appendix a catalogue of southern cape burials studied

1

Appendix A

Catalogue of Southern Cape Burials Studied

This appendix contains details of each of the 95 burials studied in this thesis. The

details for each burial were compiled from all available published and

unpublished sources. In compiling this catalogue I studied collections and

documents at Iziko South African Museum Archaeology Department; National

Museum, Bloemfontein, Archaeology Department; Old Harbour Museum,

Hermanus; University of Cape Town Department of Archaeology; University of

Cape Town School of Human Biology; University of Cape Town Libraries

Manuscripts Department; University of the Witwatersrand School of Anatomical

Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand Central Archives and University of the

Witwatersrand School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies.

Access to collections in the Albany Museum Archaeology Department was

denied.

A number of categories of data were recorded. Not all categories of data were

available for each burial or in the same amount of detail. I list the available data

for each burial, but not categories for which no data exist. Most categories are self

explanatory. Some, however, need discussion:

Burial no.: This is a unique code for each burial listed in this catalogue. In most

cases I have assigned the code, although in a few cases I have adopted codes

already in use in published sources.

Cat. no.: Catalogue numbers are assigned by institutions holding collections

relating to the sites. Most numbers relate to skeletons rather than cultural material.

Each institution uses its own form of number: ALB = Albany Museum; ALB HS

= Albany Museum human skeleton collection; SAM-AP = Iziko South African

2

Museum physical anthropology collection; UCT = University of Cape Town

School of Human Biology collection.

Burial type: This category records whether the body was placed in a dug grave or

beneath a cairn of stones. No other types of burials were recorded.

Grave goods: Grave goods are listed by category (see Chapter 4). Unusual items

not listed as individual categories as recorded under ‘other’. Only those items that

were intentionally placed in grave are listed. Other cultural items, usually from

grave infills or of unknown association, are not listed. I acknowledge that it is not

always possible to distinguish which items were intentionally placed in graves.

3

Site name Groot Kommandokloof

Burial no. KK1/2

Cat. no. Unknown

Holding institution Albany Museum

Province Eastern Cape

Location Burial against wall of shelter on bedrock

Latitude 33º 40’

Longitude 24º 07’

Excavator J. Binneman

Date of excavation 1980s

Age of individual Juvenile

Burial type Cairn

Side Right

Flexed/straight Straight

C14 date 6 430 ± 70 BP

Notes on date Date of layer covering burial

Associated archaeology Faded rock paintings in the shelter. Another burial,

KK1/1, in the shelter, but excluded from database

as it is too recent; it contained copper beads.

Grave goods:

Grinding stones Two large, flat grinding stones underneath cairn

and directly on top of skeleton. One was ochre

stained.

Painted stone One possible painted stone amongst cairn stones.

Other Cairn of 15 stones covered the burial. The stones

included ochre-stained hammer stones, anvils,

flaked cobbles, flakes and rock.

Sources Binneman 1999a

Binneman and Hall 1993

4

Site name Kabeljous River Cave A

Burial no. KJRA1

Cat. no. ALB HS150a


District Humansdorp


Location Large rock shelter. Burial near middle of shelter.

Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt

Date of excavation January 1925

Age of individual Infant, 1–2 years

Burial type Grave

Associated archaeology Material such as bored stones, palettes, pendants and

‘rubbing stones’ stained with red ochre were described

as coming from the site. It is unclear whether they

were associated with the burials.

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRA2

Cat. no. ALB HS150b


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt

5


Age of individual Infant less than 1 year

Burial type Grave





Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRA3

Cat. no. ALB HS150c


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt


Age of individual Old adult, 40+ years

Sex Female?

Burial type Grave



as coming from the site. It is unclear whether they were

associated with the burials.

Notes Skeleton sampled for stable isotopes by Silberbauer

(1979).

6

Grave goods:

OES bead A considerable (but unspecified) number of OES beads

were associated with the burial.

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRA4

Cat. no. ALB HS160a


District Humansdorp


Location Large rock shelter. Burial at back of shelter.

Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt


Age of individual Juvenile, 5+ years

Sex Male

Burial type Grave






(1979).

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979

7


Burial no. KJRA5

Cat. no. ALB HS160b


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt



Burial type Grave





Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRA6

Cat. no. ALB HS161b


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt

8



Burial type Grave





Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRA7

Cat. no. ALB HS159


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt


Age of individual Old adult

Burial type Grave





Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979

9

Site name Kabeljous River Cave B

Burial no. KJRB1

Cat. no. ALB HS151a


District Humansdorp


Location Small rock shelter adjoining Kabeljous River Cave A.

Burial from the rear of the shelter.

Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt


Age of individual Sub-adult, 17–21 years

Sex Female

Burial type Grave

Notes Hewitt (1925) did not distinguish between KJR A and

B. Skeleton sampled for stable isotopes by Silberbauer

(1979).

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRB2

Cat. no. ALB HS151b


District Humansdorp



From the rear of the shelter.

Latitude 34º 00’


10

Excavator J. Hewitt


Age of individual Sub-adult, 12 years

Burial type Grave


B.

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. KJRB3

Cat. no. ALB HS152


District Humansdorp




Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt



Burial type Grave


B.

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979

11

Site Name Kabeljous River Cave B

Burial no. KJRB4

Cat. no. ALB HS153


District Humansdorp




Latitude 34º 00’


Excavator J. Hewitt


Age of individual Infant

Burial type Grave


B.

Grave goods:

Ochre Cranium extensively ochre stained

Sources Hewitt 1925

Silberbauer 1979

Site Name Klasies River Mouth Cave 5

Burial no. KRM5/1

Cat. no. ALB 295


District Humansdorp


Location Burial complex next to cave wall

Latitude 34º 03’


12



Age of individual 16–18 years

Sex Female

Burial type Grave

Side Left

Flexed/straight Flexed

Heading S

Facing W

C14 date 1 860 ± 40 BP (Pta-4636)

Notes on date Direct date on burial (Binneman 1995:132)

Associated archaeology One of a complex of six burials within about 2 m2

Notes Skeleton in good condition except for the nasal,

maxillary and frontal sections of the skull which show

considerable damage in the form of scratch or cut

marks and splintering that does not seem to have been

caused post-depositionally.

