appendicular skeleton

73
APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKELETON ENDOSKELETON OF ENDOSKELETON OF VERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES

Upload: allensoriano08

Post on 02-Nov-2014

52 views

Category:

Documents


7 download

DESCRIPTION

Our Lesson in Zoology 200 Appendicular Skeletons by: Mr. Claver Digamon

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Appendicular skeleton

APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR SKELETONSKELETON

ENDOSKELETON OF ENDOSKELETON OF VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES

Page 2: Appendicular skeleton

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The The appendicular appendicular

skeletonskeleton includes: includes: Pectoral girdlePectoral girdle Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle Upper extremitiesUpper extremities Lower extremitiesLower extremities

The The appendicular appendicular skeletonskeleton functions functions primarily to facilitate primarily to facilitate movementmovement

Page 3: Appendicular skeleton

Fig. 9.4

Page 4: Appendicular skeleton

Tetrapod LimbTetrapod Limb

Typical 4 limbsTypical 4 limbs

Primarily a modification of the Rhipidistian Primarily a modification of the Rhipidistian finfin

wingspaddles

Lost 2

Lost 4Modified elements

Page 5: Appendicular skeleton

Recall: VRecall: Vpp = V = Vgg + V + Vee + V + Vgxegxe

V = variationV = variation p = phenotypicp = phenotypic g = genotypicg = genotypic e = environmentale = environmental

Morphology(anatomy)

Behavior& Performance

Resource use(ecology)

Fitness

Page 6: Appendicular skeleton

Three main componentsThree main components

With respect to the pectoral and pelvic With respect to the pectoral and pelvic girdles:girdles:

• Serially homologous – Serially homologous –

1.1. Propodium (= stylopodium) – upper arm, Propodium (= stylopodium) – upper arm, upper legupper leg

2.2. Epipodium (= zeugopodium) – forearm, Epipodium (= zeugopodium) – forearm, shinshin

3.3. Autopodium – manus or pes (digits, and Autopodium – manus or pes (digits, and wrist and palm, or ankle and solewrist and palm, or ankle and sole

Page 7: Appendicular skeleton

MesopodiumMesopodium MetapodiumMetapodium PhalangesPhalanges

Page 8: Appendicular skeleton
Page 9: Appendicular skeleton

Fig. 9.12

Page 10: Appendicular skeleton
Page 11: Appendicular skeleton
Page 12: Appendicular skeleton

Focus 9.2

Page 13: Appendicular skeleton

Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdlePectoral (Shoulder) Girdle• The The pectoralpectoral or or shoulder shoulder

girdlegirdle attaches the bones attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton axial skeleton

Consists of Consists of scapulascapula & & clavicleclavicle

ClavicleClavicle articulates with articulates with sternumsternum ( (sternoclavicular sternoclavicular jointjoint) )

ClavicleClavicle articulates with articulates with scapulascapula ((acromioclavicular jointacromioclavicular joint))

ScapulaScapula held in place by held in place by muscle onlymuscle only

Upper limb attached to Upper limb attached to pectoral girdlepectoral girdle at at shoulder (shoulder (glenohumeral glenohumeral jointjoint))

Page 14: Appendicular skeleton

Clavicle (Collarbone)Clavicle (Collarbone)

S-shaped bone with two curvesS-shaped bone with two curves Extends from Extends from sternumsternum to to scapulascapula above 1st rib above 1st rib Sternal & acromial extremitiesSternal & acromial extremities One of the most commonly fractured bones in the human bodyOne of the most commonly fractured bones in the human body Fracture site is junction of curves Fracture site is junction of curves Ligaments attached to Ligaments attached to clavicleclavicle stabilize its position. stabilize its position. Shoulder separationShoulder separation is sprain of the is sprain of the acromioclavicular ligamentacromioclavicular ligament

Page 15: Appendicular skeleton

Anterior Surface of ScapulaAnterior Surface of Scapula

Articulates with the Articulates with the clavicleclavicle and the and the humerushumerus Subscapular fossaSubscapular fossa filled with muscle filled with muscle Coracoid processCoracoid process for muscle attachment for muscle attachment

Page 16: Appendicular skeleton

Posterior Surface of ScapulaPosterior Surface of Scapula

Triangular flat bone found in upper back regionTriangular flat bone found in upper back region Scapular spineScapular spine ends as ends as acromion processacromion process Glenoid cavityGlenoid cavity forms shoulder joint with head of forms shoulder joint with head of humerushumerus SupraspinousSupraspinous & & infraspinousinfraspinous fossafossa for muscular attachments for muscular attachments

