appendix f – referencesa123.g.akamai.net/7/123/11558/abc123/forestservic... · 1994 record of...

Appendix F – References

Appendix F – References General USDA Forest Service (1990) Willamette National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan.

Eugene, OR. USDA Forest Service (1994) "Final Environmental Supplement Impact Statement and April 13,

1994 Record of Decision on Management of Habitat for Late-Successional and Old Growth Forest Related Species within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl". Pacific Northwest Region. Portland, OR.

Chapters 1, 2, and Appendices Andrews et al. 2005. Silvicultural Approaches to Develop Northern Spotted Owl Nesting Sites,

Central Coast Ranges, Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry: 20(1). Bailey, J., & Tappeiner, J. (1998). Effects of Thinning on Structural Development in 40-100 Year

Old Douglas-fir Stands in Western Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management, 99-113. Chan, S., Larson, D., Maas-Hebner, K., Emmingham, W., Johnston, S., and Mikowski, D. 2006

Overstory and understory development in thinning and underplanted Oregon Coast Range Douglas-fir stands, Can J. For. Res. 36:2696-2711

Courtney, S., J. Blakesley, R. Bigley, M. Cody, J. Dumbacher, R. Fleischer, A. Franklin, J.

Franklin, R. Gutierrez, J. Marzluff, and L. Sztukowski. 2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the Northern Spotted Owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Portland, Oregon

Franklin, J.F., K. Cromak Jr., W. Dension, A. McKee, C. Maser, J. Sedell, F. Swanson, and G.

Juday. 1981. Ecological Characteristics of Old-Growth Douglas-fir Forests. USDA Forest Service Gen tech Rep. PSW-118. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Research Station. Portland , OR.

McGuire, D., Kershaw, J., & Hann, D. (1991). Predicting the Effects of Silvicultural Regime on

Branch Size and Crown Wood Core in Douglas-fir. Forest Science, 409-428. Miller, M., & Emmingham, B. (2001). Can Selection Thinning Convert Even-aged Douglas-fir

Stands to Uneven-age Structures? Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 35-43.


Muir, P., Mattingly, R., Tappeiner, J., Bailey, J., Elliot, W., Hagar, J., et al. (2002). Managing for Biodiversity in Young Douglas-fir Forest of Western Oregon. Corvallis: U.S. Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division.

Tappeiner, J.C., D. Huffman, D. Marshall, T.A. Spies, and J.D. Bailey. 1997. Density, ages, and

growth rates in old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 27(5):638-648.

Tappeiner, J.C., Maguire, D.A., Harrington, Timothy B. 2007. Silviculture and Ecology of Western

U.S. Forests. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. Poage, N.J. and J.C. Tappeiner. 2002. Long-term patterns of diameter and basal area growth of

old-growth Douglas-fir trees in Western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 32: 1232-1243.

USDA Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 2001. Record of decision and

standards and guidelines for amendments to the survey and manage, protection buffer, and other mitigation measures standards and guidelines. Region 6, Portland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Pacific Northwest Region Invasive Plant Program. Preventing and

Managing Invasive Plants, Record of Decision. Region 6, Portland, Oregon US Department of Agriculture: Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2014-2018.

http://www.usda.gov/documents/usda-strategic-plan-fy-2014-2018.pdf Williamson, Richard L. 1982. Response to commercial thinning in a 110 year-old Douglas –fir

stand. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-296. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Winter, L.E., L.B. Brubaker, J.F. Franklin, E.A. Miller, and D.Q. DeWitt. 2002a. Initiation of an

old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. For. Res. 32(6):1039-1056.

Winter, L.E., L.B. Brubaker, J.F. Franklin, E.A. Miller, and D.Q. DeWitt. 2002b. Canopy

disturbances over the five centuries lifetime of an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. For. Res. 32(6):1057-1070.


Forest Stand and Structure Resources Andrews et al. 2005. Silvicultural Approaches to Develop Northern Spotted Owl Nesting Sites,

Central Coast Ranges, Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry: 20(1). Bailey, J.D., and J.C. Tappeiner. 1998. Effects of thinning on structural development in 40-100

year old Douglas-fir stands in western Oregon. For. Ecol. Manage. 108:99-113. Bauhus, J.; Puettmann, K; Messier, C. 2009. Silivculture for old-growth attributes. Forest Ecology

and Management. 258:525-537 Blake, G. and W.G. Hoppes. 1986. Influence of Resource Abundance on Use of Tree-Fall Gaps by

Birds in an Isolated Woodlot. The Auk. 103(2):328-340 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4087086

Chandler, R.B., D.I. King, and C.C. Chandler. 2009. Effects of management regime on the

abundance and nest survival of shrub land birds in wildlife openings in northern New England, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 258(7):1669-1676.