Grave goods:

OES beads 1 028 OES beads, stained with red ochre, were

recorded. 269 were found around the neck/shoulders.

735 were found around the pelvis. Those in the

vicinity of the right radius and ulna were probably

arranged in some sort of square. Beads around pelvis

were arranged in strings. Two Turbo pendants may

have been hung from pelvic bead strings.

Nassarius beads 300 beads recorded. Strings of 272 Nassarius beads

around neck/shoulders. Stained with red ochre.

Plant Base of burial hollow was covered with a thin layer of

plant material (species not specified).

Ochre Layer of red ochre covered the plant material in the

base of burial. Thick layer of red ochre was found

below the pelvis. The whole skeleton was covered

13

with a layer of sand mixed with red ochre. OES beads

stained with ochre. Nassarius beads stained with red

ochre.

Turbo beads Five Turbo ‘buttons’ recorded. Two Turbo pendants

probably hung from strings of OES beads around

pelvis. Pierced by a single hole. Three Turbo ‘buttons’

with 2 holes.

Other Two serrated oyster pendants around shoulders. Ten

Tricolia beads. One polished bone.

Sources Hall and Binneman 1987

Binneman 1995:132

Site name Klasies River Mouth Cave 5

Burial no. KRM5/2

Cat. no. ALB 296


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 03’





Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading S

Facing E

14

Notes on date Not directly dated. Base of deposit dated to 4 230 ± 60

BP. According to Hall and Binneman (1987:140) no

pottery was found in the deposit which suggests that

the burial pre-dated 2 000 BP.

Associated archaeology No grave goods found in direct association with the

body, but 37 OES beads, 18 Nassarius beads, 1 Turbo

pendant, 4 Turbo ‘buttons’, 2 Bullia beads, 7 Tricolia

beads and 1 bone point were found in the grave fill.

One of a complex of six burials within about 2 m2.

Notes Skull was not found, and may have been disturbed or

removed when the hollow for KRM5/6 was dug.

Bones were in a good condition except for the right

femur, tibia and fibula which were white, broken and

flaky.


Site Name Klasies River Mouth Cave 5

Burial no. KRM5/3

Cat. no. ALB 297


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 03’





Burial type Grave

Side Right


15

Heading SW

Facing SE



pottery was found in the deposit, which suggests that


Associated archaeology One of a complex of six burials within about 2 m2.

Notes A cormorant’s beak was found on the body. Hall and

Binneman (1987:142, table 2) described it as being

part of the grave goods. Binneman (pers. comm.

2003), however, stated that there was an error in the

publication, and that the beak formed part of the grave

infill, not one of the grave goods. Many cormorant

bones were found in the deposit and infill. Burial

removed in toto to Albany Museum.

Grave goods:

OES bead 90 OES beads recorded. 89 in strings around pelvis

and left femur. One in deposit.

Nassarius beads 745 Nassarius shell beads across chest

Stone slab One ochre and charcoal stained split cobble placed on

chest.

Ochre Skull was lightly stained with ochre.

Turbo beads 116 Turbo beads recorded. 106 on and next to skull.

Seashells Two Fissurella aperta shells on skull.

Other 35 Bullia digitalis beads on chest. 745 Tricolia beads

on chest.


Binneman pers. comm. 2003

16


Burial no. KRM5/4

Cat. no. ALB 298


District Hummansdorp



Latitude 34º 03’





Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading SE

Facing SW






Notes The burial was removed in toto to the Albany

Museum, Grahamstown.

Grave goods:

OES beads 70

Nassarius beads 1 108 beads recorded. Strings of beads found all over

body.

Other Four oyster pendants on chest. 14 Tricolia sp. beads

all over body.


17


Burial no. KRM5/5

Cat. no. ALB 299


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 03’





Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading S

Facing E






Grave goods:

Ochre A thick layer of yellow ochre was found between the

bones. The collapsed skull was stained with red ochre,

and lumps of ochre were still attached to it.


18


Burial no. KRM5/6


District Humansdorp



Latitude 34º 03’



Date of excavation 1992


Burial type Grave

Side Left

Flexed/straight Flexed?

Heading E

Facing S

Notes on date Probably related to the earliest occupation (4 230 BP).


KRM5/6 found 350 mm below the lowest occupation

floor in white dune sand.

Grave goods:

Ochre Burial covered with a thick layer of red ochre.

Sources Binneman 1995:132–133, fig. 37

Site name Melkhoutboom

Burial no. MHB1

Cat. no. ALB 195a


District Alexandria


19

Location Cave on the northern extremity of the Zuurberg range.

Burial near wall of shelter.

Latitude 33º 19’


Excavator J. Hewitt



Burial type Grave

Associated archaeology From Wilton levels. Rock paintings in shelter.


(1979). Burial had been disturbed.

Grave goods:

Stone slab Flat stone slabs over burial.

Sources Hewitt 1931

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. MHB2

Cat. no. ALB 195b


District Alexandria




Latitude 33º 19’


Excavator J. Hewitt



Burial type Grave


20

Notes Burial had been disturbed.

Grave goods:

Stone slab Flat stones covered burial.

Sources Hewitt 1931

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. MHB3

Cat. no. ALB 195c


District Alexandria




Latitude 33º 19’


Excavator J. Hewitt



Burial type Grave


Notes Burial had been disturbed.

Grave goods:

Stone slab Flat stones covered burial.

Sources Hewitt 1931

Silberbauer 1979

21


Burial no. MHB4


District Alexandria


Location Cave on the northern extremity of the Zuurberg range

Latitude 33º 19’


Excavator H. J. Deacon


Age of individual Child, about 5 years

Burial type Grave

Notes on date Associated with the Main Bedding unit that dated

from approximately 3 000 BP.

Associated archaeology Rock paintings in shelter.


(1979). Buried in a squatting position with hands on

knees.

Grave goods:

Grinding stones Two grinding stones overlay skeleton.