Page 17: Appendicular skeleton

Upper Upper ExtremityExtremity Upper extremity consists of 30 Upper extremity consists of 30

bonesbones HumerusHumerus within the arm within the arm UlnaUlna & & radiusradius within the forearm within the forearm CarpalCarpal bones within the wrist bones within the wrist MetacarpalMetacarpal bones within the palm bones within the palm PhalangesPhalanges in the fingers in the fingers

Joints Joints ShoulderShoulder ( (glenohumeralglenohumeral), ), elbowelbow, , wristwrist, ,

metacarpophalangealmetacarpophalangeal, , interphalangealinterphalangeal Shoulder dislocationShoulder dislocation is separation of the is separation of the

humerushumerus from the from the glenoid cavityglenoid cavity of the of the scapulascapula

Page 18: Appendicular skeleton

Shoulder DislocationShoulder Dislocation

Head of humerus slips out of glenoid cavityHead of humerus slips out of glenoid cavity Closed reductionClosed reduction is term for slipping humerus back into place without is term for slipping humerus back into place without

surgerysurgery Severe or frequent dislocations may require surgical ligament repairSevere or frequent dislocations may require surgical ligament repair

Page 19: Appendicular skeleton

Humerus: Proximal Humerus: Proximal EndEnd Largest and longest bone of upper Largest and longest bone of upper

extremity, part of shoulder joint, extremity, part of shoulder joint, articulates with articulates with scapulascapula

HeadHead

GreaterGreater & & lesserlesser tuberclestubercles for muscle attachmentsfor muscle attachments

IntertubercularIntertubercular sulcussulcus or or bicipitalbicipitalgroovegroove

ShaftShaft or or bodybody

Page 20: Appendicular skeleton

Humerus: Distal EndHumerus: Distal End Forms elbow joint with Forms elbow joint with ulnaulna

and and radiusradius

CapitulumCapitulum articulates with head of articulates with head of radiusradius

TrochleaTrochlea articulation with articulation with ulnaulna

Olecranon fossaOlecranon fossa posterior depression for posterior depression for

olecranon processolecranon process of of ulnaulna

MedialMedial & & laterallateral epicondylesepicondyles attachment of forearm muscles attachment of forearm muscles

Page 21: Appendicular skeleton

Ulna & Radius: Proximal Ulna & Radius: Proximal EndEnd

UlnaUlna (on little finger side) (on little finger side) Trochlear notchTrochlear notch articulates with articulates with

humerushumerus & & radial notchradial notch with with radiusradius Olecranon processOlecranon process forms point of elbow forms point of elbow

RadiusRadius (on thumb side) (on thumb side) Head articulates with Head articulates with capitulumcapitulum of of

humerushumerus & & radial notchradial notch of of ulnaulna TuberosityTuberosity for muscle attachment for muscle attachment

Page 22: Appendicular skeleton

Ulna & Radius: Proximal Ulna & Radius: Proximal EndEnd

RadiusRadius (on thumb side) (on thumb side) HeadHead articulates with articulates with

capitulumcapitulum of of humerushumerus & & radial notchradial notch of of ulnaulna

TuberosityTuberosity for muscle for muscle attachmentattachment

Ulnar notchUlnar notch articulates with articulates with ulnaulna

Page 23: Appendicular skeleton

Elbow JointElbow Joint

Articulation of Articulation of humerushumerus with with ulnaulna and and radiusradius UlnaUlna articulates with articulates with trochleatrochlea of of humerushumerus RadiusRadius articulates with articulates with capitulumcapitulum of of humerushumerus InterosseousInterosseous membrane between membrane between ulnaulna & & radiusradius

provides site for muscle attachmentprovides site for muscle attachment

Page 24: Appendicular skeleton

Ulna and Radius: Distal EndUlna and Radius: Distal End UlnaUlna

Styloid processStyloid process provides provides attachment for attachment for ulnar collateral ulnar collateral ligamentligament

Head separated Head separated from wrist joint from wrist joint by by fibrocartilage fibrocartilage discdisc

RadiusRadius Forms wrist joint Forms wrist joint

with with scaphoidscaphoid, , lunatelunate & & triquetrumtriquetrum

Forms Forms distal distal radioulnar jointradioulnar joint with head of with head of ulnaulna

