api rp 19g12 --- master copy --- version 2009-12-03

8/12/2019 API RP 19G12 --- Master Copy --- Version 2009-12-03

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Gas-Lift Automation

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 19G12 (RP 19G12)

DRAFT #4, Dec. 12, 2009

American Petroleum Institute1220 L. Street, Nort!e"t

$"%&'to&, DC 2000

API



Issued by

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INTITUTE

Production !e"artment

FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING TECNICAL CONTENTS OFTIS P*+LICATION CONTACT TE API PROD*CTION DEPARTMENT,

2 ONE MAIN PLACE, DALLAS, T- 202 / (214) 4/41.SEE +AC COER FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING

O TO O+TAIN ADDITIONAL COPIES OF TIS P*+LICATION.

*"er" o3 t%" 567%c$t%o& "o578 6ecoe 3$%7%$r !%t %t" "coe$&8 co&te&t. T%" 567%c$t%o& %" %&te&8e8 to "57ee&t r$ter

t$& re7$ce %&8%:%85$7 e&'%&eer%&' ;58'ee&t.

O33%c%$7 P567%c$t%o&

API

Re'. *.S. P$te&t O33%ce

Co"yri#$t % l&&' American Petroleum Institute



API RP 19G12 G$"/L%3t A5to$t%o& P$'e 1

(ore)ord

T%" Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce (RP) %" 5&8er te ;5r%"8%ct%o& o3 te API Co%ttee o&St$&8$r8%<$t%o& o3 Pro85ct%o& E=5%e&t (Co%ttee 19).

T%" 8oc5e&t re"e&t" Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce" 3or G$"/L%3t A5to$t%o&. Oter APISec%3%c$t%o&", API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce", $&8 G$" Proce""or" S57%er" A""oc%$t%o&(GPSA) 8oc5e&t" $> 6e re3ere&ce8 $&8 "o578 6e 5"e8 3or $""%"t$&ce %& 8e"%'& $&8oer$t%o& o3 $ '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te.

API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce" $> 6e 5"e8 6> $&>o&e 8e"%r%&' to 8o "o, $&8 8%7%'e&t e33ort$" 6ee& $8e 6> te I&"t%t5te to $""5re te $cc5r$c> $&8 re7%$6%7%t> o3 te 8$t$ co&t$%&e8tere%&. o!e:er, te I&"t%t5te $?e" &o rere"e&t$t%o&, !$rr$&t>, or '5$r$&tee %&co&&ect%o& !%t te 567%c$t%o& o3 $&> API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce $&8 ere6> e@re""7>8%"c7$%" $&> 7%$6%7%t> or re"o&"%6%7%t> 3or 7o"" or 8$$'e re"57t%&' 3ro te%r 5"e, 3or $&>:%o7$t%o& o3 $&> 3e8er$7, "t$te, or 5&%c%$7 re'57$t%o& !%t !%c $& API St$&8$r8 $>co&37%ct, or 3or te %&3r%&'ee&t o3 $&> $te&t re"57t%&' 3ro te 5"e o3 $& APIRecoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce or Sec%3%c$t%o&.

Note:

This is the first edition of this recommended practice.

Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material

published herein should be addressed to the Director, American Petroleum Institute, 1220

!treet "#, #ashin$ton D% 2000&'(0)0

This Recommended Practice shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but may be

used voluntarily from the date of distribution.




Policy

API P*+LICATIONS NECESSARIL ADDRESS PRO+LEMS OF A GENERAL NAT*RE.

IT RESPECT TO PARTIC*LAR CIRC*MSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL

LAS AND REG*LATIONS SO*LD +E REIEED.

API IS NOT *NDERTAING TO MEET TE D*TIES OF EMPLOERS, MAN*FACT*RERS,

OR S*PPLIERS TO ARN AND PROPERL TRAIN AND EB*IP TEIR EMPLOEES, AND

OTER E-POSED PERSON, CONCERNING EALT AND SAFET RISS AND

PRECA*TIONS, NOR *NDERTAING TEIR O+LIGATIONS *NDER LOCAL, STATE, OR

FEDERAL LAS.

NOTING CONTAINED IN AN API P*+LICATION IS TO +E CONSTR*ED AS GRANTING

AN RIGT, + IMPLICATION OR OTERISE, FOR TE MAN*FACT*RE, SALE, OR *SE

OF AN METOD, APPARAT*S, OR PROD*CT COERED + LETTERS PATENT.

NEITER SO*LD ANTING CONTAINED IN TE P*+LICATION +E CONSTR*ED AS

INS*RING ANONE AGAINST LIA+ILIT FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT.

GENERALL, API STANDARDS ARE REIEED AND REISED, REAFFIRMED, OR

ITDRAN AT LEAST EER FIE EARS. SOMETIMES A ONE/TIME E-TENSION OF

*P TO TO EARS ILL +E ADDED TO TIS REIE CCLE. TIS P*+LICATION ILL

NO LONGER +E IN EFFECT FIE EARS AFTER ITS P*+LICATION DATE AS AN

OPERATIE API STANDARD OR, ERE AN E-TENSION AS +EEN GRANTED, *PON

REP*+LICATION. STAT*S OF TE P*+LICATION CAN +E ASCERTAINED FROM TE API

A*TORING DEPARTMENT (TEL. 214/220/911 1). A CATALOG OF API P*+LICATIONS

AND MATERIALS IS P*+LISED ANN*ALL AND *PDATED B*ARTERL + API, 1220 L

ST., N.., ASINGTON, D.C. 2000.




Recommended Practices for Gas-Lift Automation

API RP *&G*+

(or)ard

• T%" 567%c$t%o& %" %&te&8e8 to ro:%8e recoe&8e8 r$ct%ce" 3or te 5"e o3 '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& to e&$&ce te 35&ct%o&$7%t> $&8 ro3%t$6%7%t> o3 '$"/7%3t oer$t%o&" 3or te

ro85ct%o& o3 o%7 $&8 '$".

• T%" 567%c$t%o& %" 5&8er te ;5r%"8%ct%o& o3 te API Co%ttee o& Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce"

3or 5"e o3 Pro85ct%o& E=5%e&t.

• Aer%c$& Petro7e5 I&"t%t5te (API) Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce" $re 567%"e8 $" $%8" 3or te

5"e o3 e=5%e&t $&8 $ter%$7" 6> oer$t%&' co$&%e", $" %&"tr5ct%o&" to $&53$ct5rer" o3

e=5%e&t $&8 $ter%$7", $&8 $" %&"tr5ct%o&" to $&53$ct5rer" o3 e=5%e&t or $ter%$7"

co:ere8 6> $& API Sec%3%c$t%o&. Te"e Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce" $re &ot %&te&8e8 to o6:%$te

te &ee8 3or "o5&8 e&'%&eer%&' r$ct%ce, &or to %&%6%t %& $&> !$> $&>o&e 3ro 5"%&',

5rc$"%&', or ro85c%&' ro85ct" to oter "ec%3%c$t%o&".

• Te 3or57$t%o& $&8 567%c$t%o& o3 API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce", Sec%3%c$t%o&", $&8 te API

o&o'r$ ro'r$ $re &ot %&te&8e8 %& $&> !$> to %&%6%t te 5rc$"e or 5"e o3 ro85ct"

3ro co$&%e" &ot 7%ce&"e8 to 5"e te API o&o'r$.