Stone slabs One stone overlay skeleton.

Ochre Grave capped with ochre.

Seashell Three notched seashells.

Other 14 beads made from gritty earth that appeared to have

been baked.

Sources Deacon 1969, 1976

Silberbauer 1979

22


Burial no. MHB5

Cat. no. UCT 262


District Alexandria


Location Cave on the northern extremity of the Zuurberg range

Latitude 33º 19’


Excavator H. J. Deacon



Burial type Grave

C14 date 7 300 BP (UW-234)

Notes on date Associated date that refers to the Wilton Base Marker

unit.

Associated archaeology Rock paintings in shelter.


(1979).

Grave goods:

Stone slab One large flat quartzite slab covered grave.

Sources Deacon 1969, 1976

Silberbauer 1979

Site name Mitford Park

Burial no. MP1

Cat. no. ALB HS236


Location Small rock shelter northwest of Grahamstown

Latitude 32º 20’

23


Excavators T. Hodle and J. Hewitt

Date of excavation 1939–1940

Age of individual 6 years


(1979).

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace Fragments of tortoise carapace.

Other Cafferia caffer and Achatina sp. associated with

burial.

Sources Silberbauer 1979

Site name Nelson Bay Cave

Burial no. NBC1

Cat. no. SAM-AP 5044

Holding institution Iziko South African Museum

District Knysna

Province Western Cape

Latitude 34º 06’ 10”

Longitude 23º 22’ 30”

Excavator R. R. Inskeep



Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading SE

Facing N

C14 date 2 660 ± 150 BP (LV-217)

Notes on date Direct date on bone (ribs)

24

Grave goods:

Grinding stones One grinding stone, grinding surface up most over

pelvic region.

Stone slabs One small slab lay partly under the skull.

Seashell Eleven whole, and apparently unopened, Perna perna

shells were found in the grave filling.

Other Bone point projecting upwards from below the right

innominate bone (pelvis) (Inskeep 1987:appendix 33).

Sources Inskeep 1987

Morris 1987


Burial no. NBC2

Cat. no. UCT 345

Holding institution University of Cape Town

District Knysna







Sex Female

Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading NE

Facing SE

Notes on date Not directly dated, but in deposits that date to between

2 500 and 3 000 BP.

25

Notes The skeleton is poorly preserved.

Rib sampled for stable isotopes by Sealy and Pfeiffer

(2000).

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Two stones. One across knees and the other in the

region of the pelvis may be part of the burial.


Morris 1987

Sealy and Pfeiffer 2000


Burial no. NBC3

Cat. no. UCT 346


District Knysna






Age of individual 18 months to 2 years

Burial type Grave

Side Back


Heading E

Facing N

Notes on date Approximately 3 000 BP. Burial bracketed between

strata dated to 3 020 ± 35 BP (Pta-2920) and 2 970 ±

60 BP (Pta-2913) and 2 925 ± 35 BP (GrN-5702).

26

Grave goods:

OES beads 252 OES beads recorded. 64 associated with the upper

part of the skeleton, mostly concentrated near the back

of the skull. The rest associated with the pelvic region:

105 in front of and resting on the right innominate

bone, 32 below the right innominate and 49 below and

behind the lowest vertebrae. 5 had no recorded

location.

Stone slabs One stone placed over body (head/chest).

Other One unperforated shell pendant blank below skeleton.


Morris 1987


Burial no. NBC4

Cat. no. UCT 347


District Knysna







Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading NE

Facing W

C14 date 3 236 ± 33 BP (OxA-V-2055-35)

27

Notes on date 3 236 ± 33 BP (OxA-V-2055-35) is direct date on

bone (Pfeiffer & Sealy 2006:table 1). Inskeep

(1987:189) estimated the age to be approximately

3 300 BP.

Notes Rib sampled for stable isotopes by Sealy and Pfeiffer

(2000).

Grave goods:

OES beads 245 OES beads recorded. Mostly in the region of the

thorax. Probably represent a string worn around the

neck.

Bone Two bird carpo-metacarpals, one at each temple as

though suspended on each side of the head.

Tooth Two large fish dentaries probably of Sparodon

durbanensis (musselcracker) close to knees.

Other 32 type 1 (Inskeep 1987) shell pendants around neck.

28 were stacked one on top of the other at the back of

the skull.


Morris 1987


Pfeiffer and Sealy 2006


Burial no. NBC5

Cat. no. UCT 348


District Knysna





28



Burial type Grave

Side Right

Heading SE

Facing NE

Notes on date Approximately 5 800 BP (Inskeep 1987:190).

Notes Both Inskeep (1987:193–194) and Morris (1987:201–

202, 208) suggested that the body was in an advanced

state of decay, and possibly incomplete, at the time of

interment.

Grave goods:

OES beads 820 OES beads recorded. 146 on and about skull,

probably forming part of a head band. 41 in the

vicinity of the face. 369 in neck area. 99 over thumb

and below palm of left hand. Unspecified number

(possibly 130) on either side of the distal part of the

right ulna. 35 of unspecified location.

Tortoise carapace One tortoise carapace where chest should have been.

Ochre Ochre pencil west of tortoise bowl.

Crystal Seven small quartz crystals west of tortoise bowl

(Inskeep 1987:194).

Seashells Patch of Perna perna shells west of tortoise bowl.

Grooved stones Half a grooved stone west of tortoise bowl (Inskeep

1987:144, 194).

Other Two large fish dentaries probably of Sparodon

durbanensis (musselcracker) close to knees.

Notes The string of OES beads held in the left hand were in

a position that suggests that the body was in a state of

decay before interment (Morris 1987:201, 208, fig.

64).

Sources Inskeep 1987 Morris 1987

29


Burial no. NBC6

Cat. no. UCT 349


District Knysna






Age of individual About 38 weeks post-conception

Burial type Grave

Notes on date Approximately 5 500 BP. Burial bracketed by dates of

5 329 ± 220 (Pta-2933) and 5 860 ± 70 (Pta-2915).

Notes Probably died at birth. Removed in toto to lab for

subsequent cleaning by Morris.

