/d
g/d
per 2
0 g/
d H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.62
(0.5
8 to
0.6
6)
0.65
(0.6
1 to
0.7
0)
0.50
(0.4
5 to
0.5
6)
0.78
(0.7
5 to
0.8
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
72 (0
.67
to 0
.77)
0.
77 (0
.71
to 0
.83)
0.
64 (0
.57
to 0
.73)
0.
84 (0
.82
to 0
.87)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.79
(0.7
3 to
0.8
5)
0.91
(0.8
3 to
0.9
9)
0.84
(0.7
3 to
0.9
7)
0.89
(0.8
5 to
0.9
3)
Ferm
ente
d m
ilk/y
ogur
t int
ake
<1 g
/d
1 to
199
g/d
20
0 to
399
g/d
g/
d pe
r 200
g/d
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.70
(0.6
5 to
0.7
5)
0.73
(0.6
7 to
0.7
9)
0.74
(0.6
4 to
0.8
6)
0.86
(0.8
2 to
0.9
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
78 (0
.73
to 0
.84)
0.
87 (0
.80
to 0
.95)
0.
95 (0
.82
to 1
.11)
0.
96 (0
.92
to 1
.01)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
83 (0
.77
to 0
.89)
0.
98 (0
.90
to 1
.08)
1.
20 (1
.01
to 1
.42)
1.
00 (0
.94
to 1
.06)
Can
cer
mor
talit
y M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
10 (1
.02
to 1
.19)
1.
22 (1
.10
to 1
.35)
1.
49 (1
.28
to 1
.74)
1.
08 (1
.04
to 1
.13)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.06
(0.9
8 to
1.1
5)
1.15
(1.0
3 to
1.2
8)
1.40
(1.1
9 to
1.6
5)
1.06
(1.0
2 to
1.1
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
08 (0
.99
to 1
.18)
1.
18 (1
.03
to 1
.35)
1.
48 (1
.19
to 1
.83)
1.
08 (0
.99
to 1
.17)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
85 (0
.78
to 0
.93)
0.
78 (0
.70
to 0
.86)
0.
88 (0
.79
to 0
.99)
0.
95 (0
.92
to 0
.98)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.91
(0.8
3 to
0.9
9)
0.86
(0.7
7 to
0.9
5)
0.99
(0.8
8 to
1.1
2)
0.98
(0.9
5 to
1.0
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
92 (0
.84
to 1
.01)
0.
88 (0
.78
to 1
.00)
1.
04 (0
.89
to 1
.21)
1.
00 (0
.94
to 1
.05)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
86 (0
.78
to 0
.95)
0.
79 (0
.71
to 0
.88)
0.
77 (0
.62
to 0
.94)
0.
89 (0
.84
to 0
.95)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.92
(0.8
4 to
1.0
1)
0.88
(0.7
8 to
0.9
8)
0.86
(0.6
9 to
1.0
6)
0.95
(0.9
0 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
93 (0
.84
to 1
.03)
0.
90 (0
.79
to 1
.02)
0.
89 (0
.71
to 1
.13)
0.
96 (0
.89
to 1
.04)
Any
frac
ture
M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
07 (1
.04
to 1
.11)
1.
15 (1
.10
to 1
.20)
1.
13 (1
.06
to 1
.21)
1.
01 (1
.00
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.07
(1.0
3 to
1.1
1)
1.14
(1.0
9 to
1.2
0)
1.13
(1.0
5 to
1.2
1)
1.01
(0.9
9 to
1.0
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
15 (1
.10
to 1
.19)
1.
31 (1
.23
to 1
.39)
1.
42 (1
.29
to 1
.57)
1.
06 (1
.02
to 1
.10)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
84 (0
.81
to 0
.87)
0.
88 (0
.85
to 0
.92)
0.
81 (0
.77
to 0
.85)
0.