Page 25: Appendicular skeleton

8 Carpal Bones (Wrist)8 Carpal Bones (Wrist) Proximal row - Proximal row -

lateral to mediallateral to medial ScaphoidScaphoid: boat : boat

shapedshaped LunateLunate: moon shaped: moon shaped TriquetrumTriquetrum: 3 corners: 3 corners PisiformPisiform: pea shaped: pea shaped

Distal row - lateral Distal row - lateral to medialto medial TrapeziumTrapezium: four sided: four sided TrapezoidTrapezoid: four sided: four sided CapitateCapitate: large head: large head HamateHamate: hooked : hooked

processprocessScared Lovers Try Positions

That They Can’t Handle

Page 26: Appendicular skeleton

Metacarpals and PhalangesMetacarpals and Phalanges MetacarpalsMetacarpals

5 total: #1 5 total: #1 proximal to thumbproximal to thumb

basebase, , shaftshaft, , headhead knuckles knuckles

((metacarpophalangmetacarpophalangealeal joints) joints)

Phalanges Phalanges (Digits)(Digits) 14 total: each is 14 total: each is

called called phalanxphalanx proximalproximal, , middlemiddle, ,

distaldistal on each on each finger, except finger, except thumbthumb

basebase, , shaftshaft, , headhead

Page 27: Appendicular skeleton

Pelvic Girdle and Hip Pelvic Girdle and Hip BonesBones

Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle = two hip bones united at = two hip bones united at pubic symphysispubic symphysis articulate posteriorly with articulate posteriorly with sacrumsacrum at at sacroiliac jointssacroiliac joints

Each hip bone (Each hip bone (os coxaos coxa) = ) = iliumilium, , pubispubis, and , and ischiumischium fuse after birth at fuse after birth at acetabulumacetabulum

Bony pelvis = 2 hip bones, Bony pelvis = 2 hip bones, sacrumsacrum and and coccyxcoccyx

Page 28: Appendicular skeleton

IliumIlium

Iliac crestIliac crest and and iliac spinesiliac spines for muscle attachment for muscle attachment Iliac fossaIliac fossa for muscle attachment for muscle attachment Gluteal linesGluteal lines indicating muscle attachment indicating muscle attachment Sacroiliac jointSacroiliac joint at at auricular surfaceauricular surface & & iliac tuberosityiliac tuberosity Greater Greater sciatic notchsciatic notch for for sciatic nervesciatic nerve

Page 29: Appendicular skeleton

Ischium Ischium and Pubisand Pubis

IschiumIschium Ischial spineIschial spine & &

tuberositytuberosity Lesser sciatic notchLesser sciatic notch RamusRamus

PubisPubis BodyBody SuperiorSuperior & & inferiorinferior

ramusramus Pubic symphysisPubic symphysis is is

pad of pad of fibrocartilagefibrocartilage between 2 between 2 pubic pubic bonesbones

Page 30: Appendicular skeleton

Female Pelvis Female Pelvis Male PelvisMale Pelvis

Many Many differences differences between the between the twotwo

In particular, In particular, pubic archpubic arch in in males is usually males is usually less than 90˚, less than 90˚, whereas in whereas in females it is females it is usually greater usually greater than 90˚than 90˚

Page 31: Appendicular skeleton

Lower ExtremityLower Extremity Each lower limb = 30 Each lower limb = 30

bonesbones femurfemur and and patellapatella within the within the

thighthigh tibiatibia & & fibulafibula within the leg within the leg tarsaltarsal bones in the foot bones in the foot metatarsalsmetatarsals within the forefoot within the forefoot phalangesphalanges in the toes in the toes

Joints Joints hip, knee, ankle hip, knee, ankle proximalproximal & & distaldistal tibiofibulartibiofibular metatarsophalangealmetatarsophalangeal

Page 32: Appendicular skeleton

FemurFemur The The femurfemur or thighbone is or thighbone is

the largest, heaviest, and the largest, heaviest, and strongest bone of the bodystrongest bone of the body

It articulates with the It articulates with the hip hip bonebone and the and the tibiatibia HeadHead articulates with articulates with acetabulumacetabulum MedialMedial & & laterallateral condylescondyles

articulate with articulate with tibiatibia

Neck is common fracture Neck is common fracture sitesite

Muscle attachments atMuscle attachments at greatergreater & & lesser trochanterslesser trochanters, , linea asperalinea aspera, & , & gluteal gluteal tuberositytuberosity