Grave goods:

Other One shell pendant of type 2b (Inskeep 1987).

Uncertain whether it was intentionally placed.


Morris 1987

Site name Oakhurst Shelter

Burial no. OH1

Cat. no. UCT 180, UCT 199

Other no. Grave I

Holding institution University of Cape Town (skeletal material)

Iziko South African Museum (cultural material)

District George


30

Location From talus at south end of shelter

Latitude 33º 59’


Excavator A. J. H. Goodwin

Date of excavation February 1932


Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading S

Facing E

C14 date 6 180 ± 70 BP (Pta-3718)

Notes on date Direct date on bone

Notes Disturbed burial.

Sampled for stable isotopes by Sealy and Pfeiffer

(2000).

Sources Goodwin 1938

Patrick 1989



Burial no. OH2


Other no. Grave II



District George


Location Against wall of shelter

Latitude 33º 59’

31





Sex Female

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading W

Facing S

C14 date 7 120 ± 60 BP (Pta-4354)


Notes Disturbed burial.


(2000).


Patrick 1989



Burial no. OH3


Other no. Grave III

Holding institution University of Cape Town (skeletal and cultural

material)


District George


Latitude 33º 59’



32


Age of individual 0–12 months

Sex Female

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading E

Facing S

C14 date 5 990 ± 70 BP (Pta-4426)


Associated archaeology Cut into a previous grave (grave IIIa) and destroyed

most of that grave.

Notes Sampled for stable isotopes by Sealy and Pfeiffer

(2000).


Patrick 1989


Stock and Pfeiffer 2001


Burial no. OH4

Cat. no. Not accessioned into UCT catalogue

Other no. Grave IV


District George


Latitude 33º 59’




Age of individual 12? years

33

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading N

Facing W

Notes Skeleton in a poor state of preservation. Not

accessioned into UCT collections.

Grave goods:

Stone slabs One stone covered grave.


Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH5


Other no. Grave V


District George


Location Against wall of shelter

Latitude 33º 59’




Age of individual 40+ years

Sex Male / female ?

Burial type Grave

C14 date 9 100 ± 90 BP (Pta-3724); 4 100 ± 60 BP (Pta-4431)

Notes on date 2 conflicting dates obtained: 9 100 ± 90 BP from 2.79

m, 4 100 ± 60 BP from 2.80 m. 9 100 ± 90 BP is a

better fit for context.

34

Notes Grave disturbed and skeleton crushed.


(2000).

According to Patrick (1989:table 3) skeleton is male;

according to Drennan (1938:272), Stock and Pfeiffer

(2001:table 1) and Pfeiffer and Sealy (2006:table 1)

skeleton is female.

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Stone covered burial.

Ochre Red ochre staining on skull and sacrum.

Sources Drennan 1938

Goodwin 1938

Patrick 1989



Pfeiffer and Sealy 2006


Burial no. OH6

Cat. no. UCT 194, UCT 216J

Other no. Grave VI; grave 6A


material)


District George


Latitude 33º 59’



Date of excavation August 1933

Age of individual Adult

35

Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading S

Facing W

C14 date 2 065 ± 105 BP (AA-2116)

Notes on date Direct dates on bone

Associated archaeology Cluster of six burials found in this area. Associated

with Wilton assemblage. Skeleton of baby on ventral

side of (but separate from) skeleton.

Notes Catalogue number may be incorrect. Patrick

(1989:table 3) stated that the skeleton is that of an

infant 0–12 months. Goodwin (1938:257) and

Drennan (1938:table III) clearly stated that the

skeleton is that of an adult male.

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace Two tortoise carapaces recorded. Small mountain

tortoise carapace containing blue pigment on right side

(?). Empty mountain tortoise carapace next to hip.

Plant Whole grave lined with Zostera.

Grinding stone One river pebble slightly used for grinding lay in front

of face.

Stone slabs Skeleton beneath eight grave stones.

Lithics Three lithics resembling Mossel Bay type on neck.

Other 4 OES water containers. 1 behind skull, 1 at chest, 1

near grindstone in front of face, 1 300 mm in front of

skeleton. Ivory arrow head in front of face. Ivory

arrow head and link shaft at chest. 2 lumps of

ocherous clay, one light red the other red brown, on

right side (?).

36


Goodwin 1938

Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH7

Cat. no. UCT 204

Other no. Grave VIa


material)


District George


Latitude 33º 59’





Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Right

Heading S

Facing E

C14 date 4 530 ± 70 BP (Pta-4449)


Associated archaeology Cluster of six burials found in this area. Related to

Wilton deposits. 2 slate pallets, 2 bone arrow points

and a mass of black resinous material found near

skeleton, but of uncertain association.


(2000).

37

Grave goods:

OES beads Bracelet (375 mm wide) of intricate design of OES

beads on right wrist (against sternum).

Tortoise carapace One large water tortoise carapace probably part of this

burial.

Plant Grave lined with Zostera.

Grinding stone One upper grindstone near right thigh.

Stone slab Covered by unspecified number of grave stones, three

of which were red ochre stained.

Lithics Three lithics. Water worn flakes of Mossel Bay type

behind pelvis. Large crystal worked as a circular

scraper.

Ochre Red ochre powder in the vicinity of the right thigh.

Red ochre powder behind pelvis.

Bored stone One bored stone on right thigh. One end blocked with

black resin; other end contained unbroken series of

fish vertebrae.

Palette One palette behind pelvis.

Donax pendant Donax shells filled with red ochre behind pelvis.

Other 4 pierced Conus shells near right thigh. 3 pieces of

ironstone near right thigh (from some sort of girdle?).

3 red ochre stained river pebbles (about 75 mm

diameter) behind pelvis. OES behind pelvis.


Patrick 1989



38


Burial no. OH8

Cat. no. UCT 190, UCT 217K

Other no. Grave VIc


District George


Latitude 33º 59’





Grave type Grave

Associated archaeology Cluster of six burials found in this area.

Grave goods:

Seashells Two seashells, one on each side of skull.