94 (0
.93
to 0
.95)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.87
(0.8
4 to
0.9
0)
0.93
(0.8
9 to
0.9
7)
0.87
(0.8
2 to
0.9
1)
0.96
(0.9
4 to
0.9
7)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
91 (0
.88
to 0
.95)
1.
03 (0
.98
to 1
.09)
1.
01 (0
.94
to 1
.09)
0.
99 (0
.96
to 1
.01)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
85 (0
.82
to 0
.89)
0.
88 (0
.84
to 0
.92)
0.
82 (0
.74
to 0
.90)
0.
94 (0
.91
to 0
.96)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.89
(0.8
5 to
0.9
3)
0.93
(0.8
9 to
0.9
8)
0.90
(0.8
2 to
1.0
0)
0.97
(0.9
5 to
1.0
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
93 (0
.89
to 0
.97)
1.
02 (0
.97
to 1
.08)
1.
08 (0
.97
to 1
.20)
1.
01 (0
.97
to 1
.05)
Hip
frac
ture
M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
23 (1
.15
to 1
.32)
1.
62 (1
.49
to 1
.77)
1.
66 (1
.45
to 1
.90)
1.
11 (1
.07
to 1
.15)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.17
(1.0
9 to
1.2
6)
1.47
(1.3
4 to
1.6
0)
1.45
(1.2
6 to
1.6
8)
1.06
(1.0
3 to
1.1
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
38 (1
.28
to 1
.50)
2.
02 (1
.80
to 2
.28)
2.
53 (2
.09
to 3
.06)
1.
22 (1
.14
to 1
.31)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
66 (0
.62
to 0
.72)
0.
78 (0
.72
to 0
.85)
0.
53 (0
.47
to 0
.60)
0.
83 (0
.81
to 0
.86)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.71
(0.6
6 to
0.7
7)
0.84
(0.7
7 to
0.9
1)
0.59
(0.5
2 to
0.6
8)
0.86
(0.8
3 to
0.8
9)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
82 (0
.76
to 0
.89)
1.
08 (0
.98
to 1
.20)
0.
89 (0
.76
to 1
.04)
0.
96 (0
.91
to 1
.01)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
67 (0
.62
to 0
.73)
0.
72 (0
.66
to 0
.78)
0.
53 (0
.43
to 0
.64)
0.
81 (0
.77
to 0
.86)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.74
(0.6
8 to
0.8
0)
0.83
(0.7
6 to
0.9
1)
0.66
(0.5
4 to
0.8
1)
0.90
(0.8
5 to
0.9
5)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
82 (0
.75
to 0
.89)
1.
04 (0
.93
to 1
.15)
0.
97 (0
.78
to 1
.21)
1.
01 (0
.94
to 1
.08)
H
R: H
azar
d ra
tio, C
I: co
nfid
ence
inte
rval
*h
ad a
cces
s to
repe
at e
xpos
ure
info
rmat
ion,
exp
osur
es a
nd c
ovar
iate
s wer
e tre
ated
as c
umul
ativ
e av
erag
es
Mod
el 1
adj
uste
d fo
r age
, milk
, che
ese,
ferm
ente
d m
ilk/y
ogur
t M
odel
2 a
djus
ted
for a
ge, m
ilk, c
hees
e, fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt,
body
mas
s ind
ex, h
eigh
t, to
tal e
nerg
y in
take
, tot
al a
lcoh
ol in
take
, a h
ealth
y di
etar
y pa
ttern
, cal
cium
and
vita
min
D su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s m
etab
olic
equ
ival
ents
, sm
okin
g st
atus
, Cha
rlson
’s c
omor
bidi
ty in
dex,
eve
r use
of o
estro
gen
repl
acem
ent t
hera
py, a
nd n
ullip
arity
. M
odel
3, a
djus
ted
acco
rdin
g to
mod
el 2
but
in a
dditi
on in
clud
ed in
take
of c
alci
um, v
itam
in D
, pho
spho
rus,
tota
l fat
, sat
urat
ed fa
t, to
tal p
rote
in,
and
retin
ol
Tab
le G
. Dai
ly c
onsu
mpt
ion
of m
ilk, c
hees
e an
d fe
rmen
ted
milk
or y
ogur
t in
rela
tion
to m
orta
lity
and
frac
ture
in th
e C
ohor
t of S
wed
ish
Men
; m
utua
lly a
djus
ted
for i
ntak
es o
f the
oth
er d
airy
cat
egor
ies
T
otal
mor
talit
y M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
01 (0
.96
to 1
.06)
1.