• API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce" $&8 Sec%3%c$t%o&" $> 6e 5"e8 6> $&>o&e 8e"%r%&' to 8o "o,

$&8 8%7%'e&t e33ort $" 6ee& $8e 6> te I&"t%t5te to $""5re te $cc5r$c> $&8 re7%$6%7%t> o3 te

8$t$ co&t$%&e8 tere%&. o!e:er, te I&"t%t5te $?e" &o rere"e&t$t%o&, !$rr$&t>, or

'5$r$&tee %& co&&ect%o& !%t te 567%c$t%o& o3 $&> API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce orSec%3%c$t%o& $&8 ere6> e@re""7> 8%"c7$%" $&> 7%$6%7%t> or re"o&"%6%7%t> 3or 7o"" or 8$$'e

re"57t%&' 3ro te%r 5"e, 3or $&> :%o7$t%o& o3 $&> 3e8er$7, "t$te, or 5&%c%$7 re'57$t%o& !%t

!%c $& API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce or Sec%3%c$t%o& $> co&37%ct, or 3or te %&3r%&'ee&t o3

$&> $te&t re"57t%&' 3ro te 5"e o3 $& API Sec%3%c$t%o&.

• A&> $&53$ct5rer ro85c%&' e=5%e&t or $ter%$7" rere"e&te8 $" co&3or%&' !%t $& API

Sec%3%c$t%o& %" re"o&"%67e 3or co&3or%&' !%t $77 te ro:%"%o&" o3 t$t Sec%3%c$t%o&. Te

Aer%c$& Petro7e5 I&"t%t5te 8oe" &ot rere"e&t, !$rr$&t, or '5$r$&tee t$t "5c ro85ct" 8o

%& 3$ct co&3or to te $7%c$67e API "t$&8$r8 or "ec%3%c$t%o&.

This Recommended Practice shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but may be

used voluntarily from the date of distribution.

Attention Users of T$is Publication Port%o&" o3 t%" 567%c$t%o& $> $:e 6ee& c$&'e8 3ro te

re:%o5" e8%t%o&. I& "oe c$"e" te c$&'e" $> 6e "%'&%3%c$&t, !%7e %& oter c$"e" te c$&'e"

$> re37ect %&or e8%tor%$7 $8;5"te&t".

Note,

This is the first edition of this recommended practice.




Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein

should be addressed to the Director, American Petroleum Institute, Production Department, 255

!ne "ain Place, Dallas, T# $52%2.




Introduction

T%" API recoe&8e8 r$ct%ce ro:%8e" '5%8e7%&e" $&8 too7" to 3$c%7%t$te te e33ect%:e $&8 e33%c%e&t8e"%'&, oer$t%o&, ot%%<$t%o&, $&8 tro567e"oot%&' o3 '$"/7%3t !e77" $&8 ">"te" !e& 5"%&' $5to$t%o&">"te".

A" 5"e8 %& t%" 8oc5e&t, '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& %&c758e" $&> 5"e o3 %&"tr5e&t", co&tro7",co5&%c$t%o&", co5ter $r8!$re, co5ter "o3t!$re, 8$t$6$"e", $&8 oter co5ter too7" t$t $re%&te&8e8 to o&%tor, co&tro7, ro:%8e "5r:e%77$&ce, 8etect ro67e", 8%$'&o"e te c$5"e o3 ro67e","o7:e ro67e", $&8 ot%%<e te oer$t%o& o3 '$"/7%3t ">"te" 3or ro85ct%o& o3 o%7 $&8 '$".

T%" 8oc5e&t $> 6e 5"e8 $" $ '5%8e 3or 8e"%'&%&' '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te", $&8 $" $& $%8e %&ro:%8%&' tr$%&%&' %& o! to 8e"%'&, oer$te, ot%%<e, $&8 tro567e"oot te"e ">"te".




* co"e

Te "coe o3 t%" 8oc5e&t $88re""e" te 3o77o!%&' to%c"

• Pro85ct%o& $5to$t%o& 8e3%&%t%o&.

• O:er:%e! o3 '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.

• F%e78" t$t &ee8 to 6e "er:e8 6> '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.• O6;ect%:e" o3 '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.

• Meto8" o3 5"%&' '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.

• G$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& 65"%&e"" 8r%:er".

• I&"tr5e&t$t%o& $&8 co&tro7" 3or '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.

• Co5&%c$t%o& e=5%e&t $&8 ">"te".

• Co5ter $5to$t%o& $r8!$re.

• Co5ter $5to$t%o& "o3t!$re.

• Nor$7 $5to$t%o& $7%c$t%o&".

• Sec%$7 $5to$t%o& $7%c$t%o&".

o Co&t%&5o5" "%&'7e "tr%&' '$"/7%3t.

o Co&t%&5o5" 85$7 '$"/7%3t.

o I&ter%tte&t '$"/7%3t.o G$"/7%3t o3 '$" !e77".

• G$"/7%3t 8$t$6$"e ">"te".

• G$"/7%3t ot%%<$t%o& c$$6%7%t%e".

• +e&e3%t" o3 '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.

• R%"?".

• 5"t%3%c$t%o& o3 $5to$t%o& ">"te".

• St$33%&' re=5%re8.

• Tr$%&%&' re=5%re8.

• C$"e %"tor%e" o3 $5to$t%o& "5cce""e".

• C$"e %"tor%e" o3 $5to$t%o& 3$%75re".

T%" 8oc5e&t 8oe" &ot %&c758e %&3or$t%o& ro:%8e8 %& te 8oc5e&t" 7%"te8 %& te

Nor$t%:e Re:ere&ce" %& te &e@t "ect%o& o3 t%" 8oc5e&t, &or %& te I&3or$t%:e

Re3ere&ce" !%c $re 7%"te8 %& te +%67%o'r$>.

T%" 8oc5e&t 8oe" &ot recoe&8 $&> "ec%3%c $5to$t%o& $r8!$re, $5to$t%o&

"o3t!$re, or $5to$t%o& "er:%ce"57> co$&%e".




+ Normati.e References

Nor$t%:e (re=5%re8) re3ere&ce" 5"e8 %& t%" 8oc5e&t %&c758e

API RP 11, Oer$t%o&, M$%&te&$&ce, S5r:e%77$&ce, $&8 Tro567e"oot%&' O3 G$"/

L%3t I&"t$77$t%o&"

API RP 11, Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce 3or G$" L%3t S>"te De"%'& $&8 Per3or$&ce

Pre8%ct%o&

API RP 19G9, Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce 3or De"%'&, Oer$t%o&, $&8 Tro567e"oot%&' o3D5$7 G$"/L%3t e77" (8oc5e&t 6e%&' 567%"e8 6> API)

API RP 1110, API Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce 3or De"%'& $&8 Oer$t%o& o3 I&ter%tte&t

$&8 C$6er G$"/L%3t e77" $&8 S>"te"

API RP 19G11, Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce" 3or D>&$%c S%57$t%o& o3 G$"/L%3t e77"

$&8 S>"te" (8oc5e&t re$8> 3or or? Gro5 $&8 T$"? Gro5 re:%e!)

API RP 19G1, Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce 3or %' Pre""5re $&8 S56/Se$ G$"/L%3t(8oc5e&t c5rre&t7> 6e%&' 8r$3te8)




' Terms and !efinitions

Ter" $&8 8e3%&%t%o&" 5"e8 %& te 8oc5e&t $re 7%"te8 ere.

.&

'$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&

Te roce"" o3 5"%&' %&"tr5e&t", co&tro7", $&8 $5to$t%o& $r8!$re $&8 "o3t!$re to$5to$te "oe or $77 o3 te 35&ct%o&" o3 '$"/7%3t 8$te $c=5%"%t%o&, co&tro7, ro67e

8etect%o& $&8 8%$'&o"%", $&8 ot%%<$t%o&.

