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Veterinary Assistant Program Appendix

© Animal Behavior College, Inc. 1

Appendix

Appendix A........................................................................................................................... 2

Prefixes/Suffixes and Anatomical Root terms ................................................................ 2

Appendix B......................................................................................................................... 11

List of Common Medical Abbreviations........................................................................ 11

Appendix C ........................................................................................................................ 17

List of Common Pharmacy Abbreviations.................................................................... 17

Appendix D ........................................................................................................................ 18

Metric Conversion Chart.............................................................................................. 18

Table of Vital Signs ..................................................................................................... 18

Appendix E......................................................................................................................... 19

Common Blood Collection Tubes ................................................................................ 19

Most Commonly Used Gauge of Needles.................................................................... 20

Appendix F......................................................................................................................... 20

Directional Terminology .............................................................................................. 20

Positional Terminology for Radiology .......................................................................... 21

Appendix G ........................................................................................................................ 22

Anatomy ..................................................................................................................... 22

Canine Circulatory System.......................................................................................... 22

Canine Digestive System............................................................................................ 22

Feline Digestive System.............................................................................................. 23

Canine Dentition ......................................................................................................... 23

Feline Dentition........................................................................................................... 24

Canine Nervous System.............................................................................................. 24

Canine Reproductive/Urogenital System..................................................................... 25

Feline Reproductive/Urogenital System....................................................................... 25

Canine Respiratory System......................................................................................... 26

Feline Respiratory System.......................................................................................... 26

Canine Skeletal System.............................................................................................. 27

Feline Skeletal System................................................................................................ 27

Urinary (Excretory) System Feline............................................................................... 28

The Inner Ear.............................................................................................................. 28

Anatomy of the Eye..................................................................................................... 29

Oral Cavity.................................................................................................................. 29



Appendix A

Prefixes/Suffixes and Anatomical Root terms

Prefix / Suffix / Root Meaning Example

a-, an- not or without aseptic

ab- away from abduct

abdomin(o) around the belly-abdomen abdominal

-ac pertaining to Iliac crest

aden(i)

aden(o)

in reference to a gland adenocarcinoma

adren(o) relating to adrenal glands adrenaline

adip(o) fat adiposis

alba- white albino

-algia pain neuralgia

ambi- both sides ambiguous

an- not or without antihistamine

angi(o) blood vessel angioplasty

anis(o) unequal anisocytosis

ancyl(o)

ankyl(o)

bending or crooked ancylostoma

anti- against each other antibiotic

arteri(o) relating to an artery arteriogram

arthr(o) of a joint arthroscopy

-asthenia weakness myasthenia

auricul(o)

aur(o)

referring to the ear aural

auscult/o to listen auscultation

aut(o) self autoclave

axill(o) under the arm axilla

bio- life bioscience

blast(o) immature cell, budding blastocyst




brachi(o) limb brachial plexus

brachy- short brachycephalic

brady- slow bradycardia

bronch(i) / bronchi(o) lungs bronchitis

bucc(o) cheek buccal

carcin(o) cancer carcinogen

cardi(a)

cardi(o)

referring to the heart cardiomyopathy

cata- down catatonic

-centesis surgical puncture of cystocentesis

cephal(o) referring to the head cephalic

chem(o) chemically induced chemotherapy

chondr(o) cartilage chondrosarcoma

chrom- color hypochromasia

-cide kill or destroy bactericidal

circum - surrounding another circumvent

col-, colo-, colono- colon colitis

copr(o) feces coprophagia

crani(o) head cranium

crypt(o) hidden cryptorchid

cutane(o) skin subcutaneous

cyan(o) describing a blue color cyanosis

cyst(i)

cyst(o)

relating to the urinary bladder cystocentisis

cyt(o) cell cytoplasm

-cyte cell monocyte

dactyl(o) finger or toes polydactyl

dent(i) tooth dentures

derm(o)

dermat(o)

skin dermatitis

dips(o) thirst polydipsia

dors(i) /dors(o) back dorsal



Prefix/Suffix/Root Meaning Example

dys- bad or difficult dyspnea

ect(o) outside or out ectoplasm

-ectomy removal, excision splenectomy

-edema swelling edematous

eosin(o) rose colored eosinophil

-emesis vomit emesis

-emia condition of the blood anemia, leukemia

encephal(o)- brain encephalitis

endo- within endoscopy

enter(o)- relating to the intestine enterology

epi- above, upon epiglottis

epitheli(o) skin epithelium

erythr(o) red erythrocyte

ex- out of or away from extubate

extra- outside extracapsular

fibr(i) fever febrile

fibr(o) fiber fibromyalgia

gastr(o) refers to the stomach gastroenteritis

gest(o) pregnancy gestation

gingiv(o) refers to the gums gingival

glauc(o) bluish-grey color glaucoma

-globin protein hemoglobin

gloss(o) tongue glossitis

gluc(o) glucose/sugar glucocorticoid

glycol- sugar glycolysis

-gram record cardiogram

-graph instrument for recording radiograph

-graphy process of recording radiography

-helminth worm antihelminthic

hemat-, haemato-

hem(a), hem(o)