08 (1
.03
to 1
.14)
1.
14 (1
.08
to 1
.21)
1.
04 (1
.02
to 1
.05)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.00
(0.9
5 to
1.0
5)
1.05
(1.0
0 to
1.1
1)
1.09
(1.0
3 to
1.1
6)
1.03
(1.0
1 to
1.0
4)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
00 (0
.95
to 1
.05)
1.
06 (0
.99
to 1
.12)
1.
09 (1
.00
to 1
.18)
1.
01 (0
.98
to 1
.03)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
91 (0
.85
to 0
.97)
0.
83 (0
.78
to 0
.88)
0.
82 (0
.78
to 0
.87)
0.
99 (0
.98
to 1
.00)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.98
(0.9
1 to
1.0
5)
0.93
(0.8
7 to
0.9
9)
0.93
(0.8
7 to
0.9
9)
0.99
(0.9
8 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
96 (0
.89
to 1
.03)
0.
90 (0
.84
to 0
.96)
0.
87 (0
.81
to 0
.94)
0.
97 (0
.95
to 0
.99)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
92 (0
.88
to 0
.97)
0.
89 (0
.83
to 0
.95)
0.
95 (0
.86
to 1
.06)
0.
96 (0
.93
to 0
.98)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.95
(0.9
1 to
1.0
0)
0.94
(0.8
8 to
1.0
0)
0.95
(0.8
5 to
1.0
5)
0.97
(0.9
5 to
0.9
9)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
96 (0
.91
to 1
.01)
0.
94 (0
.88
to 1
.01)
0.
94 (0
.84
to 1
.06)
0.
96 (0
.93
to 0
.99)
Car
diov
ascu
lar
mor
talit
y M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
07 (0
.99
to 1
.16)
1.
16 (1
.07
to 1
.25)
1.
24 (1
.14
to 1
.35)
1.
06 (1
.04
to 1
.08)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.04
(0.9
6 to
1.1
2)
1.10
(1.0
1 to
1.1
9)
1.15
(1.0
6 to
1.2
6)
1.05
(1.0
3 to
1.0
7)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
03 (0
.95
to 1
.12)
1.
09 (0
.99
to 1
.19)
1.
12 (0
.99
to 1
.27)
1.
03 (0
.99
to 1
.07)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
91 (0
.82
to 1
.01)
0.
80 (0
.74
to 0
.88)
0.
77 (0
.71
to 0
.84)
0.
98 (0
.96
to 0
.99)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.99
(0.9
0 to
1.1
0)
0.93
(0.8
5 to
1.0
2)
0.92
(0.8
4 to
1.0
0)
0.99
(0.9
7 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
98 (0
.89
to 1
.09)
0.
92 (0
.83
to 1
.01)
0.
89 (0
.80
to 0
.99)
0.
97 (0
.95
to 1
.00)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
90 (0
.84
to 0
.97)
0.
90 (0
.82
to 0
.99)
0.
97 (0
.83
to 1
.12)
0.
96 (0
.93
to 0
.99)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.93
(0.8
6 to
1.0
0)
0.96
(0.8
7 to
1.0
5)
0.96
(0.8
2 to
1.1
2)
0.98
(0.9
5 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
93 (0
.86
to 1
.00)
0.
95 (0
.86
to 1
.05)
0.
94 (0
.79
to 1
.12)
0.
96 (0
.92
to 1
.01)
Can
cer
mor
talit
y M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
95 (0
.86
to 1
.05)
0.