.&

'$"/7%3t, co&t%&5o5"

G$"/7%3t '$" %" %&;ecte8 %&to $& o%7 or '$" !e77 $t $ co&t%&5o5" r$te.

.&

'$"/7%3t, 85$7

Tere $re t!o co7et%o&" (t!o t56%&' "tr%&'") %& te "$e !e776ore, $&8 te> $re 6ot

o& '$"/7%3t $t te "$e t%e.

.&'$"/7%3t, %&ter%tte&t

G$"/7%3t '$" %" %&;ecte8 %&to $& o%7 or '$" !e77 o& $& %&ter%tte&t r$ter t$& $ co&t%&5o5"

6$"%".

.&

'$"/7%3t, "%&'7e

Tere %" o&e co7et%o& (o&e t56%&' "tr%&') %& te !e776ore, $&8 %t %" o& '$"/7%3t.

.&

o"t co5ter ">"te

A co5ter ">"te t$t ro:%8e" 8$t$ roce""%&', ce&tr$7%<e8 co&tro7 7o'%c, ce&tr$7%<e8

ot%%<$t%o& 7o'%c, %&3or$t%o& $cce"" 3or oer$t%&' "t$33, $&8 $> ro:%8e %&3or$t%o&

tr$&"%""%o& to oter co5ter ">"te" "5c $" coror$te ">"te", 8$t$6$"e", etc.

.&

recoe&8$t%o&

E@re""%o& %& te co&te&t o3 $ 8oc5e&t co&:e>%&' t$t $o&' "e:er$7 o""%6%7%t%e" o&e

%" recoe&8e8 $" $rt%c57$r7> "5%t$67e, !%to5t e&t%o&%&' or e@c758%&' oter", or t$t $

cert$%& co5r"e o3 $ct%o& %" re3erre8 65t &ot &ece""$r%7> re=5%re8, or t$t (%& te &e'$t%:e

3or) $ cert$%& o""%6%7%t> or co5r"e o3 $ct%o& %" 8%"$ro:e8 o3 65t &ot ro%6%te8.




/ ymbols and Abbre.iations

S>6o7" $&8 $66re:%$t%o&" 5"e8 %& te 8oc5e&t $re 7%"te8 ere.

4.&

+%t

Te "$77e"t e7ee&t o3 8$t$ $ 1 or $ 0.

4.&

+>te

A 6>te co&"%"t" o3 e%'t 6%t".

4.&

CAO

Co5ter A""%"te8 Oer$t%o&.

4.&

DCS

D%"tr%65te8 Co&tro7 S>"te.

4.&

ert<

Me$"5re o3 8$t$ tr$&"%""%o& "ee8. O&e ert< %" tr$&"%""%o& o3 o&e 6>te o3 8$t$ er

"eco&8.

4.&

IPO

I&;ect%o& Pre""5re Oer$te8 ('$"/7%3t :$7:e).

4.&

PLC

Pro'r$$67e Lo'%c Co&tro77er.

4.&

PPO

Pro85ct%o& Pre""5re Oer$te8 ('$"/7%3t :$7:e).

4.&

RT*

Reote Ter%&$7 *&%t.

4.&

SCADA

S5er:%"or> co&tro7 $&8 8$t$ $c=5%"%t%o& ">"te.

4.&

TLP

Te&"%o& Le' P7$t3or.




0 Re1uirements

Note, T%" %" $ 8r$3t o3 te API RP 19G12 8oc5e&t. O&ce te o5t7%&e" o3 e$c "ect%o& $re

co7ete, te> $re %&"t$77e8 ere 3ro te O5t7%&eH 8oc5e&t. E$c $5tor %" te& $"?e8 to

8r$3t %"er "ect%o&" 6$"e8 o& te o5t7%&e.

0* Introduction to Gas-Lift Automaton

0** Production automation defined 2Ric3 Peters4

0*+ O.er.ie) of #as-lift automation 2Ric3 Peters4

0*' Ob5ecti.es of #as-lift automation 2Cleon !un$am4

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" te o6;ect%:e" 7%"te8 6e7o! $&8 o! te> $> 6e

re$7%<e8 !%t $ '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te. G$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te"

"o578 6e 8e"%'&e8 $&8 %7ee&te8 to $88re"" "ec%3%c '$"/7%3t 65"%&e""

35&ct%o&" $&8 to e&$&ce "ec%3%c 65"%&e"" 8r%:er".

$. Minimi6e do)ntime of #as-lift )ells. Tere $re t!o t>e" o3 8o!& t%e

or o33/ro85ct%o& t%e 7$&&e8 $&8 5&/7$&&e8.

P7$&&e8 8o!&t%e occ5r" !e& $ '$"/7%3t !e77 or ">"te %" "5t 8o!& 3or

"oe oer$t%o& re$"o& "5c $" !e77 $%&te&$&ce, ">"te $%&te&$&ce,

ro85ct%o& 3$c%7%t> $%&te&$&ce, "$3et>, $" %& te c$"e o3 $ 5rr%c$&e, etc.

A '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te e7" %&%%<e t%" t>e o3 8o!&t%e $&8 %t"

$""oc%$te8 8e3erre8 ro85ct%o& 6> $5to$t%&' te "5t/8o!& roce"" "o

%t %" er3ore8 "$3e7>, $&8 6> $5to$t%&' te "t$rt/5 roce"" "o %t %"

er3ore8 r$%87>, 65t co&"%"te&t !%t "$3e !e77 $&8 3$c%7%t> oer$t%o&".

*&7$&&e8 8o!&t%e occ5r" !e& $ '$"/7%3t !e77 or ">"te "5t" 8o!&

85e to $&> 5&7$&&e8 $735&ct%o& or 3$%75re %& te !e77, te 8%"tr%65t%o&">"te, te core""%o& ">"te, or te ro85ct%o& ">"te. A

ro85ct%o& $5to$t%o& ">"te e7" %&%%<e t%" t>e 8o!&t%e 6>

%e8%$te7> 8etect%&' te 8o!&t%e, $7ert%&' te ro85ct%o& oer$t%&'

"t$33, $&8 ro:%8%&' te !%t %&3or$t%o& o& te 7%?e7> c$5"e(") o3 te

ro67e. T%" e7" te oer$t%&' "t$33 re"o&8 =5%c?7> to ret5r& te !e77

or ">"te to ro85ct%o&, t5" %&%%<%&' 8e3erre8 ro85ct%o&.

6. En$ance #as-lift "roblem detection and correction. A '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& ">"te $""%"t" !%t ro67e 8etect%o& $&8 correct%o& %&

:$r%o5" !$>".

F%r"t, te ">"te $5to$t%c$77> $&8 co&t%&5o5"7> co77ecte8 te ert%&e&t

8$t$ (e$"5ree&t") &ee8e8 to 8etect ro67e". T>%c$77>, t%" co&"%"t"o3 e$"5r%&' te '$"/7%3t %&;ect%o& re""5re $&8 r$te, $&8 te ro85ct%o&

re""5re. Oter e$"5ree&t" $> %&c758e te %&;ect%o& $&8 ro85ct%o&

teer$t5re", $&8 te 7%=5%8 ro85ct%o& r$te.

Ne@t, te $5to$t%o& ">"te co&t$%&" 7o'%c to cec? e$c :$75e $'$%&"t

$7$r 7%%t" $&8 3or oter ro67eH co&8%t%o&". T%" %" 8%"c5""e8 35rter

%& Sect%o& .1.1.