PatellarPatellar surface is visible surface is visible anteriorly between anteriorly between condylescondyles

Page 33: Appendicular skeleton

FemurFemur

Fovea capitisFovea capitis in the in the center of the headcenter of the head

Medial epicondylesMedial epicondyles above the condylesabove the condyles

Intercondylar fossaIntercondylar fossa between the condylesbetween the condyles

Page 34: Appendicular skeleton

PatellaPatella Triangular Triangular

sesamoidsesamoid bonebone

Apex & baseApex & base

Articular Articular facetsfacets for for the the femurfemur

Increases Increases leverage of leverage of quadriceps quadriceps femoris femoris tendontendon

Page 35: Appendicular skeleton

Tibia and Tibia and FibulaFibula Tibia (Shinbone)Tibia (Shinbone)

Medial & larger bone of Medial & larger bone of legleg

Weight-bearing boneWeight-bearing bone

HeadHead

LateralLateral & & medialmedial condylescondyles

Intercondylar eminenceIntercondylar eminence

Tibial tuberosityTibial tuberosity for for patellar ligamentpatellar ligament

Proximal tibiofibular jointProximal tibiofibular joint

Fibular notchFibular notch

Medial malleolusMedial malleolus at at ankleankle

Page 36: Appendicular skeleton

Tibia and Tibia and FibulaFibula

FibulaFibula Parallel and lateral Parallel and lateral

to the to the tibiatibia

Smaller than the Smaller than the tibiatibia

Not weight bearingNot weight bearing

Not part of the knee Not part of the knee jointjoint

Muscle attachments Muscle attachments onlyonly

Head Head on proximal on proximal end,end, lateral lateral maleolusmaleolus at ankle at ankle

Fits intoFits into fibular fibular notch notch at distal end at distal end of tibiaof tibia

Page 37: Appendicular skeleton

Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Tarsals, Metatarsals, and PhalangesPhalanges Seven Seven tarsaltarsal bones constitute bones constitute

the the ankle (tarsus)ankle (tarsus) and share and share the weight associated with the weight associated with walkingwalking

Five Five metatarsalmetatarsal bones are bones are contained in the contained in the footfoot

Fractures of the Fractures of the metatarsalsmetatarsals are common among dancers, are common among dancers, especially ballet dancers, and especially ballet dancers, and also among martial artistsalso among martial artists

The arrangement of The arrangement of phalangesphalanges in the in the toestoes is the same as that is the same as that described for the fingers and described for the fingers and thumb above: fourteen bones thumb above: fourteen bones in each footin each foot

Page 38: Appendicular skeleton

Tarsus Tarsus (Ankle)(Ankle)

Proximal Proximal region region of foot (contains 7 of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones)tarsal bones)

TalusTalus = ankle bone = ankle bone (articulates with (articulates with tibiatibia & & fibulafibula))

CalcaneusCalcaneus = heel = heel bonebone

CuboidCuboid, , navicularnavicular & & 3 3 cuneiformscuneiforms

Metatarsal Metatarsal fractures fractures occur when you occur when you drop something drop something heavy on your footheavy on your foot

Page 39: Appendicular skeleton

Metatarsus and PhalangesMetatarsus and Phalanges

MetatarsalsMetatarsals Midregion of the footMidregion of the foot 5 metatarsals (#1 is most medial)5 metatarsals (#1 is most medial) Each with Each with basebase, , shaftshaft and and headhead

PhalangesPhalanges Distal portion of the footDistal portion of the foot Similar in number and Similar in number and

arrangement to the handarrangement to the hand Big toe is Big toe is halluxhallux

Page 40: Appendicular skeleton

Arches of the FootArches of the Foot FunctionFunction distribute body weight over footdistribute body weight over foot yield & spring back when weight is liftedyield & spring back when weight is lifted

Longitudinal arches along each side of footLongitudinal arches along each side of foot Transverse arch across midfoot regionTransverse arch across midfoot region

navicular, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsalsnavicular, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals

Page 41: Appendicular skeleton

HOMOLOGY OF HOMOLOGY OF APPENDICULAR BONESAPPENDICULAR BONES

FORELIMBFORELIMB

1.1. HumerusHumerus

2.2. RadiusRadius

3.3. UlnaUlna

4.4. CarpalsCarpals

5.5. MetacarpalsMetacarpals

6.6. PhallangesPhallanges

HINDLIMBHINDLIMB

1.1. FemurFemur

2.2. TibiaTibia

3.3. FibulaFibula

4.4. TarsalsTarsals

5.5. MetatarsalsMetatarsals

6.6. PhallangesPhallanges

Page 42: Appendicular skeleton

HOMOLOGY OF GIRDLESHOMOLOGY OF GIRDLES

PECTORAL GIRDLEPECTORAL GIRDLE

1.1. ScapulaScapula

* coracoid * coracoid processprocess

2. Clavicle2. Clavicle

PELVIC GIRDLEPELVIC GIRDLE

1.1. IliaIlia

2. Ischia2. Ischia

3. Pubis 3. Pubis

Page 43: Appendicular skeleton

I. GIRDLESI. GIRDLES

A.A. PECTORAL GIRDLEPECTORAL GIRDLE- COMPOSITION:- COMPOSITION:1. Replacement Bones1. Replacement Bones

a. coracoida. coracoidb. Scapulab. Scapulac. Suprascapulac. Suprascapula

2. Dermal Bones – 4 bones of more2. Dermal Bones – 4 bones of morea. claviclea. clavicleb. large cleithriumb. large cleithriumc. small supracleitriumc. small supracleitriumd. post temporald. post temporale. post cleithria (ganoid fishes)e. post cleithria (ganoid fishes)

Page 44: Appendicular skeleton

VARIATION OF PECTORAL VARIATION OF PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE

1.1. CHONDRICHTHYESCHONDRICHTHYES

- ventral coracoid- ventral coracoid

- scapula- scapula

- suprascapula- suprascapula

2. OSTEICHTHYES2. OSTEICHTHYES

- suprascapula is absent- suprascapula is absent

- coracoid +scapula=coracoscapula- coracoid +scapula=coracoscapula

Page 45: Appendicular skeleton

3. TETRAPODS3. TETRAPODS

A.A. AMPHIBIANSAMPHIBIANS- girdle retained in dermal bones- girdle retained in dermal bones-components:-components:a. 2 coracoida. 2 coracoid c. 2 suprascapula c. 2 suprascapulab. 2 scapulab. 2 scapula d. 1 epicoracoid d. 1 epicoracoid

B. REPTILESB. REPTILES- coracoids are fused to form one - coracoids are fused to form one

bone bone PROCORACOIDPROCORACOID

Page 46: Appendicular skeleton

c. AVESc. AVES- components:- components:

a. furcula a. furcula -2 clavicles-2 clavicles-1 interclavicle-1 interclavicle

b.2 scapulab.2 scapulac. 2 precoracoidc. 2 precoracoid

D. MAMMALSD. MAMMALS - components:- components:

a. 2 claviclesa. 2 claviclesb. 2 scapula (shoulder blade)b. 2 scapula (shoulder blade)

- coracoid process- coracoid process- acromial process- acromial process- glenoid fossa- glenoid fossa

Page 47: Appendicular skeleton

II. PELVIC GIRDLESII. PELVIC GIRDLES

VARIATION OF PELVIC GIRDLESVARIATION OF PELVIC GIRDLES1.1. FISHESFISHES

- fusion of ishium and pubis forming - fusion of ishium and pubis forming ISHIIO-PUBIC PLATE ISHIIO-PUBIC PLATE

- (median pubic symphysis)- (median pubic symphysis)

2. AMPHIBIANS2. AMPHIBIANS- 2 Ilia- 2 Ilia- 1 sichium (ischiac sysmphysis)- 1 sichium (ischiac sysmphysis)- 1 pubis (pubic symphysis)- 1 pubis (pubic symphysis)

Page 48: Appendicular skeleton

3. REPTILES3. REPTILES- 2 Ilia - 2 Ilia - sacral rib – fused with the carapace- sacral rib – fused with the carapace

- 2 ishia- 2 ishia - 2 pubis- 2 pubis

4. AVES4. AVES- 2 Ilia (concave and convex area)- 2 Ilia (concave and convex area)

- 2 pubis- 2 pubis- 2 ischia- 2 ischia

- 2 foramens- 2 foramensa. obturator foramena. obturator foramenb. ilio-ischiac foramen b. ilio-ischiac foramen

– –fused to synsacrumfused to synsacrum

Page 49: Appendicular skeleton

5. MAMMALS5. MAMMALS- 2 Ilia- 2 Ilia- 2 ischia- 2 ischia

- 2 pubis- 2 pubis

(os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic (os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic bone)bone)