97 (0
.88
to 1
.07)
1.
03 (0
.92
to 1
.14)
1.
00 (0
.98
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.97
(0.8
8 to
1.0
7)
0.97
(0.8
7 to
1.0
7)
1.01
(0.9
0 to
1.1
3)
0.99
(0.9
7 to
1.0
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
00 (0
.90
to 1
.10)
1.
02 (0
.91
to 1
.15)
1.
11 (0
.95
to 1
.30)
1.
00 (0
.95
to 1
.05)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
06 (0
.93
to 1
.21)
0.
97 (0
.86
to 1
.09)
1.
03 (0
.93
to 1
.15)
1.
01 (0
.99
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.09
(0.9
5 to
1.2
4)
1.01
(0.9
0 to
1.1
4)
1.07
(0.9
5 to
1.2
0)
1.00
(0.9
8 to
1.0
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
09 (0
.95
to 1
.25)
1.
02 (0
.89
to 1
.16)
1.
08 (0
.93
to 1
.25)
0.
99 (0
.96
to 1
.03)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
94 (0
.85
to 1
.02)
0.
89 (0
.79
to 1
.00)
0.
83 (0
.67
to 1
.02)
0.
95 (0
.91
to 0
.99)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.97
(0.8
8 to
1.0
6)
0.93
(0.8
2 to
1.0
5)
0.84
(0.6
8 to
1.0
4)
0.96
(0.9
2 to
1.0
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
99 (0
.90
to 1
.09)
0.
97 (0
.85
to 1
.11)
0.
90 (0
.71
to 1
.14)
0.
96 (0
.91
to 1
.02)
Any
frac
ture
M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
02 (0
.96
to 1
.10)
1.
01 (0
.94
to 1
.09)
1.
03 (0
.95
to 1
.12)
1.
01 (1
.00
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.02
(0.9
6 to
1.1
0)
1.01
(0.9
3 to
1.0
8)
1.02
(0.9
4 to
1.1
1)
1.01
(0.9
9 to
1.0
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
02 (0
.95
to 1
.10)
0.
99 (0
.91
to 1
.08)
0.
99 (0
.88
to 1
.11)
1.
01 (0
.98
to 1
.05)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
97 (0
.88
to 1
.07)
0.
99 (0
.91
to 1
.07)
0.
96 (0
.88
to 1
.04)
1.
00 (0
.99
to 1
.02)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.98
(0.8
9 to
1.0
9)
1.01
(0.9
2 to
1.1
0)
0.96
(0.8
8 to
1.0
4)
1.00
(0.9
8 to
1.0
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
96 (0
.87
to 1
.06)
0.
96 (0
.88
to 1
.06)
0.
88 (0
.79
to 0
.98)
0.
99 (0
.97
to 1
.02)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
95 (0
.89
to 1
.01)
0.
95 (0
.88
to 1
.04)
1.
07 (0
.93
to 1
.23)
1.
00 (0
.98
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.95
(0.8
9 to
1.0
1)
0.95
(0.8
7 to
1.0
4)
1.04
(0.9
0 to
1.2
0)
1.00
(0.9
7 to
1.0
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
94 (0
.88
to 1
.01)
0.
94 (0
.86
to 1
.04)
1.
00 (0
.86
to 1
.17)
1.
01 (0
.97
to 1
.05)
Hip
frac
ture
M
ilk in
take
<2
00 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
400
to 5
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
96 (0
.83
to 1
.11)
1.
13 (0
.97
to 1
.30)
0.
97 (0
.82
to 1
.15)
1.
03 (0
.99
to 1
.07)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.96
(0.8
3 to
1.1
1)
1.13
(0.9
7 to
1.3
1)
0.98
(0.8
2 to
1.1
7)
1.04
(1.0
0 to
1.0
8)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
95 (0
.82
to 1
.11)
1.
10 (0
.93
to 1
.31)
0.
94 (0
.74
to 1
.19)
1.