Te&, te ">"te co&t$%&" 7o'%c to e7 $&$7><e ro67e co&8%t%o&" $&8

te%r c$5"e". Coo& e@$7e" o3 ro67e" t$t te ">"te c$& e7

to $&$7><e $re (1) %&"t$6%7%t> !e& te c$"%&' $&8or t56%&' re""5re $re

"5r'%&' or e$8%&', (2) 57t%o%&t%&' or %&;ect%&' %& 57t%7e :$7:e" or $

:$7:e $&8 $ 7e$? $t te "$e t%e, () '$" 8e7%:er> ro67e" "5c $"

67oc?" or 3ree<%&', $&8 (4) ro85ct%o& ro67e" "5c $" $ 75''e8 co?e

or $ 67oc?e8 37o!7%&e.

F%&$77>, %& "oe c$"e", te $5to$t%o& ">"te c$& $""%"t !%t ro67e

"o75t%o&". For e@$7e, %t c$& c$&'e te '$" %&;ect%o& r$te %3 t%" %"

&ee8e8 to %ro:e "t$6%7%t>, or %t $> 6e $67e to t$?e correct%:e $ct%o&" to

reo:e $& %&;ect%o& 67oc?$'e 85e to >8r$te 3or$t%o&.

c. O"timi6e oil "roduction from oil )ells. Ot%%<$t%o& o3 o%7 !e77" %" &ot

;5"t ro67e "o7:%&'. It %" 5c ore. For e$c !e77, tere %" $&

eco&o%c ot%5 ro85ct%o& r$te. T%" %" 8%"c5""e8 %& API

Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce 11 $&8 %& Sect%o& .2.4. o!e:er, 3or $&>

re$"o&", %t %" r$re7> o""%67e to oer$te $ !e77 $t %t" ot%5 r$te. T%" %"

$7"o 8%"c5""e8 35rter %& Sect%o& .2.4.

Se$?%&' "%7>, te eco&o%c '$"/7%3t ro85ct%o& r$te occ5r" !e& te

:$75e o3 o%7 ($&8 '$") ro85ct%o&, 8%:%8e8 6> te co"t o3 '$"/7%3t %&;ect%o&

$&8 ro85ct%o& $&87%&' $&8 tre$t%&' %" $@%%<e8. +e3ore t%" o%&t,

$88%&' ore '$" !%77 %&cre$"e te :$75e o3 o%7 $&8 ro85ct%o& 6> ore

t$& te co"t o3 $88%&' te '$"/7%3t '$" $&8 tre$t%&' te $88%t%o&$7 375%8.

+e>o&8 t%" o%&t, te :$75e o3 te ro85ct%o& !%77 6e 7e"" t$& te co"t.

Te r%$r> re$"o& t$t !e77" c$& &ot (&or$77>) 6e oer$te8 $t te%r

ot%5 eco&o%c r$te %" tere %" r$re7> ($7o"t &e:er) te r%'t $o5&t

o3 %&;ect%o& '$" $:$%7$67e %& $ '$"/7%3t 3%e78 to %&;ect e$c !e77 $t %t"

ot%5 r$te. So ere te roce"" o3 '$"/7%3t ot%%<$t%o& 5"t 3oc5"

%&;ect%&' %&to $77 o3 te !e77" "er:e8 6> te '$"/7%3t ">"te $" c7o"e to te%r

ot%5 $" o""%67e.

A&8, t%" 35rter co7%c$te8 !e& te "57> o3 '$"/7%3t %&;ect%o&

c$&'e", 85e to $ c$&'e %& "57> or $ c$&'e %& 8e$&8 3or '$".

G$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& c$& e7 to ?ee e$c !e77 $" c7o"e $" o""%67e to %t"

ot%5 %&;ect%o& r$te $t $77 t%e", t%" $@%%<%&' te eco&o%c o3 '$"/

7%3t oer$t%o&".

8. O"timi6e distribution of in5ection #as to #as-lift )ells7 e# )it$ bot$

o"en-loo" and closed-loo" control. A5to$t%o& ">"te" 5"t "5ort

'$"/7%3t 8%"tr%65t%o& %& 6ot oe&/7oo $&8 c7o"e8/7oo oer$t%o&".

Oe&/7oo ">"te" e@%"t !ere '$"/7%3t %&;ect%o& %" co&tro77e8 6> $&5$7or "e%/$5to$t%c e$&". E@$7e" $re $&5$7 co?e co&tro7, $&5$7

co&tro7 :$7:e co&tro7, $&8 $&5$77>/"et 37o! r$te co&tro77er". I& te"e

c$"e", te $5to$t%o& ">"te "o578 ro:%8e te ro85ct%o& oer$tor,

te er"o& !o 5"t t$?e te >"%c$7 co&tro7 $ct%o&", !%t te

&ece""$r> %&;ect%o& r$te %&to e$c !e77 to $ro$c ot%5 8%"tr%65t%o&

!e& tere %" &ee8 3or c$&'e %& te %&;ect%o& r$te". S5c ">"te c$&

6e %&e33ect%:e. It c$& t$?e too 7o&' to $?e te &ece""$r> %&;ect%o& r$te

c$&'e" to ?ee te '$"/7%3t ">"te %& 6$7$&ce %& te 3$ce o3 $& 5"et I

"57> or 8e$&8.




C7o"e8/7oo ">"te" e@%"t !ere te $5to$t%o& ">"te c$&

$5to$t%c$77> $8;5"t te %&;ect%o& r$te", o& $ oe&t" &ot%ce, !e& te

"57> or 8e$&8 3or '$" c$&'e". For t%" to !or?, te ">"te 5"t 6e

$!$re o3 te ot%5 %&;ect%o& r$te 3or e$c !e77 $&8 5"t $:e te

c$$6%7%t> to $8;5"te8 te %&;ect%o& %& e$c !e77, or %& "e7ecte8 !e77", to

coe $" c7o"e $" o""%67e to ot%5 ro85ct%o& 3or $77 o3 te !e77" %&te ">"te.

%t "5c ">"te", %3 %" o3te& &ece""$r> or 8e"%r$67e to tre$t "oe !e77"

8%33ere&t7>. For e@$7e, %3 $ !e77 %" $ 85$7/'$" 7%3t !e77, $&8 %&ter%tte&t

'$"/7%3t !e77, or $ !e77 t$t %" 8%33%c57t to ?ee "t$67e %3 te r$te %" c$&'e8,

%t $> &ece""$r> to o78 te %&;ect%o& %&to t%" !e77 co&"t$&t !%7e $?%&'

$8;5"te&t" %& oter !e77". A7"o, %3 $ !e77 %" o& te"t, %t $> 6e 8e"%re8 to

o78 %t co&"t$&t 85r%&' te te"t to o6t$%& :$7%8 te"t re"57t".

e. Ma3e best use of a s$ort su""ly of #as-lift #as. Nor$77>, te "57>

o3 '$" %" e%ter 7e"" t$& te $o5&t &ee8e8 to ot%%<e e$c !e77, or %t

%" ore. I3 %t %" 7e"", te $5to$t%o& ">"te c$& $77oc$te te $:$%7$67e

$o5&t $" 8e"cr%6e8 %& Sect%o& .1..c $&8 Sect%o& .2.4.

3. Ma3e best use of an o.er su""ly of #as-lift #as. e& tere %" $&

o:er "57> o3 '$", te $5to$t%o& ">"te "o578 &ot 8%"tr%65te $77 o3 te

'$" to te !e77". O:er %&;ect%o& c$& c$5"e oer$t%&' ro67e" %&c758%&'

57t%/o%&t". A&> e@ce"" $o5&t o3 '$" "o578 6e "o78 or 5"e8 3or "oe

te 5ro"e %& te 3%e78.

