APIACEAE (PARSELY FAMILY) BIENNIAL OR PERENNIAL HERBS, OFTEN AROMATIC STEMS FURROWED, WITH HOLLOW INTERNODES LVS ALTERNATE, USUALLY COMPOUND, WITH SHEATHING BASES FLS BISEXUAL, ACTINOMORPHIC, 5-MEROUS, EPIGYNOUS INFLORESCENCE USUALLY A COMPOUND UMBEL CALYX OF 5 SMALL DISTINCT SEPALS COROLLA OF 5 DISTINCT PETALS, OFTEN YELLOW OR WHITE ANDROECIUM OF 5 STAMENS GYNOECIUM OF 2 UNITED CARPELS, 2-LOCULED, FRUIT A SCHIZOCARP STYLOPODIUM (FUSED BASES OF STYLES) PRESENT ON TOP OF OVARY SOME LOVELY WILDFLOWERS: Saniclula (sanicle), Zizia (golden alexanders), Sium (water-parsely) SOME AGGRESSIVE WEEDS: Daucus (queen Anne's-lace), Pastinaca (wild parsnip) SOME FOOD AND SPICE PLANTS: celery, parsely, caraway, anise, fennel, dill, parsnip, carrot AND OUR MOST DEADLY POISONOUS PLANTS: Conium (poison hemlock), Cicuta (water-hemlock)

ASTERACEAE (ASTER FAMILY) PRIMARILY HERBACEOUS, BUT ALL GROWTH FORMS OCCUR LVS ALTERNATE, OFTEN IN BASAL ROSETTES, EXSTIPULATE INFLORESCENCE A HEAD THAT LOOKS LIKE A SINGLE FLOWER HEAD COMPOSED OF TINY FLOWERS INSERTED ON COMMON RECEPTACLE FLS BI- OR UNISEXUAL, ACTINOMORPHIC OR ZGOMORPHIC 5-MEROUS, SYMPETALOUS CALYX ABSENT, OR RUDIMENTARY AND MODIFIED INTO PAPPUS FLOWERS OF 2 TYPES: RAY (LIGULATE) & DISK (TUBULAR) ANDROECIUM OF 5 STAMENS UNITED BY ANTHERS, FORMING TUBE AROUND STYLE OVARY INFERIOR FRUIT IS AN ACHENE ADVANCED AND LARGE PLANT FAMILY, ECONOMICALLY NOT IMPORTANT SOME LOVELY WILDFLOWERS: Solidago (goldenrod), Aster (aster), Senecio (ragwort), Liatris (blazing-star), Eupatorium (boneset) MANY WEEDS: Ambrosia (ragweed), Taraxacum (dandelion), Chrysanthemum (ox-eye daisy), Cirsium (thistle), Cichorium (chichory) AND A FEW FOOD PLANTS: sunflower seeds, lettuce, artichoke, safflower (oil)

BRASSICACEAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) ANNUAL TO PERENNIAL HERBS WATERY ACRID JUICES (PEPPERY TASTE) ALT SIMPLE EXSTIPULATE LVS STEMS OFTEN HAIRY, WITH FORKED OR STELLATE HAIRS FLS BISEXUAL, ACTINOMORPHIC, IN RACEMES CALYX OF 4 SEPS COROLLA OF 4 PETS, SEPARABLE INTO CLAW AND LIMB PORTIONS ANDROECIUM OF 6 STAS, TETRADYNAMOUS (4 LONG, 2 SHORT) GYNOECIUM SYNCARPOUS (2 UNITED CARPELS) OVULES BORNE ALONG OVARY WALL (PARIETAL PLACENTATION) FRUIT DIVIDED INTERNALLY BY "FALSE" SEPTUM (REPLUM) FRUIT A SILIQUE OR SILICLE MANY WEEDS: Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse) Alliaria officinalis (garlic mustard) Hesperis matronalis (dame's rocket) Barbarea vulgaris (winter-cress) A FEW LOVELY NATIVE WILDFLOWERS: Dentaria spp. (toothwort), Cardamine spp. (cress) SOME GARDEN FLOWERS: Lunaria (honesty), Iberis (candytuft AND MANY FOOD PLANTS: Brassica spp. (mustard, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, rutabagas, turnips) Raphanus (radish), Nasturtium (watercress)