06 (0
.99
to 1
.14)
C
hees
e in
take
<2
0 g/
d 20
to 3
9 g/
d 40
to 5
9 g/
d g/
d pe
r 20
g/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
75 (0
.61
to 0
.92)
0.
87 (0
.74
to 1
.03)
0.
79 (0
.67
to 0
.92)
1.
00 (0
.97
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.78
(0.6
3 to
0.9
5)
0.92
(0.7
8 to
1.0
9)
0.81
(0.6
9 to
0.9
7)
1.00
(0.9
7 to
1.0
3)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
76 (0
.62
to 0
.94)
0.
88 (0
.74
to 1
.06)
0.
74 (0
.60
to 0
.92)
1.
00 (0
.95
to 1
.05)
Fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt i
ntak
e <1
g/d
1
to 1
99 g
/d
200
to 3
99 g
/d
g/d
per 2
00 g
/d
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
84 (0
.73
to 0
.96)
0.
73 (0
.60
to 0
.88)
1.
19 (0
.92
to 1
.54)
0.
97 (0
.91
to 1
.03)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.83
(0.7
2 to
0.9
6)
0.74
(0.6
1 to
0.8
9)
1.18
(0.9
0 to
1.5
3)
0.98
(0.9
2 to
1.0
4)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
82 (0
.71
to 0
.95)
0.
71 (0
.58
to 0
.88)
1.
09 (0
.81
to 1
.47)
1.
00 (0
.92
to 1
.09)
H
R: H
azar
d ra
tio, C
I: co
nfid
ence
inte
rval
*h
ad a
cces
s to
repe
at e
xpos
ure
info
rmat
ion,
exp
osur
es a
nd c
ovar
iate
s wer
e tre
ated
as c
umul
ativ
e av
erag
es
Mod
el 1
adj
uste
d fo
r age
, milk
, che
ese,
ferm
ente
d m
ilk/y
ogur
t M
odel
2 a
djus
ted
for a
ge, m
ilk, c
hees
e, fe
rmen
ted
milk
/yog
urt,
body
mas
s ind
ex, h
eigh
t, to
tal e
nerg
y in
take
, tot
al a
lcoh
ol in
take
, a h
ealth
y di
etar
y pa
ttern
, cal
cium
and
vita
min
D su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s m
etab
olic
equ
ival
ents
, sm
okin
g st
atus
and
Cha
rlson
’s c
omor
bidi
ty in
dex
Mod
el 3
, adj
uste
d ac
cord
ing
to m
odel
2 b
ut in
add
ition
incl
uded
inta
ke o
f cal
cium
, vita
min
D, p
hosp
horu
s, to
tal f
at, s
atur
ated
fat,
tota
l pro
tein
, an
d re
tinol
Tab
le H
. Sen
sitiv
ity a
naly
sis u
sing
bas
elin
e da
ta fr
om 1
987-
1990
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort t
o st
udy
the
asso
ciat
ion
betw
een
milk
in
take
and
mor
talit
y an
d fr
actu
re
C
ateg
orie
s of d
aily
milk
inta
ke
<1 g
lass
1
to 2
gla
sses
2
to 3
gla
sses
Con
tinuo
us
(<
200
g/d)
(2
00 to
399
g/d
) (4
00 to
599
g/d
) g/
d)
(per
200
g/d
)
Tot
al m
orta
lity
N c
ases
39
08
5946
43
45
1557
15
756
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 34
5082
47
2600
30
8015
11
2094
12
3779
1 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s*
11.9
12
.2
13.5
15
.3
12.7
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.02
(0.9
8 to
1.0
7)
1.16
(1.1
1 to
1.2
1)
1.33
(1.2
5 to
1.4
1)
1.10
(1.0
8 to
1.1
1)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
01 (0
.97
to 1
.05)
1.
10 (1
.05
to 1
.15)
1.
21 (1
.14
to 1
.29)
1.