'. O"timally deal )it$ cases )$ere t$ere are limits on t$e ability to

$andle )ater "roduction. It "oet%e" occ5r" t$t te roce"" o3

ot%%<%&' o%7 ro85ct%o& c$& re"57t %& $& %&cre$"e %& te :o75e o3 !$ter

ro85ct%o&. I& te"e c$"e", te $6%7%t> o3 te ro85ct%o& ">"te to $&87e

!$ter $> 6e $ co&"tr$%&t. I& te"e c$"e", te '$"/7%3t ot%%<$t%o&

$77oc$t%o& ">"te 5"t $77oc$te '$" %& $ !$> to $@%%<e te ro3%t$6%7%t>

o3 o%7 $&8 '$" ro85ct%o&, t$?%&' %&to co&"%8er$t%o& te co"t" o3 $&8

co&"tr$%&t" c$5"e8 6> te !$ter ro85ct%o&.

. O"timally deal )it$ )ells t$at need s"ecial care7 suc$ as )ells t$at

can8t be easily sto""ed and started. Tere $> 6e '$"/7%3t !e77" %& $

3%e78 t$t $re "er:e8 6> $ '$"/7%3t ">"te t$t &ee8 "ec%$7 c$re. For

e@$7e, tere $> 6e !e77" t$t $re 8%33%c57t to "$3et> "to $&8 re/"t$rt.

It $> 6e %ort$&t to ?ee te"e !e77" o& ro85ct%o&, $t $ "t$67e '$"

%&;ect%o& r$te, re'$r87e"" o3 5"et" or c$&'e" %& te '$"/7%3t ">"te. Te

'$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te 5"t reco'&%<e te"e !e77" $&8 tre$t te

$ccor8%&'7>. T%" $> e$& o78%&' te %&;ect%o& r$te %&to te"e !e77"

co&"t$&t !%7e $8;5"t%&' te tot$7 %&;ect%o& r$te %&to oter !e77" %& te">"te, to $%&t$%& $& o:er$77 6$7$&ce 6et!ee& "57> o3 '$" %&to te

">"te $&8 8e$&8 3or '$" 3ro te !e77" "er:e8 6> te ">"te.

%. O"timally deal )it$ systems )$ere continuous and intermittent #as-

lift )ells are mi9ed in t$e same system. Tere $> '$"/7%3t ">"te"

t$t &ee8 to "er:e 6ot co&t%&5o5" $&8 %&ter%tte&t '$"/7%3t !e77". e&

'$" %" %&;ecte8 %&to $& %&ter%tte&t !e77, te 8e$&8 3or '$" 3ro te

">"te !%77 6e teor$r%7> %&cre$"e8, $&8 te ">"te re""5re $> 6e

re85ce8. It $> 6e &ece""$r> 3or te '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te to




teor$r%7> re85ce te %&;ect%o& %&to "oe o3 te co&t%&5o5" '$"/7%3t !e77"

to $%&t$%& "t$6%7%t> %& te ">"te. It $> $7"o 6e &ece""$r> 3or te '$"/

7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te to "ce857e te %&ter%tte&t '$"/7%3t %&;ect%o& c>c7e"

"o '$" %"&t %&;ecte8 %&to t!o or ore %&ter%tte&t !e77" $t te "$e t%e,

t5" 35rter e@$cer6$t%&' te %&;ect%o& r$te $&8 re""5re ro67e".

;. O"timally deal )it$ dual #as-lift )ells. I3 $ '$"/7%3t ">"te "er:e" 6ot"%&'7e $&8 85$7 '$"/7%3t !e77", "ec%$7 c$re $> 6e re=5%re8 3or te 85$7

!e77". It c$& 6e 8%33%c57t to "5cce""3577> %&;ect '$" 8ee %& 6ot "%8e" o3 $

85$7 $&8 ?ee t%" %&;ect%o& r$te "t$67e. e& t%" 8ee, "t$67e %&;ect%o&

%" $c%e:e8, %t $> 6e %ort$&t to $%&t$%& %t, e:e& %& te 3$ce o3 5"et"

%& te 8%"tr%65t%o& ">"te. So, %& te"e c$"e", %t $> 6e &ece""$r> 3or

te '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te to o78 te %&;ect%o& %&to te 85$7 !e77"

co&"t$&t $&8 $8;5"t te %&;ect%o& %&to "%&'7e !e77" to $%&t$%& $ 6$7$&ce

6et!ee& "57> $&8 8e$&8 %& te 8%"tr%65t%o& ">"te.

?. Use control of automated )ells to deal )it$ "roblems and:or safety

issues in t$e "roduction system7 e# slu#s of li1uid7 "otential

se"arator carry-o.er . Soet%e" ro67e" occ5r %& $ ro85ct%o&

">"te t$t re=5%re t$t ro85ct%o& to te ">"te 6e =5%c?7> "toe8 to$:o%8 $ 7%=5%8 c$rr>o:er or oter ro67e. e& t%" occ5r", te '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& ">"te 5"t 6e $67e to re$ct =5%c?7> to t5r& o33 te %&;ect%o&

'$" to te !e77" !%c ro85ce to te $33ecte8 ro85ct%o& ">"te. Te&,

!e& te ro67e $" 6ee& correcte8, te $5to$t%o& ">"te 5"t re/

"t$rt te $33ecte8 !e77". T%" $> $:e to 6e 8o&e o&e or $ 3e! !e77" $t

$ t%e to $:o%8 cre$t%&' "5r'e" o3 375%8 3ro e&ter%&' te ro85ct%o&

3$c%7%t%e".

7. Analy6e best use of control lo#ic in t$e $ost automation system .s

lo#ic distributed in t$e manifold or )ell$ead controllers. I& $&>

3%e78", co&tro7 7o'%c c$& e@%"t $t "e:er$7 7oc$t%o&". Tere $> 6e co&tro7

7o'%c %& $ o"t co5ter ">"te, %& $ DCS, RT*, or PLC 7oc$te8 $t $

'$"/7%3t $&%3o78, $&8 %& $ RT* or PLC 7oc$te8 $" te !e77e$8.

Ge&er$77> "e$?%&', te 6e"t 7$ce to %7ee&t co&tro7 7o'%c %" $" c7o"e

to te co&tro7 o%&t $" o""%67e. So, to co&tro7 '$" %&;ect%o&, te 6e"t

co%ce %" to 7$ce te 7o'%c c7o"e to 7oc$t%o& o3 te co&tro7 8e:%ce, !%c

$> $t te '$"/7%3t 8%"tr%65t%o& $&%3o78, or c7o"e to te '$"/7%3t !e77e$8.

Oter 7o'%c "o578 6e 7oc$te8 $t te 7e:e7 %& te ">"te !ere $77 o3 te

$33ecte8 co&tro7 o%&t" $re "er:e8. Co&tro7 o3 te $77oc$t%o& o3 '$" ot $77

o3 te !e77" %& te ">"te 5"t 6e $t $ 7e:e7 t$t "er:e" te e&t%re

">"te. Nor$77>, t%" !%77 6e %& $ o"t co5ter ">"te.