Chan, S., Larson, D., Maas-Hebner, K., Emmingham, W., Johnston, S., and Mikowski, D. 2006

Overstory and understory development in thinning and underplanted Oregon Coast Range Douglas-fir stands, Can J. For. Res. 36:2696-2711

Courtney, S., J. Blakesley, R. Bigley, M. Cody, J. Dumbacher, R. Fleischer, A. Franklin, J.

Franklin, R. Gutierrez, J. Marzluff, and L. Sztukowski. 2004. Scientific evaluation of the status of the Northern Spotted Owl. Sustainable Ecosystems Institute, Portland, Oregon

Dixon, G.E. 2009. Essential FVS: a user’s guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Fort Collins,

CO: USDA Forest Service, Washington Office, Forest Management Service Center. 220 p. DeBell, D.S., R.O. Curtis, C.A. Harrington, and J.C. Tappeiner. 1997. Shaping stand development

through silvicultural practices. P. 141-149 in Creating a Forestry for the 21st century: Science of ecosystem management. Kohm, K.A., and J.F. Franklin (eds.), Island Press, Washington, DC.

Franklin, J.F., K. Cromak Jr., W. Dension, A. McKee, C. Maser, J. Sedell, F. Swanson, and G.

Juday. 1981. Ecological Characteristics of Old-Growth Douglas-fir Forests. USDA Forest Service Gen tech Rep. PSW-118. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Research Station. Portland , OR.

http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=auk


Hagar, J.C., 2007. Wildlife species associated with non-coniferous vegetation in the Pacific Northwest coinfer forests – A review: Forest Ecology and Management. 246(1): 108-122

Hayes, J.P., S.S. Chen, W.H. Emmingham, J.C. Tappeiner, L.D. Kellog, and J.D. Bailey. 1997

Wildlife responses to thinning young forest in the Pacific Northwest. J. For. 95(8):28-32 Latham, P., and Tappeiner, J. 2002. Response of old-growth conifers to reduction in stand

density in western Oregon forests. Tree Physiology 22:137-146. Long, J.N. 1985. A Practical Approach to Density Management. For. Chron. 61:23-27. McGuire, D.A., J.A. Kershaw, and D.W. Hann. 1991. Predicting the effects of silvicultural regime

on branch size and crown wood core in Douglas-fir. For. Sci. 37(5):409-428. Miller, M., and B. Emmingham, 2001. Can selection thinning convert even-aged Douglas-fir

stands to uneven-age structures? West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):35-43 Muir, P.S., R.L. Mattingly, J.C. Tappeiner, J.D. Bailey, W.E. Elliot, J.C. Hagar, J.C. Miller, E.B.

Peterson, and E.E. Starkey. 2002. Managing for biodiversity in young Douglas-fir forest of western Oregon. US Geol. Survey, Biol. Resource. Div., Biological Sci. Rept. USGS/BRD/BSR-20020006. Corvallis, OR. 76 pages.

OFRI. 2012. The 2012 Forest Report, An Economic Assessment of Oregon’s Forest and Wood

Products Manufacturing Sector. Oregon Forest Resource Institute. http://oregonforests.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/OFRI_Forest_Report_2012_0.pdf

Ohmann, Janet L., et al. 2011. Mapping Gradients of Community Composition with Nearest-

Neighbour Imputation: Extending Plot Data for Landscape Analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science 22:660-676.

Oliver, Chadwick D., Larson, Bruce C. 2006. Forest Stand Dynamics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. OMB A-94. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars_a094 Reineke, L.H. 1933 Perfecting a stand density index for even-aged forests. J. Agric. Res.

46:627-638


Tappeiner, J.C., D. Huffman, D. Marshall, T.A. Spies, and J.D. Bailey. 1997. Density, ages, and growth rates in old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 27(5):638-648.

Tappeiner, J.C., Maguire, D.A., Harrington, Timothy B. 2007. Silviculture and Ecology of Western

U.S. Forests. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. USDA Forest Service. 1986. Interim definition for old-growth Douglas-fir and mixed conifer

forest in the Pacific Northwest and California. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Note PNW-477.

USDA Forest Service. 2008. Forest Vegetation Simulator, April 2014 version Williamson, Richard L. 1982. Response to Commercial Thinning in a 110-year-old Douglas-Fir

Stand. USDA Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. PNW-296.

Winter, L.E., L.B. Brubaker, J.F. Franklin, E.A. Miller, and D.Q. DeWitt. 2002a. Initiation of an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. For. Res. 32(6):1039-1056.