07 (1
.05
to 1
.08)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.03
(0.9
8 to
1.0
7)
1.14
(1.0
8 to
1.2
1)
1.29
(1.1
9 to
1.4
1)
1.10
(1.0
7 to
1.1
3)
C
ardi
ovas
cula
r m
orta
lity
N c
ases
13
11
1999
15
24
545
5379
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
3450
82
4726
00
3080
15
1120
94
1237
791
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars*
4.
1 4.
1 4.
7 5.
5 4.
3 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.01
(0.9
4 to
1.0
8)
1.18
(1.1
0 to
1.2
7)
1.42
(1.2
8 to
1.5
7)
1.12
(1.0
9 to
1.1
5)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
99 (0
.92
to 1
.06)
1.
12 (1
.04
to 1
.21)
1.
27 (1
.14
to 1
.41)
1.
08 (1
.05
to 1
.12)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.01
(0.9
4 to
1.1
0)
1.19
(1.0
8 to
1.3
1)
1.41
(1.2
2 to
1.6
3)
1.14
(1.0
9 to
1.1
9)
C
ance
r m
orta
lity
N c
ases
87
0 12
85
874
298
3327
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
3450
82
4726
00
3080
15
1120
94
1237
791
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars*
2.
6 2.
7 2.
8 2.
8 2.
7 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.03
(0.9
5 to
1.1
2)
1.09
(0.9
9 to
1.2
0)
1.11
(0.9
8 to
1.2
7)
1.04
(1.0
0 to
1.0
7)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
04 (0
.95
to 1
.13)
1.
09 (0
.99
to 1
.20)
1.
11 (0
.96
to 1
.28)
1.
03 (1
.00
to 1
.07)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.04
(0.9
5 to
1.1
5)
1.10
(0.9
7 to
1.2
5)
1.13
(0.9
4 to
1.3
6)
1.04
(0.9
8 to
1.0
9)
Any
frac
ture
N
cas
es
4853
66
63
4388
15
03
1740
7 Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
3114
54
4262
72
2777
47
1022
32
1117
705
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars*
15
.9
15.4
15
.5
15.4
15
.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
97 (0
.93
to 1
.00)
0.
99 (0
.95
to 1
.03)
0.
98 (0
.92
to 1
.04)
1.
00 (0
.98
to 1
.01)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.98
(0.9
4 to
1.0
2)
1.00
(0.9
6 to
1.0
5)
0.99
(0.9
3 to
1.0
6)
1.00
(0.9
9 to
1.0
2)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
99 (0
.95
to 1
.03)
1.
02 (0
.97
to 1
.08)
1.
03 (0
.95
to 1
.11)
1.
02 (0
.99
to 1
.04)
Hip
frac
ture
N
cas
es
1136
16
73
1141
37
1 43
21
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 33
9753
46
4390
30
2452
11
0381
12
1697
7 R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s*
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.6
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
98 (0
.91
to 1
.06)
1.
04 (0
.96
to 1
.13)
1.
10 (0
.98
to 1
.24)
1.
04 (1
.00
to 1
.07)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.98
(0.9
1 to
1.0
6)
1.01
(0.9
2 to
1.1
0)
1.03
(0.9
0 to
1.1
6)
1.01
(0.9
8 to
1.0
5)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
00 (0
.92
to 1
.08)
1.
04 (0
.93
to 1
.16)
1.
08 (0
.91
to 1
.27)
1.
04 (0
.99
to 1
.09)
C
I: co
nfid
ence
inte
rval
; HR
: haz
ard
ratio
*
Age
stan
dard
ized
rate
s, nu
mbe
r of c
ases
per
100
0 pe
rson
-yea
rs a
t ris
k M
odel
1 a
djus
ted
for a
ge
Mod
el 2
adj
uste
d fo
r age
, bod
y m
ass i
ndex
, hei
ght,
tota
l ene
rgy
inta
ke, t
otal
alc
ohol
inta
ke, a
hea
lthy
diet
ary
patte
rn, c
alci
um a
nd v
itam
in D
su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts, s
mok
ing
stat
us,
Cha
rlson
’s c
omor
bidi
ty in
dex,
eve
r use
of o
estro
gen
repl
acem
ent t
hera
py, a
nd n
ullip
arity
. M
odel
3, a
djus
ted
acco
rdin
g to
mod
el 2
but
in a
dditi
on in
clud
ed in
take
of c
alci
um, v
itam
in D
, pho
spho
rus,
tota
l fat
, sat
urat
ed fa
t, to
tal p
rote
in,
and
retin
ol
Tab
le I.