. O"timi6e #as "roduction from #as )ells. Ot%%<$t%o& o3 '$" !e77" %"8%33ere&t 3ro o%7 !e77". To ot%%<e '$" !e77 ro85ct%o&, t!o t%&'" $re

&ece""$r>. Te oer$t%&' 6otto/o7e re""5re 5"t 6e ?et $" 7o! $"

o""%67e, $&8 te '$" 37o! r$te 5"t 6e ?et %' e&o5' to re$%&

$6o:e te cr%t%c$7 37o! r$te, "o $&> 7%=5%8 %& te ro85ct%o& "te$ c$& 6e

c$rr%e8 5 $&8 o5t o3 te !e77.

I3 &ot reo:e8, 7%=5%8 c$& $cc557$te %& te 6otto o3 "oe '$" !e77".

T%" 7%=5%8 !%77 %o"e $ 6$c? re""5re o& te '$" 3or$t%o& $&8 %&%6%t

'$" %&37o!. M$&> eto8" c$& 6e 5"e8 to reo:e t%" 7%=5%8. O&e %"




'$"/7%3t. ere te '$" 5"t 6e %&;ecte8 6e7o! te co75& o3 7%=5%8 $&8

5"e8 to 7%3t %t o5t o3 te !e776ore.

To reo:e 7%=5%8 $&8 ?ee te !e776ore c7e$r, te '$" 37o! r$te 5"t 6e

$6o:e te cr%t%c$7 :e7oc%t>, !%c %" te :e7oc%t> $6o:e !%c te 37o! '$"

c$& c$rr> 7%=5%8 8ro7et" to te "5r3$ce. I3 te &$t%:e '$" 37o! :e7oc%t> %"

&ot $6o:e cr%t%c$7, t%" c$& 6e $c%e:e8 6> %&;ect%&' $88%t%o&$7 '$" !%t'$"/7%3t. A'$%&, te '$" "o578 6e %&;ecte8 $" 8ee %& te !e77 $" o""%67e

to 3$c%7%t$te cr%t%c$7 37o! 3ro te 6otto o3 te !e77. T%" c$& 6e $

c$77e&'e %& !e77" !ere te t56%&' ($&8 $c?er) $re "et 3$r $6o:e te

er3or$t%o&". Te $o5&t o3 '$" to $c%e:e cr%t%c$7 37o! %" 5c %'er %&

te c$"%&' t$& %& te t56%&', 85e to %t" 7$r'er cro""/"ect%o&$7 $re$.

Soe co$&%e" $:e 8e:e7oe8 '$"/7%3t ">"te" to %&;ect '$" %& $&8

e:e& 6e7o! te er3or$te8 %&ter:$7.

0*/ Met$ods of usin# #as-lift automation 2Ric3 Peters7 ;o$n Green4

0*0 Ty"es of fields t$at need to be ser.ed by #as-lift automation 2Ra5an

C$o3s$i4

0+ T$e <usiness ide of Gas-Lift Automation

0+* Gas-lift automation business dri.ers 2=eit$ (an#meier4

0++ ;ustification for #as-lift automation 2Cleon !un$am4

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" te coo&e&t" o3 '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ;5"t%3%c$t%o&

7%"te8 6e7o! $&8 o! te> $> 6e 5"e8 to ;5"t%3> $ '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&

">"te. %t te"e :$r%o5" coo&e&t" co&"%8ere8, '$"/7%3t $5to$to&

">"te" $:e 6ee& 8oc5e&te8 to %&cre$"e o%7 $&8 '$" ro85ct%o& 6> /

10J re7$t%:e to $&5$7 oer$t%o&", re85ce oer$t%&' $&8 $%&te&$&ce co"t"

6> K 10J, re85ce c$%t$7 co"t", %ro:e oer$t%&' "$3et>, $&8 %ro:e

er"o&&e7 e33ect%:e&e""..

$. Reduce #as-lift do)ntime7 deferred "roduction. A&> $o5&t o3

5&7$&&e8 8o!& or o33 ro85ct%o& t%e re"57t" %& 8e3erre8 or 7o"t

ro85ct%o&. Pro85ct%o& $5to$t%o& c$& e7 %&%%<e 5&7$&&e8

8o!&t%e $&8 re"57t%&' 8e3erre8 or 7o"t ro85ct%o&.

%t $ '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te, 5&7$&&e8 8o!&t%e c$& 6e 8etecte8

%e8%$te7>. S%&ce $5to$t%o& ">"te" $> &ot 6e o&%tore8

co&t%&5o5"7>, te 8o!&t%e $> &ot 6e reco'&%<e8 6> te ro85ct%o&

oer$tor(") 5&t%7 te ">"te %" o&%tore8, $ reort %" rece%:e8, or er$"te &e@t or&%&'. o!e:er, o& te $:er$'e, 8o!&t%e c$& 6e

reco'&%<e8 !%t%& K 12 o5r", or 7e"". A&8 t%" $> 6e 5c 7e"" t%e

t$& %t !o578 6e !%t $&5$7 "5r:e%77$&ce.

A&8, te $5to$t%o& ">"te 8oe" ore t$& reco'&%<e t$t 5&7$&&e8

8o!&t%e $" occ5rre8. It ro:%8e" %&3or$t%o& $&8 %&"%'t %&to te

c$5"e(") o3 te 8o!&t%e, "o te ro67e c$& 6e $88re""e8 ore =5%c?7>

$&8 e33ect%:e7>.




A re$"o&$67e $""5t%o& %" te 5&7$&&e8 8o!&t%e $&8 $""oc%$te8

8e3erre8 or 7o"t ro85ct%o& c$& 6e re85ce8 6> 0 K J re7$t%:e to te

7o""e" !e& $&5$7 "5r:e%77$&ce %" 5"e8.

6. Reduce #as-lift o"eratin# costs. e& $ '$"/7%3t ">"te $&8 %t" !e77"

$re oer$te8 $&5$77>, oer$t%&' co"t" $> 6e %' 85e to te t%e

re=5%re8 3or o&%tor%&', co&tro7, "5r:e%77$&ce, $&8 oter $&5$7 $ct%:%t%e".

A77 o3 te"e c$& 6e "%'&%3%c$&t7> re85ce8 6> $5to$t%o&.

Or co&:er"e7>, te"e co"t" $> &ot 6e %' 3or $ $&5$77>/oer$te8

">"te, 6ec$5"e te> $re&t er3ore8. +5t %" t%" c$"e, te ro3%t$6%7%t>

o3 te ">"te "533er" 6ec$5"e o3 te%r 7$c?.

A& $5to$t%o& ">"te $88re""e" te r%$r> "o5rce" o3 oer$t%&' co"t"

%& te"e !$>"

•Mo&%tor%&'. Te $5to$t%o& ">"te co&t%&5o5"7> o&%tor" e$c !e77$&8 %t" r%$r> $r$eter" "o eo7e 8o&t &ee8 to "e&8 %te

tr$:e77%&' $ro5&8 te 3%e78, cec?%&' !e77", c$&'%&' $&8 re$8%&'

c$rt", etc.

• Co&tro7. Te $5to$t%o& ">"te co&t%&5o5"7> co&tro7" te r$te o3 '$"

%&;ect%o& %&to e$c !e77 "o eo7e 8o&t &ee8 to $8;5"t co&tro7 co?e"

or :$7:e". A&8, te $5to$t%o& ">"te c$& 8o t%" 5c ore

e33ect%:e7> "%&ce %t c$& re"o&8 %e8%$te7> to ro67e" !ere$"

eo7e c$& &ot.

