APOPTOZAAPOPTOZA

This shows a chicken cell undergoing apoptosis when treated with hydroxyurea. Note the dramatic morphological changes.

Program stanične smrti može se inducirati

Time course showing a LLCPK cell undergoing apoptosis when irradiated with UV light. DNA (yellow) was stained with Hoechst 33342. Note how rapid is the collapse of the nuclear chromatin.

Sequence of time-lapse images of a LLCPK cell undergoing apoptotic cell death. Induction of apoptosis was accomplished by culturing cells in the presence of etoposide at a final concentration of 68 µM throughout observation. Green staining corresponds to fluorescence associated with Lamin A:GFP chimeric protein.

Electron micrograph of an apoptotic cell in the mammary gland. Note the dark clumps of condensed chromatin. An adjacent normal cell can be seen at the right side of the picture.

This image shows a timecourse of nuclear apoptosis. In this experiment I incubated isolated HeLa nuclei with a cytoplasmic extract prepared from cells commited to apoptosis. This extract induces apoptotic morphological changes in the HeLa nuclei.

apoptotičnatjelešca

propidiumiodide

Apoptoza

Apoptotic human keratinocytes that were fixed with paraform-aldehyde and stained with fluorescein concanavalin A. The cells were subsequently permeabilized with acetone, stained with propidium iodide and visualized by confocal microscopy. This photomicrograph clearly shows that the green-fluorescent lectin staining outlines the apoptotic surface blebs, whereas the red-fluorescent propidium iodide stains the interior of the blebs.

Fagocitoza apoptotičkih tijela

Apoptotičnatijela

Fagocit

fosfatidilserin

Fagocitoza apoptotičkih tijela

These enzymes cleave several intracellular substrates, such as ICAD (resulting eventually in DNA fragmentation) and other cell-death regulators, ensuring the death of the cell.

Kontrolirannje programirane stanične smrti u stanicama sisavaca Nature 406, 135 - 136 (2000)

Verhagen et al.1 and Du et al.2 have shown that the IAP roadblock is lifted by Diablo/Smac, a protein that binds to IAPs and prevents them from inhibiting apoptosis. So Diablo/Smac determines cellular sensitivity to the apoptotic signal.

proteins of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) family can inhibit cell death by binding to procaspases and activated caspases, thereby blocking their processing and their activity

APOPTOZANFB

DD

TRADD

TRAF

FADD

DED

FLICE

TRADDTRAF

TRAF2

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Bcl

Bcl BaxBax

APOPTOZA

PREŽIVLJAVANJE

Apoptoza – temeljni regulacijski mehanizam

Članovi porodice Bcl