Other 2 pierced Conus shells positioned as though hung

around neck. OES between this skeleton and the adult

in OH6.


Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH9


Other no. Grave VII



District George


39

Latitude 33º 59’





Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading S

Facing E

C14 date 4 880 ± 70 BP (Pta-4347)


Associated archaeology Probably associated with Wilton deposits


(2000).

Grave goods:

OES beads String of OES beads around waist

Stone slab Four stones overlay skull region (one had been used as

a lower grindstone).

Ochre Red ochre on skull and neighbouring bones.

Seashells A number of Donax serra shells lay along the spinal

column.

Other 3 (or more) OES near skull.


Patrick 1989



Burial no. OH10

Cat. no. UCT 188, UCT 217N

Other no. Grave VIII

40


District George


Location Near shelter wall

Latitude 33º 59’





Burial type Grave

Associated archaeology Part of a group of three intersecting burials (VIII,

VIIIa, VIIIb).

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Grave stones 100 mm above skeleton.


Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH11


Other no. Grave VIIIb


District George



Latitude 33º 59’





Sex Male

41

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading N

Facing W

C14 date 5 450 ± 70 BP (Pta-4367)


Associated archaeology Part of a group of three intersecting burials (VIII,

VIIIa, VIIIb).

Notes Bones appear to show rheumatic nodules.

According to Patrick (1989:table 3) and Stock and

Pfeiffer (2001:table 1) UCT 206 comprises 2

skeletons, 1 male, 1 female; according to Stock and

Pfeiffer (2004:table 1) both are female.

Skeleton 1 sampled for stable isotopes by Sealy and

Pfeiffer (2000).

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace One mountain tortoise carapace at neck

Stone slabs Skeleton under 9 grave stones

Other 1 piece of oval, pierced nacreous seashell at throat. 1

piece of ocherous shale at throat.


Patrick 1989


Stock and Pfeiffer 2001, 2004


Burial no. OH12

Cat. no. UCT 197, UCT 207G

Other no. Grave IX


42

District George


Location Against shelter wall

Latitude 33º 59’





Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading S

Facing E

C14 date 4 830 ± 250 BP (AA-2115)


Associated archaeology One half of a 'twin' burial. Grave IXa/OH13 is the

other half of this complex. Probably associated with

Wilton deposits.

Notes Two young children interred together (see also

OH13). OH12 tightly flexed, OH13 flexed sufficiently

to fit behind OH12. The left arm of OH13 lay across

the shoulders of OH12, as though in an embrace.

Grave goods:

Crystal One broken crystal, about 25 mm diameter, in left

orbit. Faceted end exposed as eye.


Patrick 1989

43


Burial no. OH13

Cat. no. UCT 196, UCT 207H

Other no. Grave IXa


District George


Location Against shelter wall

Latitude 33º 59’


Excavators A. J. H. Goodwin



Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading S

Facing E

C14 date 4 830 ± 250 BP (AA-2115)


Associated archaeology One half of a 'twin' burial. Grave IX/OH12 is the other

half of this complex. Probably associated with Wilton

deposits. Two halves of broken grindstone behind

skeleton probably related to surrounding midden.

Notes Two young children interred together (see also

OH12). OH12 tightly flexed, OH13 flexed sufficiently

to fit behind OH12. The left arm of OH13 lay across

the shoulders of OH12, as though in an embrace.

Grave goods:

Ochre A lot of red ochre beneath skull

44

Notes Two halves of broken grindstone behind skeleton

probably related to surrounding midden.


Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH14

Cat. no. Uncertain


District George


Latitude 33º 59’




Age of individual Child

Burial type Grave

Side Right

Heading N

Facing W

Notes Grave disturbed

Grave goods:

Plant Skeleton lay in Zostera

Other Two pierced seashells at neck


Patrick 1989

45


Burial no. OH15

Cat. no. UCT 193, UCT 217C

Other no. Grave X


material)


District George


Latitude 33º 59’





Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading SE

Facing NW

Grave goods:

OES beads Many hundreds of OES beads were found in grave.

Stone slabs Several gravestones overlay the body.

Bored stones One bored stone behind skull

Seashells Body buried on top of a pile of Donax serra shells. 59

were found in front of face.

Other 1 OES behind skull


Patrick 1989

46


Burial no. OH16


Other no. Grave XI


material)


District George


Latitude 33º 59’





Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Right

Heading SW

Facing SE

C14 date 4 880 ± 70 BP (Pta-4348)

Notes on date Direct date on bone (UCT 209). May be incorrect.

Notes Catalogue number and date may be wrong. Goodwin

stated that most bones had been destroyed and that no

skeletal material was received at UCT.

Specimen marked as UCT 209 sampled for stable

isotopes by Sealy and Pfeiffer (2000)

Grave goods:

Palette One slate palette


Patrick 1989

Sealy and Pfeifer 2000 Stock and Pfeiffer 2001

47


Burial no. OH17

Cat. no. UCT 210

Other no. Grave XII


material)


District George



Latitude 33º 59’





Burial type Grave

C14 date 4 995 ± 215 BP (AA-2117)


Grave goods:

Other 4 Conus shells around neck. 3 spoon-shaped nacreous

seashells, one at nape of neck, other at throat, third at

base of spine. A few beads.


Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH18


Other no. Grave XIII

48


material)


District George



Latitude 33º 59’





Sex Male / female ?

Burial type Grave

Side Right

Heading W

Facing S

C14 date 5 330 ± 60 BP (Pta-3719)

Notes on date Direct date on bone (UCT 211). Date may be

incorrect.

Notes Age, sex, and radiocarbon date may be incorrect.

Goodwin (1938:255) described the skeleton from

grave XIII (OH18) as being that of a young person.

Only the upper part of the skeleton was found, the rest

probably disturbed by grave XI (OH16).

According to Drennan (1938:table I) and Stock and

Pfeiffer (2001:table 1) the skeleton is female;

according to Patrick (1989:table 3) the skeleton is

male.


(2000).

49

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace One mountain tortoise carapace (overlain by OES)

behind skeleton.