• S5r:e%77$&ce. Te $5to$t%o& ">"te 5"e8 te co77ecte8 8$t$ to

cec? 3or $7$r%&' co&8%t%o&" $&8 e:$75$te !e77 $&8 ">"te

er3or$&ce. It 8oe" t%" o& $ co&t%&5o5" 6$"%" $&8 reort" to

ro85ct%o& oer$tor" o& $& e@cet%o&H 6$"%" "o eo7e "e&8 t%e

"o7:%&' ro67e", &ot 7oo?%&' 3or te.

c. Reduce or contain #as-lift ca"ital costs. G$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te"

$?e ot%5H 5"e o3 %&;ect%o& '$". I& $&5$77>/oer$te8 ">"te",

!e77" $re o3te& o:er %&;ecte8. Tere c$& 6e $ te&8e&c> to ;5"t%3> $88%&'

ore core""%o& c$$c%t> o& te teor> t$t ore '$" %" 'oo8. Tere

$:e 6ee& 8oc5e&te8 c$"e" !ere %&"t$77$t%o& o3 $88%t%o&$7

core""or" $" 6ee& 8e3erre8 to e7%%&$te8 6ec$5"e te !e77" !ere

ot%%<e8 !%to5t $88%&' ore '$" %&;ect%o&.

8. Reduce or contain #as-lift maintenance costs. +ec$5"e '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& ">"te" e7 8etect ro67e" $&8 te%r c$5"e", te> '%:e

%&"%'t %&to correct%:e $ct%o&" &ee8e8 to "o7:e ro67e". T%" e7"

re85ce $%&te&$&ce co"t" 6ec$5"e oer$tor" ?&o! !$t $%&te&$&ce

$ct%o&" $re &ee8e8 $&8 !e& te> $re &ee8e8.




For %&"t$&ce, %& $ $&5$77>/oer$te8 3%e78, te re$ct%o& to $&> '$"/7%3t

ro67e $> 6e to 577 $&8 re7$ce te '$"/7%3t :$7:e". +5t te ro67e

$> 6e !%t o&e $rt%c57$r :$7:e, !%t too 5c or too 7%tt7e %&;ect%o&, !%t

>8r$te 3or$t%o&, or "oe oter ore/e$"%7> correcte8 ro67e.

e. O"timi6e oil "roduction in oil )ells. I& $&> $&5$77>/oer$te8 o%7

!e77", tere %" $ te&8e&c> to 6e "$t%"3%e8 %3 te !e77 %" o& ro85ct%o&, '$" %"

6e%&' %&;ecte8, $&8 "oe ro85ct%o& %" occ5rr%&'. o!e:er, te oer$t%o&

$> 6e 3$r 3ro eco&o%c$77> ot%5.

A '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te ?&o!" te eco&o%c ot%5 %&;ect%o& $&8

ro85ct%o& r$te" o3 e$c !e77 c$& co&t%&5o5"7> !or?" to ?ee e$c !e77 $"

c7o"e to ot%5 $" %t c$&.

3. O"timi6e #as "roduction in #as )ells. Te "$e c$& 6e "$%8 3or '$"

!e77". I& $&5$77>/oer$te8 ">"te", eo7e $re "$t%"3%e8 %3 '$" %" 6e%&'

%&;ecte8 $&8 ore '$" %" 6e%&' ro85ce8.

A '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te co&t%&5o5"7> %&;ect" ;5"t te r%'t $o5&t o3

'$" to $%&t$%& cr%t%c$7H 37o!. T%" $> 6e ore or 7e"" '$" t$& !o578

6e %&;ecte8 %& $ $&5$77>/oer$te8 ">"te, 65t %t %" te r%'t $o5&t to

?ee te !e77 8e7%=5%3%e8 $&8 ro85ct%o& $t %t" ot%5 r$te.

'. O"timi6e #as-lift #as utili6ation. A" e&t%o&e8 e7"e!ere, te :o75e

o3 %&;ect%o& '$" %& $ ">"te %" ($7o"t) &e:er e=5$7 to te "5 o3 te

eco&o%c ot%5 %&;ect%o& r$te" 3or $77 o3 te !e77" "er:e8 6> te

">"te.

I& $&5$7 oer$t%o&", %t %" (&e@t to) %o""%67e to $77oc$te te $o5&t o3

'$" t$t %" c5rre&t7> $:$%7$67e ot%$77>. T%" %" $rt%c57$r7> tr5e !e& te$:$%7$67e $o5&t 3re=5e&c> c$&'e" 85e to core""or ro67e",

ro85ct%o& 3$c%7%t> ro67e", ro67e" %& oter !e77", etc.

G$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te" co&t%&5o5"7> $8;5"t te %&;ect%o& r$te %&to

"e7ecte8 !e77" to ?ee te ">"te %& 6$7$&ce $&8 ?ee e$c !e77 $" c7o"e

$" o""%67e to %t" eco&o%c %&;ect%o& r$te.

. !eal )it$ "roduction constraints7 suc$ as e9cess )ater "roduction.

I& "oe c$"e", %t %"&t o""%67e to ot%%<e o%7 $&8or '$" ro85ct%o&

!%to5t t$?%&' oter 3$ctor" %&to co&"%8er$t%o&. I& "oe c$"e", ot%%<%&'

o%7 ro85ct%o& $> %&cre$"e !$ter ro85ct%o&, or '$" ro85ct%o&, toe@cee8 te c$$c%t> o3 te e@%"t%&' ro85ct%o& 3$c%7%t%e". Or, tere $> 6e

3%e78" !%t $ %@t5re o3 co&t%&5o5" '$"/7%3t, %&ter%tte&t '$"/7%3t, $&8 85$7

'$"/7%3t !e77". It $> 6e &ece""$r> to co&tro7 "oe !e77" 8%33ere&t7> to

'$%& te o:er$77 'oo8 3or $77 o3 te !e77" %& te ">"te.

It c$& 6e (:%rt5$77>) %o""%67e to 8e$7 !%t te"e "%t5$t%o&" !%t $&5$7

oer$t%o&". o!e:er, $ '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te c$& $&87e te"e




co&"tr$%&t" $&8 oer$te te o:er$77 ">"te $&8 %t" !e77" %& $ $&&er t$t

%" 6e"t 3or $77 !e77" $&8 3$c%7%t%e" co&"%8ere8.

%. Use to .alidate )ell tests and:or "roduction rates. %t '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o&, %&3or$t%o& 3or e$c '$"/7%3t !e77 %" '$tere8 6e3ore, 85r%&',

$&8 $3ter e$c !e77 te"t. A7"o, te %&;ect%o& r$te %&to $ !e77 o& te"t c$& 6e

e78 co&"t$&t, e:e& %3 te r$te" %&to oter !e77" 5"t c$&'e.

F5rterore, te $5to$t%o& ">"te ro:%8e" %&3or$t%o& to 8eter%&e, or

$t 7e$"t e"t%$te, te c5rre&t 8et o3 %&;ect%o& $&8 oer$t%&' 6otto/o7e

re""5re. T%" c$& 6e 5"e8 !%t te c5rre&t %&37o! er3or$&ce

re7$t%o&"% (IPR) 3or te !e77 to e"t%$te te !e77" c5rre&t ro85ct%o&

r$te. T%" c$& 6e co$re8 !%t te c5rre&t !e77 te"t r$te to e%ter

:$7%8$te (or =5e"t%o&) te !e77 te"t re"57t", $&8or to e7 8%$'&o"e

ro67e" %& te !e77.