Sen
sitiv
ity a
naly
sis u
sing
dat
a fr
om 1
997
as b
asel
ine
in th
e Sw
edis
h M
amm
ogra
phy
Coh
ort t
o st
udy
the
asso
ciat
ion
betw
een
milk
inta
ke a
nd m
orta
lity
and
frac
ture
Cat
egor
ies o
f dai
ly m
ilk in
take
<1
gla
ss
1-2
glas
ses
2-3
glas
ses
C
ontin
uous
(<20
0 g/
d)
(200
to 3
99 g
/d)
(400
to 5
99 g
/d)
g/d)
(p
er 2
00 g
/d)
T
otal
mor
talit
y N
cas
es
2327
16
71
374
107
4479
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
2354
75
1307
27
3074
7 73
97
4043
45
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars*
10
.4
11.8
12
.2
14.2
11
.1
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
05 (0
.98
to 1
.13)
1.
05 (0
.93
to 1
.18)
1.
27 (1
.05
to 1
.54)
1.
04 (1
.00
to 1
.07)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.07
(0.9
9 to
1.1
5)
1.01
(0.8
9 to
1.1
4)
1.29
(1.0
6 to
1.5
7)
1.04
(1.0
1 to
1.0
8)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
08 (1
.00
to 1
.16)
1.
03 (0
.90
to 1
.17)
1.
34 (1
.08
to 1
.67)
1.
05 (1
.01
to 1
.10)
Car
diov
ascu
lar
mor
talit
y N
cas
es
928
674
163
44
1809
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
2354
75
1307
27
3074
7 73
97
4043
45
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars*
4.
2 4.
7 5.
3 5.
7 4.
5 H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
1
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.04
(0.9
3 to
1.1
6)
1.06
(0.8
9 to
1.2
8)
1.21
(0.8
9 to
1.6
4)
1.03
(0.9
8 to
1.0
8)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 2
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
05 (0
.94
to 1
.18)
1.
03 (0
.85
to 1
.24)
1.
26 (0
.92
to 1
.73)
1.
04 (0
.98
to 1
.09)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
3
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.04
(0.9
3 to
1.1
8)
1.02
(0.8
3 to
1.2
5)
1.26
(0.8
9 to
1.7
7)
1.03
(0.9
7 to
1.1
0)
C
ance
r m
orta
lity
N c
ases
85
9 56
6 11
8 39
15
82
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 23
5475
13
0727
30
747
7397
40
4345
R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s*
3.8
4.1
3.8
5.4
3.9
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
03 (0
.91
to 1
.16)
1.
03 (0
.84
to 1
.26)
1.
34 (0
.98
to 1
.85)
1.
05 (1
.00
to 1
.11)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.02
(0.9
0 to
1.1
6)
0.95
(0.7
7 to
1.1
7)
1.31
(0.9
4 to
1.8
1)
1.04
(0.9
8 to
1.1
0)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
04 (0
.91
to 1
.19)
0.
98 (0
.79
to 1
.23)
1.
39 (0
.97
to 1
.99)
1.
07 (0
.99
to 1
.15)
Any
frac
ture
N
cas
es
5395
31
97
713
173
9478
Pe
rson
-yea
rs o
f fol
low
-up
2196
72
1216
11
2874
6 69
36
3769
65
Rat
e/10
00 p
erso
n-ye
ars*
25
.0
25.5
24
.8
24.9
25
.1
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 0.
