api 580 - rbi question bank

7/26/2019 API 580 - RBI Question Bank

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Combo with API 580 STUDY EXAM and 10 others183 terms !Large Study file

1. A physical condition or release of hazardous material that could result fromcomponent failure and result in human injury or death, loss or damage, or

environmental degradation.

(a) Hazard(b) Loss(c) failure

2. Limitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of a particularevent.

(a) mitigation(b) reduction(c) residual

3. Methods that use engineering judgment and experience as the bases for the analysisof probabilities and consequences of failure.

(a) Qualitative risk assessment(b) Relative risk(c) Nominal risk

4. An analysis that identifies and delineates the combinations of events and estimatesthe frequency of occurrence for each combination and estimates the consequences.

(a) Quantitative risk analysis

(b) Qualitative risk analysis(c) Process hazard analysis

5. (blank) uses logic models depicting combinations of events.

(a) Quantitative risk analysis(b) Qualitative risk analysis(c) Process hazard analysis

6. Quantitative risk analysis logic models generally consist of (blank) and (blank)

(a) Event tree and fault tree(b) Product trees and loss tree(c) Likelihood trees and consequence trees


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7. (blank) delineate initiating events and combinations of systems successes andfailures

(a) Event trees(b) Fault trees(c) Logic trees

8. The accuracy of any type of RBI analysis depends on what?

Sound methodology quality data knowledgeable personnel

9. Fault trees depict what?

The system failures represented in the event can occur.

10. The susceptibility of each equipment item should be clearly defined for currentand projected operating conditions including what factors?

(a) normal operation(b) upset conditions(c) normal start up and shut down(d) idle or out-of-service timer(e) emergency shutdown and subsequent start-up

11. What is risk?

Risk is the combination of the probability of some event occurring during atime period of interest and consequences associated with the event inmathematical terms.

12. What is the equation of risk?

Risk = Probability * Consequence

13. Risk Management

Is a process to assess risk, to determine if risk reduction is required anddevelop a plan to maintain risk at an acceptable level.

14. Risk reduction is what?

The act of mitigating a known risk that is deemed to be too high and lower to a

more acceptable level of risk with some form of risk reduction activity.

15. Condition-based inspection

Inspection intervals/due dates become more dependent on the equipmentcondition.


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16. What is the RBI process capable of generating?

a. A Ranking by relative risk of all equipment evaluated.b. A detailed description of the inspection plan to be employed for each

equipment itemc. A description of any other risk mitigation activities

d. The expected risk levels of all equipment after the inspection plan and otherrisk mitigation activities have been implemented

e. Identification of risk drivers.

17. What is RBI benefits.

a. an overall reduction in risk for facilities and equipment assessed.b. An acceptance/understanding of the current risk.

18. What are R.B.I. limitations or things it will not compensate for?

a. Inaccurate or missing information.

b. Inadequate design or faulty equipment installation.c. Operating outside the acceptable IWOd. not effectively executing the planse. Lack of sound engineering or operational judgment.

19. What equipment is covered under this RP for RBI?

a. Pressure Vesselsb. Process Pipingc. Storage Tanksd. Rotation Equipment pressure-containing componentse. Boiler and Heater - pressurized components

f. Heat Exchangersg. Pressure Relief Devices

20. What equipment is not covered under the API 580 RBI?

a. instruments and system controlsb. electrical systemsc. structural systemd. machinery components (except pump and compressor castings.

21. Who is the target audience for this Recommended Practice (R.P.) 580 R.B.I.?

The inspection and engineering personnel who are responsible for themechanical integrity and operability of equipment covered by thisrecommended practice.

22. A.C.C.

American Chemistry Council


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23. A.I.C.h.E.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers

24. A.L.A.R.P.

As low as reasonably practical

25. A.N.S.I.

American National Standards Institute

26. A.S.M.E.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

27. A.S.N.T.

American Society of Nondestructive Testing

28. A.S.T.M.

American Society of Test Materials

29. B.L.E.V.E.

Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion

30. C.C.P.S.

Center for Chemical Process Safety

31. C.O.F.

consequence of failure

32. E.P.A.

Environmental Protection Agency

33. F.M.E.A.

failure modes and effects analysis

34. H.A.Z.O.P.

hazard and operability assessment


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35. I.O.W.

integrity operating window

36. I.S.O.

International Organization for Standardization

37. L.O.P.A.

layers of protection analysis

38. M.O.C.

Management of change

39. M.S.D.

material selection diagrams

40. N.A.C.E.

National Association of Corrosion Engineers

41. NDE

nondestructive examination

42. NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

43. O.S.H.A.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

44. P.H.A.

process hazards analysis

45. P.M.I.

positive material identification

46. P.O.F.

probability of failure


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47. P.S.M.

process safety management

48. P.T.A.S.C.C.

polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking

49. P.V.R.C.

Pressure Vessel Research Council

50. QA/QC

quality assurance/quality control

51. Q.R.A.

Quantitative risk assessment

52. R.B.I.

Risk-based inspection

53. R.C.M.

reliability-centered maintenance

54. R.M.P.

risk management plan

55. S.I.L.

safety integrity level

56. T.E.M.A.

Tubular Exchangers Manufactures Association

57. T.N.O.

The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research

58. U.T.

ultrasonic testing


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59. absolute risk

An ideal and accurate description and quantification of risk.