;. En$ance safety of #as-lift o"erations. M$&5$7 oer$t%o&" re=5%re t$t

eo7e tr$:e7 to !e77" $&8 co&85ct $&5$7 oer$t%o&" o& 7$t3or", !e77 ;$c?et", $&%3o78", !e77e$8", etc. A5to$t%o& o3 te"e oer$t%o&"

8oe"&t e7%%&$te te &ee8 3or $&5$7 %&ter:e&t%o&, 65t %t 8oe"

"%'&%3%c$&t7> re85ce er"o&&e7 e@o"5re.

?. En$ance en.ironmental "rotection of #as-lift o"erations. I3 tere %" $

7e$? or oter "5r3$ce ro67e, te '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te c$&

reco'&%<e $&8 re"o&8 %e8%$te7> to te ro67e 6> t5r&%&' o33 te '$"

to te !e77. T%" c$& %&%%<e 7o""e" $&8 e&:%ro&e&t$7 8$$'e.

7. Im"ro.e understandin# and effecti.eness of o"eratin# staff . O3te&

ro85ct%o& oer$tor" o&7> "ee !$t" $e&%&' o& te "5r3$ce. A '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& ">"te ro:%8e" %&"%'t %&to !$t" $e&%&' 8o!&o7e

• Te re""5re ro3%7e" %& te c$"%&' $&&57" $&8 t56%&'.

• Te "t$t5" o3 te oer$t%&' :$7:e(") $&8or co?e.

• Te oer$t%&' 6otto/o7e re""5re,

• Te o"%t%o& o3 te 6otto/o7e re""5re o& te IPR c5r:e, $&8 t5"

te ote&t%$7 ro85ct%o& r$te %&cre$"e o""%67e %3 te !e77 c$& 6e

ot%%<e8 $&8or oer$te8 8eeer.

• Te re"o&"e o3 te !e77 to ore or 7e"" '$" %&;ect%o&.

0+' Gas-lift automation ris3s 2Cleon !un$am4

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" te r%"?" t$t $> 6e $""oc%$te8 !%t $ '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& ">"te, $&8 o! te> $> 6e $77e:%$te8 to $c%e:e $ "5cce""357

">"te.




$. Te ">"te $> er3or oor7> or 6e 5&8er/5t%7%<e8 85e to 7$c? o3 tr$%&e8

"t$33

6. Tere $> 6e ro67e" c$5"e8 6> %&"tr5e&t 3$%75re"

c. Tere $> 6e ro67e" c$5"e8 6> co&tro7 ">"te 3$%75re"

8. Te ">"te $> 6e 5&8er/8e7o>e8 85e to oor co"t e"t%$te".

e. Te '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te $> 6e %&co$t%67e !%t oter

$5to$t%o& ">"te" %& te 3%e78

3. Loo? $t te re"e&t$t%o& o& !> ro;ect" 3$%7.H

0+/ Gas-lift o"timi6ation 2Cleon !un$am4

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" eto8" 5"e8 to ot%%<e $ '$"/7%3t ">"te !e&

5"%&' '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o&.

$. Deter%&e te ot%5H tec&%c$7 $&8or eco&o%c '$"/7%3t %&;ect%o& r$te

3or e$c !e77

6. Co&tro7 e$c !e77 to oer$te $t or &e$r %t" ot%5 r$te

c. M%&%%<e 7o""e" %3 7e"" t$& ot%5 '$" %" $:$%7$67e

8. M%&%%<e !$"te %3 ore t$& ot%5 '$" %" $:$%7$67e

e. Ot%%<e te '$" %&;ect%o& r$te !e& '$"/7%3t%&' '$" !e77"

3. Ot%%<e o%7 or '$" ro85ct%o& !e& tere $re oter co&"tr$%&t"

0' Gas-Lift Automation >ard)are and oft)are

0'* Gas-lift automation $ard)are issues 2=eit$ (an#meier4

0'+ Gas-lift automation soft)are issues 2Neil de Gu6man7 Larry Peacoc34

0'' "ecial #as-lit automation a""lications 2Cleon !un$am Larry Peacoc37

;o$n Green4

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" te"e "ec%$7 '$"/7%3t $7%c$t%o&" $&8 o! '$"/7%3t

$5to$t%o& c$& 6e 5"e8 to e7 %7ee&t te.

$. Co&t%&5o5" "%&'7e "tr%&' '$"/7%3t

6. Co&t%&5o5" 85$7 "tr%&' '$"/7%3t

c. I&ter%tte&t '$"/7%3t

8. P75&'er/$""%"te8 %&ter%tte&t '$"/7%3t

e. G$"/7%3t o3 '$" !e77"

0'/ Gas-lift database a""lications 2Ric3 Peters4

0/ Gas-Lift Automation Issues

0/* Gas-lift automation "eo"le:staffin# issues 2Cleon !un$am4

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" te"e "ec%$7 '$"/7%3t "t$33 35&ct%o&" $&8 o! te>

&ee8 to 6e %&:o7:e8 !%t '$"/7%3t ">"te" to $?e te e33ect%:e.

$. G$"/7%3t $&$'ee&t

6. G$"/7%3t e&'%&eer"




c. G$"/7%3t !e77 $&$7>"t"

8. G$"/7%3t oer$tor"

e. G$"/7%3t tec&%c%$&"

3. G$"/7%3t "o3t!$re "t$33

'. G$"/7%3t "er:%ce co$&> "t$33

. G$"/7%3t co&"57t$&t"

%. Oter"

0/+ Trainin# re1uired for #as-lift automation 2Cleon !un$am7 Larry

Peacoc34

T%" "ect%o& 8%"c5""e" te"e '$"/7%3t tr$%&%&' 35&ct%o&" $&8 o! te> c$& 6e

5"e8 to $?e '$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& ">"te" 6ecoe $&8 re$%& e33ect%:e.

$. Tr$%&%&' 7e:e7"

/ A!$re 7e:e7

/ &o!7e8'e$67e 7e:e7

/ S?%77e8 7e:e7

$. G$"/7%3t $5to$t%o& co5r"e"6. G$"/7%3t e&tor"

c. O&e/o&/o&e tr$%&%&'

8. O&/7%&e tr$%&%&'

e. O&/7%&e e7H ">"te"

3. Co5ter/6$"e8 tr$%&%&'

00 Gas-Lift Automation Case >istories

00* Case $istories ? successful #as-lift automation systems 2Grant

!orman4

00+ Case $istories ? unsuccessful #as-lift automation systems 2Grant!orman7 tan Groff4




@ Anne9es




<iblio#ra"$y

I&3or$t%:e re3ere&ce" 5"e8 %& t%" 8oc5e&t

API RP 11, Recoe&8e8 r$ct%ce 3or 8e"%'& o3 co&t%&5o5" 37o! '$" 7%3t

%&"t$77$t%o&" 5"%&' %&;ect%o& re""5re oer$te8 :$7:e". / 2&8 e8%t%o&.

API RP 11, Recoe&8e8 Pr$ct%ce 3or Re$%r, Te"t%&', $&8 Sett%&' G$" L%3t

$7:e"

ISO 10/1, Petro7e5 $&8 &$t5r$7 '$" %&85"tr%e" Dr%77%&' $&8 ro85ct%o&e=5%e&t P$rt 1 S%8e/oc?et $&8re7"

ISO 10/2, Petro7e5 $&8 &$t5r$7 '$" %&85"tr%e" Dr%77%&' $&8 ro85ct%o&e=5%e&t P$rt 2 F7o!/co&tro7 8e:%ce" 3or "%8e/oc?et $&8re7"

ISO 10/, Error Re3ere&ce "o5rce &ot 3o5&8

ISO 10/4, Error Re3ere&ce "o5rce &ot 3o5&8

api rp 19g12 --- master copy --- version 2009-12-03

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