referring to blood hematoma

hepat(o) referring to the liver hepatitis




histi(o) tissue histiocytoma

hist(o) tissue histopath

humer(o) humerus or upper arm humeroulnar

hydr(o) water hydrotherapy

hyper- beyond or above normal hyperthermia

hyp(o) below normal hypothyroid

hyster(o) uterus ovariohysterectomy

-iac pertaining to cardiac

-ic pertaining to hepatic

-ical pertaining to medical

infra- below infracortical

inguin(o) groin inguinal

inter- between intermolecular

intra- within intravenous

-ism process or condition dimorphism

iso- equal isotonic fluids

-ist a specialist pharmacist

-itis inflammation nephritis

-ium tissue epicardium

jaund(o) yellow jaundice

kerat(o) cornea (eye) or hard tissue keratoconjunctivitis

lacrim(o) tear (as in the eyes) lacrimal duct

lact(i)

lact(o)

milk lactate

lapar(o) abdominal wall, abdomen laproscopy

-lapse to fall, slide relapse

laryng(o) pertaining to the larynx (voice

box)

laryngitis

-lepsy seizure epilepsy

leuk(o) white color leukocyte

lip(o) fat lipidosis

lith(o) stone urolith




-logy study of nephrology

lumb(o) lower back lumbar

lux(o) to slide patellar luxation

lymph(o) lymph lymphoma

lysis- destruction autolysis

lys(o)- separate into parts lysosome

macr(o) large macrophage

-mal bad malignant

mamm(o) pertaining to the breast mammary gland

mandibul/o lower jaw bone mandibular

mast(o)- breast tissue mastitis

maxill(o) upper jaw bone maxilla

mega-

megal(o)

-megaly

enlargement splenomegaly

melan(o) black color melanoma

metacarp(o) bones of the front paw (hands) metacarpal

mengi(o) membrane surrounding the

brain and spinal cord

meningitis

metatars(o) bones of the rear paw (feet) metatarsal

-meter measure refractometer

method(o) procedure or technique methodology

metri(o) uterus endometriosis

micr(o)- small or little microscope

morph(o) form or shape morphology

-mortem death postmortem

muc(o) mucus mucoid

muscul(o) muscle musculoskeletal

my(o) relating to muscle myopathy

myel(o) bone marrow/spinal cord myelogram

narc(o) sleep narcolepsy

nas(o) nose nasogastric tube




necr(o) death necrosis

neo- new neonatal

nephr(o) kidney nephrotoxic

neur(o) nerves neurology

nutria(o) to nourish nutrition

ocul(o) eye ocular

odont(o) teeth periodontal

odyn(o) pain odynometer

-oid resembles or looks like mucoid

olig(o) scant oliguria

-oma tumor/mass, filled with fluid hematoma

onc(o) tumor, bulk, volume oncology

onych(o) nail of finger/toe onychectomy

oo- egg oocyst

ophthalm(o) eye ophthalmic

-opsy to view biopsy

or(o) mouth oral

orchi(o)

orchid(o)

testis (testicle) orchidectomy

-orexia appetite anorexia

organ(o) organ organomegaly

orth(o) straight orthodontist

-osis condition or disease or coccidiosis

ossi-

osse(o)

bone or

bony

ossifying

ost(e)

oste(o)

bone osteoporosis

ot(o) ear otoscope

ov(o) egg ovary

ovari(o) ovary ovariohysterectomy

-oxia oxygen hypoxia

palliate(o) soothe, relieve palliative care




palpebr(o) eyelid palpebral reflex

palp(o)

palpate(o)

to gently touch palpate

pan- all panleukopenia

pancreat(o) pancreas pancreatitis

para- alongside, beside paralumbar

-paresis weakness hemiparesis

path(o) disease pathogen

-pathy disease or emotion neuropathy

ped(o) foot podiatrist

pelv(i)

pelv(o)

pelvis, hip bone pelvic

-penia deficiency neutropenia

-pepsia digestion or the digestive tract dyspepsia

peri- surrounding pericardium

peritone(o) peritoneum peritonitis

-phage

-phagia

phag(o)