FABACEAE (PEA FAMILY) TREES, SHRUBS, HERBS OR VINES (BACTERIAL ROOT NODULES) LVS ALT, USUALLY PINNATELY COMP OR TRIFOLIOLATE, STIPULATE FLS BISEXUAL OFTEN ZYGOMORPHIC LIKE A BUTTTERFLY ("PAPILIONACEOUS") INFL A RACEME, HEAD, UMBEL OR PANICLE CALYX OF 5 FUSED SEPS COROLLA OF 5 MOSTLY SEPARATE PETS ANDROECIUM 10 STAS, MONADELPHOUS OR DIADELPHOUS (9 fused +1 free) GYNOECIUM UNICARPELLATE, FRUIT A LEGUME A LARGE DIVERSE FAMILY, DIVIDED INTO 3 SUBFAMS : SUBFAM. MIMOSOIDEAE (TROP. TREES & SHRUBS W/ MANY COLORFUL STAMENS) Mimosa (mimosa) SUBFAM. CAESALPINOIDEAE (TREES & SHRUBS W/ BANNER INSIDE WINGS) Cercis (redbud), Gleditsia (honey-locust), Gymnocladus (Kentucky coffee-tree) SUBFAM. PAPILIONOIDEAE (TREES SHRUBS HERBS, MAJOR & TYPICAL) WEEDY FORAGE AND SOIL STABILIZATION PLANTS: Coronilla (crown vetch) Lotus (bird's foot) Medicago (alfalfa, medick) Melilotus (sweet clover) Trifolium (clover) Robinia (black locust) IMPORTANT FOOD PLANTS: lentil (Lens), peas (Pisum), soy (Glycine) and other beans.

LAMIACEAE (MINT FAMILY)

HERBS WITH SQUARE STEMS AND OPPOSITE LEAVES FLS 5-MEROUS ZYGOMORPHIC WITH FUSED PETALS (TWO-LIPPED) ANDROECIUM OF 2 or 4 EPIEPTALOUS STAMENS OVARY DEEPLY LOBED, FRUIT 4 NUTLETS SOME WEEDS: Glechoma (gill-over-the ground) Nepeta (catnip) LOVELY WILDFLOWERS: Monarda (bergamot) Physostegia (obedient-plant) IN THE HERB GARDEN: sage, rosemary, thyme, basil

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY*) *Now subdivided into several smaller families

THE MOST TYPICAL MONOCOTS PERENNIAL HERBS LVS ALT, SIMPLE, OFTEN LINEAR FLS BISEXUAL, ACTINOMORPHIC, TYPICALLY LARGE AND SHOWY USUALLY POLYPETALOUS AND HYPOGYNOUS FLS 3-MEROUS, WITH SEPALS AND PETALS IDENTICAL SO THAT THERE ARE 6 "TEPALS" (EXCEPT Trillium, WHICH HAS GREEN SEPALS) ANDROECIUM OF 6 STAMENS GYNOECIUM OF 3 UNITED CARPELS, 3-LOCULAR FRUIT A CAPSULE OR BERRY SEVERAL BEAUTIFUL WILDFLOWERS: Trillium (trillium), Smilacina (false Solomon's-seal), Uvularia (bellwort), Polygonatum (Solomon's-seal), Erythronium (trout-lily) SOME PRIZED GARDEN FLOWERS: day-lily (Hemerocallis), lily (Lilium), Spanish bayonet (Yucca), tulip (Tulipa), AND A FEW FOOD AND MEDICINAL PLANTS: onion, garlic, chives, asparagus, the source of tequila (Agave), aloe (ointment) (Aloe)

RANUNCULACEAE (BUTTERCUP FAMILY) ANNUAL OR PERENNIAL HERBS (RARELY WOODY) LVS USUALLY ALT., PALMATELY COMPOUND, EXSTIPULATE , SHEATHING STEM FLS USUALLY BISEXUAL, ACTINOMORPHIC, SOLITARY OR IN RACEMES OR CYMES RECEPTACLE ELONGATE PERIANTH OF SEPARATE SEPS AND PETS, OFTEN NOT DIFFERENTED ANDROECIUM USUALLY OF NUMEROUS STAS, SPIRALLY INSERTED GYNOECIUM APOCARPOUS, OF MANY SPIRALLY INSETED CARPELS FR A FOLLICLE, ACHENE, BERRY OR RARELY A CAPSULE SEVERAL SPRING WILDFLOWERS: Ranunculus (buttercup) Hepatica (Liver-leaf, or hepatica) Aquilegia (columbine) A FEW GARDEN PLANTS Paeonia (Peony) Clematis (clematis) Aconitum (monkshood)

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) TREES SHRUBS OR HERBS LVS ALTERNATE, SIMPLE OR COMPOUND, USUALLY STIPULATE FLOWERS BISEXUAL, ACTINOMRPHIC, PERIGYNOUS OR EPIGYNOUS CALYX OF 5 CONNATE SEPS COROLLA OF 5 PETS, ARISING FROM RIM OF HYPANTHIUM ANDROECIUM OF NUMEROUS STAS OR AS FEW AS 5-10 STAS FLOWER TYPE & OVARY POSITION VARIABLE GYNOECIUM TYPE & FRUIT TYPE VARIABLE A LARGE AND DIVERSE FAMILY, DIVIDED INTO 4 SUBFAMILIES SUBFAM. ROSOIDEAE (perigynous flowers, aggregate fruits): Rosa (rose), Rubus (blackberries, raspberries), Geum (avens) SUBFAM. SPIRAEOIDEAE (perigynous flowers, fruits are follicles): Spiraea (spiraea) SUBFAM. PRUNOIDEAE (perigynous flowers, fruit a drupe): Prunus (cherry) SUBFAM. POMOIDEAE (epigynous flowers, fruit a pome): Malus (apple), Crataegus (hawthorn)