Page 50: Appendicular skeleton

III. LIMBSIII. LIMBS

VARIATION OF FORELIMBSVARIATION OF FORELIMBS1.1. AMPHIBIANSAMPHIBIANS

- 2 humerus- 2 humerus- 2 radio-ulna (fused)- 2 radio-ulna (fused)

- 2 rows of carpals- 2 rows of carpalsa. proximal row a. proximal row

* radiale, ulnare,centrale* radiale, ulnare,centraleb. distal rowb. distal row

* 3 ordinary fused carpals* 3 ordinary fused carpals - phalanges : 2: 3: 3:2- phalanges : 2: 3: 3:2

Page 51: Appendicular skeleton

2. REPTILES2. REPTILES - different size and shape, diameter- different size and shape, diameter - addition – increase in number- addition – increase in number - fusion - reduction in size- fusion - reduction in size

3. AVES - modified for flight3. AVES - modified for flight - 2 Humerus- 2 Humerus - 2 radius- 2 radius - 2 ulna- 2 ulna - 2 carpometacarpus- 2 carpometacarpus - phalanges: 1:3:2- phalanges: 1:3:2

Page 52: Appendicular skeleton

4. MAMMALS4. MAMMALS 2 humerus2 humerus 2 radius2 radius 2 ulna2 ulna 8 carpals8 carpals a. proximal rowa. proximal row * scaphoid* scaphoid * triquetral* triquetral

* lunate* lunate * pisiform * pisiformb. distal rowb. distal row

*trapezium*trapezium *capitate*capitate* trapezoid* trapezoid * hamate* hamate

* Phalanges : 2:3:3:3:3* Phalanges : 2:3:3:3:3

Page 53: Appendicular skeleton

II. HINDLIMBII. HINDLIMB

FEMUR – THIGHFEMUR – THIGH TIBIA AND FIBULA – SHANKTIBIA AND FIBULA – SHANK TARSALS - ANKLETARSALS - ANKLE METATARSALS – SOLEMETATARSALS – SOLE PHALANGES – DIGITS /TOESPHALANGES – DIGITS /TOES

Page 54: Appendicular skeleton

VARIATION OF HINDLIMBVARIATION OF HINDLIMB

1.1. AMPHIBIANSAMPHIBIANS- 2 Femur- 2 Femur

- 2 tibio-fibula- 2 tibio-fibula

- 2 proximal tarsals - 2 proximal tarsals

* astragalus *calcaneum* astragalus *calcaneum

- 2 ordinary tarsals – fused- 2 ordinary tarsals – fused

- 5 metatarsals - 5 metatarsals

- phalanges : 1 :3:4:4:3- phalanges : 1 :3:4:4:3

Page 55: Appendicular skeleton
Page 56: Appendicular skeleton
Page 57: Appendicular skeleton

2. REPTILES2. REPTILES

- in sphenodons and lizards- tarsal - in sphenodons and lizards- tarsal

bones are fused forming bones are fused forming

ASTRAGALOCALCANEUMASTRAGALOCALCANEUM

3.AVES3.AVES

- TIBIOTARSUS - TIBIOTARSUS

- TARSOMETATARSUS- TARSOMETATARSUS

- METATARSALS- METATARSALS

- 4 DIGITS WITH CLAWS, KNEE CAP- 4 DIGITS WITH CLAWS, KNEE CAP

Page 58: Appendicular skeleton
Page 59: Appendicular skeleton
Page 60: Appendicular skeleton

3. MAMMALS3. MAMMALS- 2 FEMUR- 2 FEMUR- 2 TIBIA- 2 TIBIA- 2 FIBULA- 2 FIBULA- 7 TARSALS- 7 TARSALS

A. PROXIMALA. PROXIMAL- calcaneum,talus,navicular- calcaneum,talus,navicular

B. DISTALB. DISTAL- 3 cunieforms, 1 cuboid- 3 cunieforms, 1 cuboid

- 5 metatarsals- 5 metatarsals- phalanges: 2:3:3:3:3- phalanges: 2:3:3:3:3

Page 61: Appendicular skeleton
Page 62: Appendicular skeleton
Page 63: Appendicular skeleton

ADAPTATION OF MANUSADAPTATION OF MANUS

1.1. WRISTWRIST2.2. PALMPALM3.3. DIGITSDIGITS

• FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS:• For graspingFor grasping• For swift-footednessFor swift-footedness