Ochre Fragment of red ochre behind skeleton. Red ochre was

visible on the limbs and skull.

Palette One broken ivory palette near neck.

Other OES (overlying tortoise shell) behind skeleton. About

30 double-pierces nacreous seashell ovals found about

the neck. Body on a heap of Donax shells, possibly

part of the talus from the midden in the inner cave.


Goodwin 1938

Patrick 1989




Burial no. OH19

Cat. no. UCT 212

Other no. Grave XIV



District George


Latitude 33º 59’





Sex Male / female ?

Burial type Grave

50

Side Right


Heading SW

Facing SE

Notes The body from the arms down was present. Skull and

shoulders probably displaced by grave XI (OH16).

According to Stock and Pfeiffer (2001:table 1) the

skeleton is male; according to Stock and Pfeiffer

(2004:table 1) the skeleton is female.

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Five stones overlay the body, lying directly on the

spine and left arm. Two are river worn and show signs

of having been used for grinding and bear red ochre

paint. Right hand was outstretched and grasped one of

the stones.


Patrick 1989

Stock and Pfeiffer 2001, 2004


Burial no. OH20


Other no. Grave XV


material)


District George


Location Close to the rear wall of the shelter

Latitude 33º 59’


51




Sex Female

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading N

Facing W

Notes Much of the skeleton encrusted with lime. Odd

dentition (see Goodwin 1935). Large straight crack in

left occipital and parietal with crude white quartz flake

stuck in it.

Grave goods:

OES beads Few OES beads found in the pelvic region.

Ochre Cranium coated with lime and earthy red ochre layer.

Much ochre in the pelvic region. Considerable amount

of red ochre mixed in with earth around skeleton.

Other 1 bored limpet shell lay beneath pelvis.


Goodwin 1938

Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH21

Cat. no. UCT 213

Other no. Grave XVI


District George


Location Near rear of shelter

52

Latitude 33º 59’





Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading S

Facing W

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Stone overlying skeleton

Ochre Whole skeleton buried in ochre

Other OES fragments


Patrick 1989


Burial no. OH22

Cat. no. UCT 262

SAM-AP 6082

Other no. Grave XVII


Iziko South African museum (skeletal material)

District George



Latitude 33º 59’


Excavators A. J. H. Goodwin and M. Nicol


53

Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading N

Facing W

Notes on date Direct date of 510 ± 40 BP (GrA-23221) on bone

(Stynder 2006:170). Probably incorrect or from mixed

bone. Does not fit archaeological context.

Associated archaeology Associated with Early Wilton material.

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace One carapace of a water tortoise covered left arm.

Other 2 spoon-like fragments of nacreous seashell


Patrick 1989

Stynder 2006

Site name Salem Commonage

Burial no. SC1

Cat. no. ALB HS190a


District Bathurst


Location Shelter near Salem Commonage

Latitude 33º 32’


Excavator P. W. Laidler and J. Hewitt




(1979).

54

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Stone slabs covered burial



Burial no. SC2

Cat. no. ALB HS190b


District Bathurst



Latitude 33º 32’




Age of individual Full adult


(1979).

Grave goods:




Burial no. SC3

Cat. no. ALB HS190c


District Bathurst



Latitude 33º 32’

55




Age of individual About 6 years


(1979).

Grave goods:



Site name Sea Vista

Burial no. SV1

Cat. no. ALB HS278


District Humansdorp


Location The site is situated on an eroded slope of a sand dune,

about 2.13 m down slope from an in situ midden. The

site is near the Sea Vista township, Cape St. Francis.

Latitude 34º 11’


Excavator P. Cairns

Date of excavation December 1971


Burial type Grave

Side Right


Heading N


(1979).


56

Site name Seal Point

Burial no. SP1

Cat. no. SAM-AP 6032

Holding institution Iziko South African Museum

District Humansdorp


Location Site approximately 4.51 km north of the Seal Point

light house, Cape St Francis, in an area known as

Second Bush. The burial was situated about 150 m

from the shore on the inner slope of a depression

between the sand dunes.

Latitude 34º 17’


Excavators F. Thackeray and E. Feast



Sex Male?

Burial type Grave


C14 date 5 180 ± 65 BP (Pta-1089)

Calibrated date 3 230 BC

Notes on date Radiocarbon date on bone sample from skeleton.

Associated archaeology De Villiers (1974:89) reported shellfish, fragments of

animal bones, fragments of tortoise or turtle carapace

and pieces of quartz, quartzite and haematite mixed

with the bones, but their association is uncertain.


(1979).

Grave goods:

Grinding stones One upper grindstone near head

57

Lithics Small stone flakes and chips in sand near head

Ochre Pieces of red ochre in sand near head

Turbo beads 27 Turbo shells arranged as a necklace around neck.

Each has two symmetrical holes.

Donax shells One Donax shell. Has single large hole positioned

centrally, and three notches on the ventral margin.

Sources De Villiers 1974

Thackeray and Feast 1974

Silberbauer 1979

Site name Seal Point

Burial no. SP2

Cat. no. ALB HS223


District Humansdorp


Location Site is located with shell middens inland from Seal

Point, Cape St. Francis.

Latitude 34º 17’


Excavator F. Cronwright


Age of individual Adult over 30 years

Sex Male

Burial type Grave


(1979).

Grave goods:

OES beads 5

Other Worn shell pendants


58

Site name Snuifklip

Burial no. SF1

Cat. no. UCT 372


District Mossel Bay


Location Sand dune



Excavator A. Thackeray and F. Thackeray

Date of excavation 4 August 1984

Age of individual Older than 50 years

Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Left



Notes on date Two dates obtained from collagen from the left

humorous

Associated archaeology Remnants of a large shell midden are several metres

away from the burial. No midden or other

archaeological material in the immediate vicinity of

the skeleton.

Notes Osteoarthritis and other pathologies present on

skeleton.

Grave goods:

Grinding stones One upper grindstone in front of face of skeleton

Lithics Seven lithics recorded. 1 quartzite flake-blade, 2

quartzite flakes, 1 silcrete flake, 1 silcrete chunk, 2

silcrete flakes, all in front of face of skeleton.