Winter, L.E., L.B. Brubaker, J.F. Franklin, E.A. Miller, and D.Q. DeWitt. 2002b. Canopy

disturbances over the five centuries lifetime of an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. For. Res. 32(6):1057-1070.

Wildlife References Altman, B., and J. Hagar. 2007. Rainforest birds: a land manager’s guide to breeding bird habitat

in young conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest. U. S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5304. 60 p.

Applegarth, John. 2000. Management Recommendations for Terrestrial Mollusk Species,

Megomphix hemphilli, the Oregon Megomphix. Version 2.0. 41p. Bryan, T. and E. D. Forsman. 1987. Distribution, abundance, and habitat of Great Gray Owls in

south central Oregon. The Murrelet, 68, 45-49. Cook, J.G., L.L. Irwin, L.D. Bryant, R.A. Riggs, and J.W. Thomas. 1998. Relations of forest cover

and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter. Wildlife Monographs, No. 141, October 1998.


Cook, J. G., B. K. Johnson, R. C. Cook, R. A. Riggs, T. Delcurto, L. D. Bryant, and L. L. Irwin. 2004.

Effects of summer-autumn nutrition and parturition date on reproduction and survival of elk. Wildlife Monographs 155: 1-61.

Davis, R.J., B. Hollen, J. Hobson, J. E. Gower, and D. Keenum. 2016. Northwest Forest Plan—the

first 20 years (1994–2013): status and trends of northern spotted owl populations and habitats. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-929. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 54 p.

Doerr, J. 2012. Process to Identify Stands Addressed by Recovery Action 32 in the Willamette

National Forest. Unpublished report, Willamette National Forest, Supervisors Office, Springfield, OR.

Doerr, Joe. Forest Wildlife Biologist. Willamette National Forest, Supervisors Office, Springfield,

OR. October 12, 2016. Personal communication. Duncan, J. R. and P. H. Hayward. 1994. Review of technical knowledge: Great Gray Owls. Pp. 159-

175 in Hayward, G.D. and J. Verner eds. Flammulated, Boreal, and Great Gray Owls in the United States: A technical conservation assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253. Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Duncan, N., T. Burke, S. Dowlan, and P. Hohenlohe. 2003. Survey protocol of survey and manage

terrestrial mollusk species from the Northwest Forest Plan. Version 3.0. ISSSP publication. Bureau of Land Management, Roseburg, Oregon. 70 pp.

Forest Service. 1990. Final environmental impact statement for Land and Resource

Management Plan: Willamette National Forest. Region 6, Portland, Oregon. N.p. Forest Service. 2012. DecAID, the decayed wood advisor for managing snags, partially dead

trees, and down wood for biodiversity in forests of Washington and Oregon. Region 6, Portland, Oregon. [accessed 6/11/2013 from http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/wildlife/decaid/].

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. 2013. Incorporating migratory and resident

bird concerns into the National Environmental Policy Act process. Unpublished report. Region 6, Portland, Oregon. N.p.


Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 2012. Survey protocol for the red tree vole, Arborimus longicaudus, Version 3.0. Region 6, Portland, Oregon. 52 p. http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/sp-RedTreeVole-v3-0-2012-11.pdf

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 2001. Record of decision and standards

and guidelines for amendments to the survey and manage, protection buffer, and other mitigation measures standards and guidelines. Region 6, Portland, Oregon. 59p + 86p.

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 1999. Management Recommendations

for Terrestrial Mollusk Species, Megomphix hemphilli, Version 2.0. Region 6, Portland, Oregon. 39 p. http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/mr-ig-megomphix-hemphilli-2000.pdf

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 1994. Record of decision for

amendments to Forest Service and BLM planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl and Standards and Guidelines for management of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Region 6, Portland, Oregon.

Forsman, E. D., and 26 others. 2011. Population demography of northern spotted owls. Studies

in Avian Biology No. 40, Univ. California Press, Berkeley. 103 p. Habek, J. R. (1994). Dynamics of forest communities used by Great Gray Owls. Pp. 176-201 in

Hayward, G. D. and Verner, J. (eds.). Flammulated, Boreal, and Great Gray Owls in the United States: A technical conservation assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253. Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Hiller, T. L., and J. E. McFadden-Hiller. 2013. Wolverine-forest carnivore research in the northern

Cascades of Oregon, final progress report for field season 1 (Oct 2012–May 2013). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem, Oregon, USA. Project video available at: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/images/video_gallery/forest_carnivore_research_project.asp

Lacki, M. J., J. P. Hayes, and A. Kurta, Eds. 2007. Bats in forests: conservation and management.