Relating to eating or digestion macrophage

pharmac(o)- drug pharmacologist

phleb(o) vein phelbotomy

plant(o) bottom of foot plantar

-plasia formation or development of dysplasia

-plasty surgical repair of rhinoplasty

-plegia paralysis cardioplegia

plex(o) network of nerves brachial plexus

-pnea breathing dyspnea

pneum(o)-

lungs or air pneumothorax

pod(o) foot pododermatitis

-poiesis production, making of hematopoiesis

poikil(o) varied or irregular poikilocytosis




poly- many, excessive polydipsia

post- after postoperative

-prandial meal postprandial

pre-

pro-

in front of, before premature

proxim(o) near proximal

prurit(o) itching pruritus

pseudo- false pseudoparasite

psych(e)

psych(o)

pertaining to the mind psycho logical restraint

-ptosis droop or sag, prolapse proptosis

pulmon(o) lung pulmonary

pyo- pus pyometra

pyrex(o) fever pyretic

quadr(i)- four quadriped

radi(o) x-rays radiograph

ren(o) kidney renal

rhin(o) nose rhinitis

-rrhage

-rrhag / ia

excessive flow or discharge

(blood)

hemorrhage

-rrhea excessive flow or discharge diarrhea

sarc(o) flesh-like sarcoma

scler(o) hardening atherosclerosis

-scope an instrument for viewing/exam stethoscope

-scopy to view endoscopy

sinistr(o) left oculus sinister (O.S.)

-sis condition of osteoporosis

splen(o) spleen splenomegaly

spondyl(o) vertebrae, spine spondylosis

-stasis to stop or control homeostasis

-static to stop or control bacteriostatic

sten(o) narrowing arterial stenosis




steth(o)- chest stethoscope

stom(a)

stomat(o)

mouth or oral cavity stomatitis

sub- Beneath or below subgingival

supra- above or beyond supragingival

tachy- rapid or fast tachycardia

tars(o) hind foot tarsal joint

therm(o) heat thermometer

thorac(o) chest thoracotomy

trans- across transtracheal wash

thromb(o) to clot thrombosis

-tocia to give birth dystocia

-tomy to cut cystotomy

-trophy development or growth dystrophy

tympan(o) ear drum, middle ear tympanic membrane

-ula

-ule

small or little nodule

miniscule

un(i)- one unilateral

-uria urine hematuria

ur(o) urine, urinary tract urolith

vas(o)-

vascul(o)-

A duct or blood vessel vasoconstriction

ven(i)

ven(o)

vein venipuncture

intravenous

ventr(o)- front side (of the abdomen) ventral

-volemia blood pressure hypovolemia

-y Process or condition of surgery

zo(o) animal life zoonosis



Appendix B

List of Common Medical Abbreviations

A A

A assessment of SOAP- this is where the veterinarians diagnosis is placed

AB antibiotic

ABDO abdomen

ACL anterior cruciate ligament- a ligament in the hind leg that often requires

surgical repair

ADR “ain’t doing right” – a term to describe general malaise that has no diagnosis

a.g. anal gland(s)

A/P anterior-posterior- pertaining to radiological positioning for a limb

ARF acute renal failure

B B

BAR Bright – Alert – Responsive. BAR is used in records to indicate all is well

with the patient

BCS body condition score

bg blood glucose

bm bowel movement

BP blood pressure

bmp beats per minute

BW body weight

Bx biopsy

C C

C+S culture and sensitivity

CAV canine adenovirus

CBC complete blood count

CC chief complaint

CHF congestive heart failure



CPR cardiovascular resuscitation

CPV canine parvovirus

CRD chronic renal disease

CRI constant rate infusion

crit microhematocrit tube

CRT capillary refill time

CVT certified veterinary technician

D+ positive for diarrhea

D D

d/c discontinue

D/C discharge

D/R drain removal

DHLP-P canine Distemper, Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza, Parvo (vaccine)

Ddx differential diagnosis

DLH domestic long hair (cats)

DM diabetes mellitus

DOA dead on arrival

DSH domestic short hair (cats)

DTM dermatophyte test medium

D/V dorsal-ventral – pertaining to radiographic positioning

DVM doctor of veterinary medicine

E E

E-collar Elizabethan collar

ECG electrocardiogram

EFA essential fatty acids

EKG electrocardiogram

euth euthanasia

F F

FAD flea allergy dermatitis

F.B. foreign body

FCP feline calicivirus

FeLV feline leukemia virus



FIV feline immunodeficiency virus

fLUTD feline lower urinary tract disease

FNA fine needle aspirate

F/S female, spayed

FUO fever of unknown origin

FUS feline urinary syndrome

Fx fracture

FVRCP feline Viral Rhinotrachitis, Calici, Panleukopenia (vaccine)