59

Seashells Five seashells recorded. 1 Pattella tabularis, 2 P.

oculus (one with perforation), 2 Perna perna, all in

front of face of skeleton.

Bone One thoracic vertebra of large ungulate in front of face

of skeleton.

Tooth One incisor of Hippopotamus in front of face of

skeleton.

Notes All grave goods found in a cluster in front of the face

of the skeleton.

Sources Morris et al. 1987

Site name Spitzkop Cave

Burial no. SK1

Cat. no. ALB HS128a


District Albany


Location Small shelter on Spitzkop farm

Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin




Associated archaeology Bone beads, shell beads, bored stones, stone palettes

and one painted stone associated with burials from this

site, but no detail as to which burial material is linked.


(1979).

Sources Hewitt 1922:460–461

Silberbauer 1979

60


Burial no. SK2

Cat. no. ALB HS128b


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK3

Cat. no. ALB HS128c


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’

61


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK4

Cat. no. ALB HS128d


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).

62


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK5

Cat. no. ALB HS128e


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK6

Cat. no. ALB HS128f


District Albany


63


Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin


Age of individual Mature adult






(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK7

Cat. no. ALB HS128g


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin







64


(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK8

Cat. no. ALB HS128h


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK9

Cat. no. ALB HS131


65

District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin



Sex Male


C14 date 4 700 ± 60 BP (Pta-5979)





(1979).


Silberbauer 1979

Stynder 2006


Burial no. SK10

Cat. no. ALB HS132


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin


66

Age of individual Juvenile, 9–10 years






(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK11

Cat. no. ALB HS133


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin


Age of individual Juvenile, 9–10 years






(1979).


Silberbauer 1979

67


Burial no. SK12

Cat. no. ALB HS135


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin


Age of individual Child, 1–2 years






(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK13

Cat. no. ALB HS136


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


68

Excavator W. Austin



Sex Female






(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK14

Cat. no. ALB HS137


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).

69


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK15

Cat. no. ALB HS138


District Albany



Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin








(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. SK16

Cat. no. ALB HS139


District Albany


70


Latitude 33º 20’


Excavator W. Austin


Age of individual Young adult, 18+ years

Sex Female






(1979).


Silberbauer 1979


Site name The Havens Cave

Burial no. THC1

Cat. no. ALB 327



Location Burial on southern side of shelter

Latitude 33º 41’



Date of excavation 1981?

Age of individual Infant (foetal?)

Burial type Grave

Side Left


71

Notes on date Bracketed by dates of 1 280 ± 50 BP (surface) and 6

190 ± 80 BP (layer VOG)

Associated archaeology Grave hollow 140 mm in diameter and 100 mm deep

dug into white ash layer, probably from overlying

bedding unit. Associated with Wilton Industry.

Numerous rock paintings in shelter.

Grave goods:

OES beads 18 OES beads

Nassarius beads 730 Nassarius beads all over body

Tortoise carapace One Homopus areolatus carapace


Binneman 1995:48

Binneman 1997:97, fig. 8

Site name Tierkloof

Burial no. TK1


District Joubertina


Location Burial along back wall of shelter

Latitude 33º 44’



Date of excavation April 1999


Sex Male

Burial type Grave

Side Left


Heading E

Facing S

72


Notes on date 1 930 ± 20 BP date on branches covering burial. 2 000

± 35 BP date on finger bones from right hand.

Notes Grave hollow about 0.8 m deep. Removed in toto to

Albany Museum.

Grave goods:

Plant Two layers of sticks and branches overlay burial. Most

of the body was wrapped in the bulb scales of

Boophane distichia. Bundles of geophytes, mainly

Babiana/Freezia spp. Were placed with the body.

Painted stones One painted slab and one painted grinding stone

overlay the body.

Ochre Grave lined with ochre

Other Seed beads around neck. Some seashells (beads?)

associated with burial.

Sources Binneman 1999b

Binneman pers. comm. 2003

Pearce 2002, 2003a, 2003b, 2005

Steyn et al. 2007

Site name Vygeboom

Burial no. VB1

Cat. no. ALB HS198


District Alexandria


Location Cave is located in Middlekop Kloof, Vygeboom farm

in the Zuurberg

Latitude 33º 15’


Excavators J. Hewitt and S. B. Fowlds

73

Date of excavation November 1931


Burial type Grave



(1979).

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace Bits of tortoise carapace

Stone slabs Skeleton found under one flat stone

Donax shells Fragments of D. serra

Bone Three metatarsals of medium sized bovid. Some

punctured on the proximal articular surface.

Tooth Tusks of a bushpig

Other Fresh water mussel shell. Broken ring stone.


Hall and Binneman 1987:146

Site name Vygeboom

Burial no. VB2

Cat. no. ALB HS199


District Alexandria


Location Cave is located in Middlekop Kloof, Vygeboom farm

in the Zuurberg

Latitude 33º 15’





Sex Female

74

Burial type Grave



(1979).

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Skeleton found under one flat stone

Bone Four bovid limb bones. Some punctured on the

proximal articular surface. One bone had paired nicks

running down the anterior surface of the bone.

Tooth type One pig tusk


Hall and Binneman 1987:146

Site name Vygeboom

Burial no. VB3

Cat. no. ALB HS200


District Alexandria


Location Shelter is located in Middlekop Kloof, Vygeboom

farm in the Zuurberg

Latitude 33º 15’





Sex Male

Burial type Grave



(1979).

75

Grave goods:

OES beads 200 OES beads

Stone slab Skeleton found under one flat stone

Bone Three bones recorded. One foot bone of a small bovid.

First 2 vertebra of a small carnivore.

Tooth One lynx tooth

Other A bone bodkin. 2 shell pendants. A stone ring.


Site name Welgeluk Shelter

Burial no. WG1

Cat. no. ALB HS308



Location Located towards the rear of the shelter



Excavator S. Hall



Sex Male?