John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 329 p. Marshall, D. B., M. G. Hunter, and A. L. Contreras, Eds. 2003. Birds of Oregon: a general

reference. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. 768 p.


Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2003. Oregon’s Elk Management Plan. Portland, Oregon. 58 p.

Ormsbee, P. 2013. Region 6 Bat Center of Excellence Leader (retired), Willamette National

Forest. Personal communication on July 19, 2013, to Joe Doerr, Forest Wildlife Biologist. Willamette National Forest, Springfield, Oregon.

Parker, K. L., M. P. Gillingham, T. A. Hanley, and C. T. Robbins. 1999. Energy and protein balance

of free-ranging black-tailed deer in a natural forest environment. Wildlife Monographs 143.

Platt, M. and R. Goggans. 1991. Report on breeding season observations of Great Gray Owls on

the Willamette National Forest. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Raley, C. M., E. C. Lofroth, R.L. Truex, J. S. Yaeger, and J. M. Higley. 2012. Habitat ecology of

fishers in western North America. Pages 231-254. In Biology and conservation of martens, sables, and fishers: a new synthesis. Aubry, K. B., W. J. Zielinski, M. G. Raphael, G. Proulx, and S. W. Buskirk. (eds.). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 580 p.

Rowland, M., and 8 others. 2013. User guidelines for application, summary, and interpretation

of westside elk nutrition and habitat use models. Draft Version 2.0. U. S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, Oregon. N. p.

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, J. E. Fallon, K. L. Pardieck, D. J. Ziolkowski, Jr., and W. A. Link. 2014. The

North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966─2013. Version 01.30.2015. U. S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. [accessed 10/4/2016 from http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/bbs.html]

Swanson, M. E., J. F. Franklin, R. L Beschta, C. M. Crisafulli, D. A. DellaSala, R. L Hutto, D. B.

Lindenmayer, and F. J. Swanson. 2010. The forgotten stage of forest succession: early-successional ecosystems on forest sites. Frontiers Ecological Environment 2010: doi:10.1890/090157.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Birds of Conservation Concern 2008. United States

Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 85 pp. [Online version available at: http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/NewReportsPublications/SpecialTopics/BCC2008/BCC2008.pdf

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Revised recovery plan for the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. xvi + 258 p.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants;

designation of revised critical habitat for the northern spotted owl: final rule. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 2014. Biological Opinion Regarding the Effects

of Habitat Modification Activities on the Northern Spotted Owl and its Critical Habitat within the Willamette Planning Province, FY 2015, Proposed by the Eugene District, Bureau of Land Management; Salem District, Bureau of Land Management; Mt. Hood National Forest; Willamette National Forest; and the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area (FWS Reference Number 01EOFW00-2014-F-0221). October 6, 2014. 294 p.

U. S. Forest Service (USFS). 1986. Interim definitions for old-growth Douglas-fir and mixed-

conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest and California. PNWS Research Note PNW-447.7 Wiens, J. D. 2012. Competitive interactions and resource partitioning between northern

spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon. PhD Dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

Willamette Planning Province Terrestrial Level I Team. 2014. Biological Assessment of LAA

Projects with the Potential to Modify the Habitat and/or Disrupt Northern Spotted Owls. July 30, 2014. 255 p.

Willamette Planning Province Terrestrial Level I Team. 2015. Willamette Planning Province FY

2016/2017, Biological Assessment of LAA Projects with the Potential to Modify the Habitat and/or Disrupt Northern Spotted Owls. Appendix F. Potential Spotted Owl Site Considerations p. 206-214.

Wimberly, M. C., T. A. Speis, C. J. Long, and C. Whitlock. 2000. Simulating historical variability in

the amount of old forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Conservation Biology 14: 167-180. Wisdom, M., L.R. Bright, C.G. Carey, W.W. Hines, R.J. Pedersen, D.A. Smithey, J.W. Thomas, and

G.W. Witmer. 1986. A model to evaluate elk habitat in western Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Report R6-F&WL-216-1986. March 1986.

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Heritage References Aikens, C. Melvin1977 Problems of Archaeological Survey In Heavily Forested Regions: Seeing

The Ground And Looking In Likely Places In The Woods Of Western Oregon. Contributed paper at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, Louisiana.