• DigitigradeDigitigrade * unguligrade* unguligrade• Plantigrade Plantigrade

Page 64: Appendicular skeleton
Page 65: Appendicular skeleton

For flight – wingsFor flight – wings For swimming – flippers for life in the For swimming – flippers for life in the

oceanocean

FINSFINS

- stabilizers- stabilizers

- steering device for undulation- steering device for undulation

Page 66: Appendicular skeleton

TYPES OF FINSTYPES OF FINS

1.1. PAIRED FINSPAIRED FINS1.A BONY FISH1.A BONY FISH A. PECTORAL FINS –coracoscapulaA. PECTORAL FINS –coracoscapula B. PELVIC FINS - ischio-pubic plateB. PELVIC FINS - ischio-pubic plate

1.B. CARTILAGINOUS FIS1.B. CARTILAGINOUS FIS A. PECTORAL FINS A. PECTORAL FINS

– – coracoid,scapula, suprascapulacoracoid,scapula, suprascapula B. PELVIC FINS - ischio-pubic plateB. PELVIC FINS - ischio-pubic plate

Page 67: Appendicular skeleton

2. UNPAIRED FINS2. UNPAIRED FINS

A. ANAL FINSA. ANAL FINS

B.CAUDAL FINSB.CAUDAL FINS

C. MEDIAN DORSAL FINSC. MEDIAN DORSAL FINS

A. ANTERIOR DORSAL FINA. ANTERIOR DORSAL FIN

B. POSTERIOR DORSAL FINB. POSTERIOR DORSAL FIN

Page 68: Appendicular skeleton

DIVERSITIES IN SKELETAL DIVERSITIES IN SKELETAL STRUCTURES OF PAIRED FINSSTRUCTURES OF PAIRED FINS

1.1. SPINY FINSSPINY FINS2.2. LOBED FINSLOBED FINS3.3. FINFOLD FINSFINFOLD FINS4.4. FIN SPINEFIN SPINE

VARIATION OF MEDIAN FINSVARIATION OF MEDIAN FINS1.1. HETEROCERCAL -unidenticalHETEROCERCAL -unidentical2.2. HOMOCERCAL HOMOCERCAL - identical- identical3.3. DIPHYCERCALDIPHYCERCAL - symmetrical- symmetrical4.4. HYPOCERCAL HYPOCERCAL - directed downward- directed downward

Page 69: Appendicular skeleton
Page 70: Appendicular skeleton
Page 71: Appendicular skeleton

THEORIES OF THE THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF FINSORIGIN OF FINS

1.1. FIN FOLD HYPOTHESIS FIN FOLD HYPOTHESIS ––paired fins are derived from a pair of continuous paired fins are derived from a pair of continuous

fleshy folds of the lateral body wall analogous to the fleshy folds of the lateral body wall analogous to the metapleural folds of amphioxusmetapleural folds of amphioxus

2. GILL ARCH HYPOTHESIS (Gegenbaur)2. GILL ARCH HYPOTHESIS (Gegenbaur)- pectoral and pelvic fins are modified gill arches - pectoral and pelvic fins are modified gill arches

and the skeleton within the fin is an expansion of gill raysand the skeleton within the fin is an expansion of gill rays

3. FIN SPINE HYPOTHESIS (Gregory and Raven)3. FIN SPINE HYPOTHESIS (Gregory and Raven)-in early acanthodians, pectoral and pelvic -in early acanthodians, pectoral and pelvic

appendages were the largest of the series of lateral appendages were the largest of the series of lateral hollow spiny appendageshollow spiny appendages

-lateral extension of the trunk-lateral extension of the trunk

Page 72: Appendicular skeleton

LOCOMOTION OF LIMBLESS LOCOMOTION OF LIMBLESS VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES

1.1. SERPENTINE OR LATERAL UNDULATIONSERPENTINE OR LATERAL UNDULATION – – movement forming irregular loopsmovement forming irregular loops

2.2. CONCERTIVE OR RECTILINEARCONCERTIVE OR RECTILINEAR- move from place to place by - move from place to place by

gliding using the cervical ribsgliding using the cervical ribs3. SIDESWINDING3. SIDESWINDING

- occupy territory or sandy - occupy territory or sandy dessertdessert

- rattlesnakes- rattlesnakes

Page 73: Appendicular skeleton