98 (0
.93
to 1
.03)
0.
97 (0
.89
to 1
.06)
1.
03 (0
.89
to 1
.20)
1.
05 (1
.01
to 1
.11)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
0.98
(0.9
3 to
1.0
3)
0.96
(0.8
8 to
1.0
5)
0.99
(0.8
5 to
1.1
6)
1.03
(0.9
8 to
1.0
8)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
00 (0
.94
to 1
.05)
0.
99 (0
.90
to 1
.09)
1.
05 (0
.89
to 1
.24)
1.
07 (1
.01
to 1
.14)
Hip
frac
ture
N
cas
es
1112
78
1 18
1 37
21
11
Pers
on-y
ears
of f
ollo
w-u
p 23
3280
12
9337
30
417
7335
40
0369
R
ate/
1000
per
son-
year
s*
5.0
5.5
6.0
4.9
5.3
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 1
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
07 (0
.96
to 1
.18)
1.
21 (1
.03
to 1
.43)
1.
15 (0
.85
to 1
.54)
1.
05 (1
.01
to 1
.11)
H
R (9
5% C
I), m
odel
2
1.00
(ref
eren
ce)
1.05
(0.9
4 to
1.1
6)
1.18
(1.0
0 to
1.4
0)
1.00
(0.7
4 to
1.3
6)
1.03
(0.9
8 to
1.0
8)
HR
(95%
CI),
mod
el 3
1.
00 (r
efer
ence
) 1.
09 (0
.97
to 1
.22)
1.
26 (1
.05
to 1
.52)
1.
15 (0
.83
to 1
.60)
1.
07 (1
.01
to 1
.14)
C
I: co
nfid
ence
inte
rval
; HR
: haz
ard
ratio
*
Age
stan
dard
ized
rate
s, nu
mbe
r of c
ases
per
100
0 pe
rson
-yea
rs a
t ris
k M
odel
1 a
djus
ted
for a
ge
Mod
el 2
adj
uste
d fo
r age
, bod
y m
ass i
ndex
, hei
ght,
tota
l ene
rgy
inta
ke, t
otal
alc
ohol
inta
ke, a
hea
lthy
diet
ary
patte
rn, c
alci
um a
nd v
itam
in D
su
pple
men
tatio
n, e
ver u
se o
f cor
tison
e, e
duca
tiona
l lev
el, l
ivin
g al
one,
phy
sica
l act
ivity
leve
l est
imat
ed a
s met
abol
ic e
quiv
alen
ts, s
mok
ing
stat
us
and
Cha
rlson
’s c
omor
bidi
ty in
dex,
eve
r use
of o
estro
gen
repl
acem
ent t
hera
py, a
nd n
ullip
arity
. M
odel
3, a
djus
ted
acco
rdin
g to
mod
el 2
but
in a
dditi
on in
clud
ed in
take
of c
alci
um, v
itam
in D
, pho
spho
rus,
tota
l fat
, sat
urat
ed fa
t, to
tal p
rote
in
and
retin
ol
Table J. Change in daily milk and fermented milk consumption between the first and the second food frequency questionnaire within the Swedish Mammography Cohort by change in comorbidity and fracture status between the first and the second food frequency questionnaire Change in reported intake Milk
(g/d; 95% CI) Soured milk and
yogurt (g/d; 95% CI)
Cheese (g/d; 95% CI)
No new comorbidity -87 (-85- to -90) 106 (103 to 108) -24 (-23 to -24) One new comorbidity -75 (-64 to -85) 121 (108 to 134) -19 (-18 to -21) Two or more new comorbidities -81 (-71 to -90) 112 (101 to 122) -20 (-19 to -22)
No fracture -86 (-84 to -89) 107 (105 to 110) -23 (-23 to -24) One new fracture -76 (-67 to -86) 111 (99 to 124) -24 (-22 to -26) One new hip fracture -101 (-78 to -126) 116 (87 to 145) -20 (-16 to -24) CI: confidence interval