1986 Archaeology of Oregon. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management,

Oregon State Office. Baxter, Paul W. 1986 Archaic Upland Adaptation In The Central Cascades. Ph.D. dissertation,

University of Oregon, Eugene. Beckham, S., R. Minor, and K.A. Toepel 1981 Cultural Resource Overview of the Eugene BLM

District, West-Central Oregon. Heritage Resource Associates Report 4. Eugene. Davis, Carl M. 1988 Willamette National Forest Cultural Resource Inventory Plan. U.S. Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Fox, Timothy 2012 Castle Thin Project Cultural Resource Inventory Report. McKenzie River

Ranger District. Willamette National Forest. Hemstrom, Miles A., Sheila A. Logan, and Warren Pavlat 1987 Plant Association and

Management Guide, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, R6-Ecol 257-B-86. Kelly Cara M. 2001 Prehistoric Land-Use Patterns in the North Santiam Subbasin, On the Western

Slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range. A thesis submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies.

2009 Cougar Creek Thin Project Cultural Resource Inventory Report. McKenzie River Ranger

District. Willamette National Forest. Legard, Harold A. and LeRoy C. Meyer 1973a Soil Resource Inventory: Atlas of Maps And Interpretive Tables. U.S. Forest Service,

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1973b Willamette National Forest: Soil Resource Inventory. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.

McKenzie River Ranger District Cultural Resource files and maps. Minor, Rick et al. 1987 Cultural Resource Overview of the Willamette National Forest: A 10-Year

Update. Heritage Research Associates Report 60, Eugene, Oregon. Minor, Rick and Audrey Frances Pecor. 1977 Cultural Resource Overview of the Willamette

National Forest Western Oregon. Report submitted to the Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Oregon. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 12.

Snyder, Sandra L. 1987 Prehistoric Land Use Patterns in the Central Oregon Cascade Range.

Dissertation. University of Oregon, Eugene. Toepel, Kathryn Anne. 1987 Ethnographic Background. In Cultural Resource Overview of the

Willamette National Forest: A Ten-Year Update, Rick Minor et al. (eds.). Heritage Research Associates Report No. 60. Eugene, Oregon.

U.S. Forest Service 1912, 1921 and 1925 Santiam National Forest, 1937 and 1950 Willamette

National Forest Williams Gerald W. 2001 McKenzie River Valley History. Wilson, Jeffery S. 1981 Landforms of the McKenzie River Basin. Willamette National Forest. Transportation U.S. Forest Service, Willamette National Forest. Road Investment Strategy, September 2005. Recreation/Scenery/Wilderness References Eligibility Determination for South Fork McKenzie River, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Region, 1992 Landscape Aesthetics: A Handbook for Scenery Management, USDA Forest Service, Agriculture

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Botany Resources Byrd, K.B., V.T. Parker, D. R. Vogler, and K. W. Cullings. 2000. The influence of clear-cutting on

ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity in a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stand, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and Gallatin National Forest, Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 149-156.

Berglund, H. and B. Gunnar Jonsson. 2003. Nested plant and fungal communities; the

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Dahlberg, A. 2002. Effects of fire on ectomycorrhizal fungi in Fennoscandian boreal forests. Silva

Fennica 36(1): 69-80. Dahlberg, A., J. Schimmel, A.F.S. Taylor, and H. Johannesson. 2001. Post-fire legacy of

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Griffiths, R.P., A.K. Swanson. 2001. Forest soil characteristics in a chronosequence of harvested

Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31(11):1871-1879. Holmes, Susan E., Bitty A. Roy, Jim P. Reed, and Bart R. Johnson. 2008. Context-Dependent

Pattern and Process: The Distribution and Competitive Dynamics of and Invasive Grass, Brachypodium sylvaticum Biological Invasions. Master’s Thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene.

Luoma, D.L., J.L. Eberhar, R.Molina, and M.P. Amaranthus. 2004. Response of ectomycorrhizal

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Smith, J. E., D. McKay, G. Brenner, J. McIver, J. W. Spatafora. 2005. Early impacts of forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in a mixed conifer forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 42 (3): 526-535.

Fuels and Air Quality References Agee, James K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Island Press, Washington DC. Agee, J.K., Wright, C.S., Williamson, N., Huff, M.H. 2002. Foliar moisture content of Pacific

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AirNow website https://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state Andrews, P. L., and R.C. Rothermel. 1982. Charts for Interpreting Wildland Fire Behavior

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L.; and Menakis, J. 2010. Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class Guidebook. Version 3.0 [Homepage of the Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class website, USDA Forest Service, US Department of the Interior, and The Nature Conservancy]. http://www.frames.gov/partner-sites/frcc/frcc-home/

Boyd, R. (ed.).1999. Indians, Fire and the Land in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University

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thinning, and canopy closure in Douglas-fir forest of the western Cascades, Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University. http://scholarsarchive.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/30049

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