G G

GDV gastric dilitation-volvulus

GI gastrointestinal

GSD German Sheppard dog

H H

Hb/ hgb hemoglobin

HBC hit by car

Hct hematocrit (also PCV)

HGE hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

HPF high power field (microscope)

HR heart rate

HW heartworm

HWP heartworm prevention

Hx history

I I

IA intra-arterial

IBD inflammatory bowel disease

IC intracardiac

ID intradermal

IM intramuscular

IN intranasal

IP intraperitoneal

IV intravenous

IVVD intervertebral disc disease



K K

K9 canine

KCS keratoconjunctivitis sicca (“dry eye” is slang)

kVp kilovolt peak

L L

L left side

LF left foreleg (front leg)

LH left hind leg

LRS Lactated Ringers solution

LVT licensed veterinary technician

M M

mA milliamperes

mAs milliamperes per second

MLV modified live virus (pertaining to vaccines)

mm mucous membranes

M/N male, neutered

N N

NAF no abnormal findings

NAVTA North American Veterinary Technician Association

NMB new methylene blue

NPO nothing by mouth

NSF no significant findings

O O

O objective in SOAP - observations made by the veterinarian during the initial

physical examination

OA osteoarthritis

OFA Orthopedic Foundation for Animals

OR operating room

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OTC over the counter

OVH ovariohysterectomy



P P

P plan in SOAP - plan for different follow-up procedures or treatments that the

veterinarian recommends

PCV packed cell volume

PE physical examination

PD polydipsia

Plt platelets

PR pulse rate

PO by mouth

PTS put to sleep

PU polyuria

PU/PD polyuria and polydipsia

Q Q

QNS quantity not sufficient

QOL quality of life

R R

RA rheumatoid arthritis

RBC red blood cell

RH right hind (leg)

RF/RFL right fore or right front leg

RTG ready to go

RV rabies virus

RVT registered veterinary technician

Rx prescribe or prescription

S S

S subjective of SOAP- observations made by the client and the reason they

brought the patient to the veterinarian, also known as the chief complaint

(CC)

SC subcutaneous (as in injection)

s.g. specific gravity

s/o sutures out

SOAP subjective, objective, assessment, plan



s/r suture removal

SQ subcutaneous

Sx surgery

T T

TB tuberculosis

TDx tentative diagnosis

TLC tender loving care

TNTC too numerous to count

TP total protein

Tx treatment or to treat

U U

u/a urinalysis

U/S ultrasound

URI upper respiratory infection

UTI urinary tract infection

V V

V+ vomiting

V/D ventral dorsal

Vx vaccine

W W

WBC white blood cell

WNL within normal limits

wt body weight



Appendix C

List of Common Pharmacy Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning

a.c. before meals o.d right eye (oculus dexter)

a.d. right ear (auris dextra) o.s. left eye (oculus sinestra)

a.s. left ear (auris sinestra) o.u. both eyes (oculus

utraque)

a.u. both ears (auris utraque) p.c. after meals

Ad Lib as much as desired prn as needed

b.i.d. twice daily p.o. give by mouth

bol. bolus ( single large dose) q every

c with (usually has a line above the

“c”)

q.d. every day

c.c. cubic centimeter / same volume as

ml

q.h. every hour

cap capsule q.i.d. every 4 hours

d/c discontinue q.o.d. every other day

disp. dispense q 12 h every 12 hours

g gram q.s. quantity sufficient

gr grain s.i.d. once daily

gtt drop(s) s.i.g to write label

h/hr hour sol/sol’n solution

h.s. at bedtime susp suspension

mcg microgram tab tablet

mEq milliequivalent t.i.d. three times daily

ml milliliter t.i.d. three times daily



Appendix D

Metric Conversion Chart

Abbreviation Weight Conversion Equivalent

oz ounce 16 oz = 1 lb 1 fluid oz = 30 ml

lb pound 2.2 lb = 1 kg

kg kilogram 1 kg = 2.2 lb

g gram 1000 g= 1 kg 454 g = 1 lb

mg milligram 1 mg = .001 g

mcg microgram 1 mcg = .001 mg

Volume

L liter 1 L = 1000 ml 1 L = 1 quart

ml milliliter 1000 ml = 1 L

cc cubic centimeter 1 cc = 1 ml

tsp teaspoon 1 tsp = 5 ml 3 tsp = 1 tbs

tbs tablespoon 1 tbs = 15 ml

Table of Vital Signs

Species Temperature

(Celsius)