Burial type Cairn

Side Left


Heading N

Facing NE

Notes on date Layer overlying burial complex dated to 4 560 ± 70

BP (Pta-3947). Attempt to directly date skeletons

unsuccessful.

76

Associated archaeology Part of a complex of six burials on bedrock covered

with a stone cairn. A second possible cairn adjacent to

this one.

Notes Cairn about 1.5 m across and about 0,3 m above

bedrock at the apex. Jumbled nature of stone slabs

suggests that two or more burial episodes are

represented.


Hall 1990, 2000


Burial no. WG2

Cat. no. ALB 309






Excavator S. Hall



Sex Male?

Burial type Cairn

Side Left


Heading SW

Facing N



unsuccessful.

77

Notes Lower limbs were extremely fractured. Cranium had

been moved to the southwest of the postcranial

skeleton.

Grave goods:

Tortoise carapace One fresh-water turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa) carapace

positioned in 'V' formed by lumbar vertebra and flexed

femora.

Grinding stones Two grinding stones recorded. Large red ochre-stained

sandstone upper grindstone found at feet. Small red

ochre-stained dolerite grindstone in neck region.

Stone slabs One stone in front of chest. Overlapped by turtle

carapace, which suggests the slab was part of the

grave goods rather than the overlying cairn.

Lithics 10 unretouched silcrete flakes and flake fragments and

2 silcrete cores found around feet. All a creamy grey

colour.

Ochre 241 g ochre around ankles (red and yellow). 287 g

ochre found next to left proximal humorous.


Hall 1990, 2000


Burial no. WG3

Cat. no. ALB 310






Excavator S. Hall


78

Age of individual 30 years

Burial type Cairn



unsuccessful.

Notes Represented only by parietal and occipital bones. The

rest of the skeleton may lie in unexcavated deposit to

the northwest. Cranium had been disturbed.


Hall 1990, 2000


Burial no. WG4

Cat. no. ALB 311






Excavator S. Hall



Burial type Cairn

Side Left


Heading W

Facing N



unsuccessful.

79

Grave goods:

OES beads 264 OES beads recorded. String of ochre stained OES

beads found around waist.

Ochre Single 14.5 g lump of ochre near waist.


Hall 1990, 2000


Burial no. WG5

Cat. no. ALB 312






Excavator S. Hall



Burial type Cairn

Side Left

Flexed/straight Flexed?

Heading W

Facing N



unsuccessful.

Notes Burial had been disturbed

Grave goods:

OES beads 45 ochre stained OES beads. Association unclear.

Other 4 Polinicies tumidus shells on chest, pierced for

suspension. Small river pebble; association unclear.

80


Hall 1990, 2000


Burial no. WG6

Cat. no. ALB 313



Location Located towards the rear of the shelter.



Excavator S. Hall


Age of individual Sub-adult

Burial type Cairn



unsuccessful.

Notes Skeleton completely disarticulated and extended into

the unexcavated area to the NW

Grave goods:

Bone One metapodial of steenbok-size bovid

Tooth One warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) tusk

Other 3 Polinicies tumidus shells (probably pierced)


Hall 1990, 2000

81

Site name Widcome

Burial no. WM1

Cat. no. ALB HS238


District Albany


Location Small shelter situated on the Coombes River,

Widcombe farm

Latitude 33º 20’


Excavators E. D. Mountain, E. Midley, A. Brett and J. Hewitt

Date of excavation 16 July 1941


Burial type Grave

Associated archaeology Some indistinct rock paintings (including hand prints)

in shelter


(1979).

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Burial covered with stone slabs


Site name Wilton Cave

Burial no. WC1

Cat. no. ALB HS120


District Albany


Latitude 33º 22’


82

Excavator J. Hewitt



Sex Male


Associated archaeology 2 crescents and two bevelled knives found near burial,

but probably not grave goods. Rock paintings in

shelter.

Notes Buried in same hole as ALB HS121 (WC2). Skeleton

sampled for stable isotopes by Silberbauer (1979).

Grave goods:

Stone slabs Skeleton under flat slab painted with red ochre on the

underside


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. WC2

Cat. no. ALB 121


District Albany


Latitude 33º 22’


Excavator J. Hewitt



Side Right


Associated archaeology Rock paintings in shelter

83

Notes Buried in same hole as HS120 (WC1). Skeleton

sampled for stable isotopes by Silberbauer (1979).

Grave goods:


underside


Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. WC3

Cat. no. ALB HS123


District Albany


Latitude 33º 22’


Excavator J. Hewitt





Notes Skeleton not present in Albany Museum

Grave goods:


underside

Other Bodkin. 2 rubbing stones.


Silberbauer 1979

84


Burial no. WC4

Cat. no. ALB HS125


District Albany


Latitude 33º 22’


Excavator J. Hewitt





Notes Skeleton not present in Albany Museum

Grave goods:


underside


Silberbauer 1979

Site name Wilton Large Rock Shelter

Burial no. WLR1

Cat. no. ALB HS119


District Albany


Location Against back wall of shelter



Excavators J. Hewitt and P. Stapleton

85



Sex Female / male ?

Burial type Grave


C14 date 8 260 ± 720 BP (GaK-1541)

Calibrated date 6 310 BC

Notes on date Date obtained by Deacon (1972:14) on vertebrae



(1979).

According to Silberbauer (1979) skeleton is female;

according to Stock and Pfeiffer (2001) skeleton is

male.

Grave goods:


underside


Deacon 1972

Silberbauer 1979



Burial no. WLR2

Cat. no. ALB HS116


District Albany





86


Age of individual Child, 6 years

Burial type Grave




(1979).

Grave goods:


underside

Other ‘Rubbing stone’ associated


Deacon 1972

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. WLR3

Cat. no. ALB HS122


District Albany






Age of individual Child, 6 years

Burial type Grave




(1979).

87

Grave goods:


underside


Deacon 1972

Silberbauer 1979


Burial no. WLR4

Cat. no. ALB HS124


District Albany







Sex Female

Burial type Grave




(1979).

Grave goods:


underside


Deacon 1972

Silberbauer 1979

appendix a catalogue of southern cape burials studied

Documents