Pulse/Heart

Rate (BPM)

Respiration

Rate (per

minute)

Gestation

Period

Life Span

Cat 100.5 – 103.0°F

(38 - 39.5°C)

120-210* bpm

*younger cats have

faster heart rates

20-30/ min 63-65 days 12-16 yrs

Dog 99.0 - 102.2°F

(37.5 - 39.0°C)

60-120* bpm

*young and small dogs

have faster rates than

large breed dogs

15-30/ min 57-67 days 10-15 yrs

*large breed

dogs have

shorter life

span

Rabbit 101.5–104.2°F

(38.6–40.1°C)

130-300 bpm

205 average bpm

32-60/ min 25-31 days 6-8 yrs

Ferret 100-102.5°

(37.8 - 39.4° C)

230-380 bpm 33-36/ min 40-44 days 5-11 yrs

Rat 99°F

(37°C) *too fast to count

usually 21-23 days 3 yrs



Appendix E

Common Blood Collection Tubes

Tube Top Color

Additive Appearance Uses

Red Absent of additive- sterile

Because this tube has no additive, blood, urine and other bodily fluids can be placed

Tiger striped (black and red)

Clot activating gel that quickens coagulation

This tube is used to obtain serum- the gel provides a barrier and seperates the cells from the liquid portion of whole blood- serum is required for most all blood chemistry testing

Lavender EDTA- anticoagulant

This tube is commonly used to perform CBC’s- Complete Blood Counts

Green Lithium heparin- anticoagulant

This tube is contains an anticoagulant, but unlike the lavender top tube, you can run blood chemistries with the plasma obtained from whole blood with this additive

Gray Sodium flouride and anticoagulant

This tube is mainly used for glucose testing

Yellow ACD- a blood preservative and anticoagulant

This additive is preferred for collecting blood for the purpose of blood transufusion

Light Blue Sodium citrate -anticoagulant

This tube is used for determining coagulation abnormalities



Most Commonly Used Gauge of Needles

Size Appearance Common Use

25 gauge May be used for cats when obtaining small samples of blood or small volume for injection

22 gauge

Most commonly used sized; used for venipuncture and injections

20 gauge

Less common, may be used

for injecting thick fluid

18 gauge Used for administering subcutaneous fluids

Appendix F

Directional Terminology

Positional Terminology for Restraint

Term Direction

Left The patient’s left side

Right The patient’s right side

Cranial Toward the patient’s head

Rostral Toward the tip of the patient’s nose

Caudal Toward the patient’s tail

Dorsal Toward the patient’s back

Ventral Toward the patient’s belly

Medial Toward the median (center) plane

Lateral Away from the median plane

Deep (internal) Toward the center (whole body or part)

Superficial (external) Toward the surface (whole body or part)

Proximal Toward the patient’s body (extremity)

Distal Away from the patient’s body (extremity)



Positional Terminology for Radiology

Positional Terminology for Radiology

Anatomical Direction

Abbreviation Description

Left Lt The patient’s left side or limb

Right Rt The patient’s right side or limb

Dorsal D The upper parts of the body including the top of the head, neck, back, and tail

Ventral V The lower parts of the body including the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and tail

Palmar Pa The forelimb from the carpal joint distally (away from the body)

Plantar Pl The hind limb from the tarsal joint distally (away from the body)

Medial M The inner surface of a limb toward the center of the body

Lateral L The outer surface of a limb away from the center of the body

Cranial Cr Any point toward the head

Caudal Cd Any point toward the tail

Distal Di Any point on the limb or tail away from the trunk (torso)

Proximal P Any point on the limb or tail toward the trunk (torso)

Rostral R Parts of the head located toward the nostrils or tip of the nose

Oblique O At a 45° angle, between a horizontal and perpendicular angle

Recumbent Lying down

Anterior A Anteroposterior is often used in place of craniocaudal, dorsopalmar, etc.

Posterior P Posteroanterior is often used in place of caudocranial



Appendix G

Anatomy

Canine Circulatory System

Permission for reprint granted by Chris Forsey (c) Dorling Kindersley

Canine Digestive System




Feline Digestive System


Canine Dentition




Feline Dentition


Canine Nervous System




Canine Reproductive/Urogenital System


Feline Reproductive/Urogenital System




Canine Respiratory System


Feline Respiratory System




Canine Skeletal System


Feline Skeletal System




Urinary (Excretory) System Feline


The Inner Ear




Anatomy of the Eye

Each of these images reprinted with permission from copyright owner, Hill’s Pet Nutrition Inc.

Oral Cavity

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