60. acceptable risk

A level of risk that is acceptable to the owner-user.

61. A.L.A.R.P.

as low as reasonably practical A concept of minimization that postulates thatattributes (such as risk) can only be reduced to a certain minimum undercurrent technology and with reasonable cost.

62. components

Parts that make up a piece of equipment or equipment item. For example apressure boundary may consist of components (pipe, elbows, nipples, heads,

shells, nozzles, stiffening rings, skirts, supports, etc.) that are boltedor welded into assembles to make up equipment items.

63. consequence

An outcome from an event. There may be one or more consequences from anevent. Consequences may range from positive to negative. However,consequences are always negative for safety aspects. Consequences maybe expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.

64. corrosion specialist

A person who is knowledgeable and experienced in the specific processchemistries, corrosion degradation mechanisms, materials selection, corrosionmitigation methods, corrosion monitoring techniques, and their impact onpressure equipment.

65. cost-effective

An activity that is both effective in resolving an issue (e.g. some form ofmitigation) and is a financially sound use of resources.

66. damage (or deterioration) mechanism

A process that induces micro and/or macro material changes over time that areharmful to the material condition or mechanical properties. Damagemechanisms are usually incremental, cumulative, and, in someinstances, unrecoverable. Common damage mechanisms include corrosion,stress corrosion cracking, creep, erosion, fatigue, fracture, and thermal aging.


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67. damage (or deterioration) mode

The physical manifestation of damage (e.g. wall thinning, pitting, cracking,rupture).

68. damage tolerance

The amount of deterioration that a component can withstand without failing.

69. design premise

Assumptions made during the design (e.g. design life and corrosion allowanceneeded).

70. deterioration

The reduction in the ability of a component to provide its intended purpose ofcontainment of fluids. This can be caused by various damage mechanisms (e.g.

thinning, cracking, mechanical). Damage or degradation may be used in placeof deterioration.

71. equipment

An individual item that is part of a system. Examples include pressure vessels,relief devices, piping, boilers, and heaters.

72. event

Occurrence of a particular set of circumstances. The event may be certain oruncertain. The event can be singular or multiple. The probability of an event

occurring within a given period of time can be estimated.

73. event tree

An analytical tool that organizes and characterizes potential occurrences in alogical and graphical manner. The event tree begins with the identification ofpotential initiating events. Subsequent possible events (including activationof safety functions) resulting from the initiating events are then displayed asthe second level of the event tree. This process is continued to developpathways or scenarios from the initiating events to potential outcomes.

74. external event

Events resulting from forces of nature, acts of God, sabotage, or events such asneighboring fires or explosions, terrorism, neighboring hazardous materialreleases, electrical power failures, forces of nature, and intrusions of externaltransportation vehicles, such as aircraft, ships, trains, trucks, or automobiles.External events are usually beyond the direct or indirect control of personsemployed at or by the facility.


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75. facility

Any location containing equipment and/or components to be addressed underthis RP.

76. failure

Termination of the ability of a system, structure, equipment or component toperform its required function of containment of fluid (i.e. loss of containment).Failures may be unannounced and undetected at the instant of occurrence(unannounced failure). For example, a slow leak under insulation may not bedetected until a pool of fluid forms on the ground or someone notices a drip orwisp of vapor. A small leak may not be noticed until the next inspection(unannounced failure), e.g. slow leakage from buried piping or small leak in aheat exchanger tube; or they may be announced and detected by any numberof methods at the instance of occurrence (announced failure), e.g. rupture of apipe in a process plant or sudden decrease in pressure in the system.

77. failure mode

The manner of failure. For RBI, the failure of concern is loss of containment ofpressurized equipment items. Examples of failure modes are small holes, cracks,and ruptures.

78. Fitness-For-Service assessment

A methodology whereby damage or flaws/imperfections contained within acomponent or equipment item are assessed in order to determine acceptabilityfor continued service.

79. hazard

A physical condition or a release of a hazardous material that could result fromcomponent failure and result in human injury or death, loss or damage, orenvironmental degradation. Hazard is the source of harm. Components that areused to transport, store, or process a hazardous material can be a source ofhazard. Human error and external events may also create a hazard.

80. hazard and operability study - HAZOP study

A HAZOP study is a form of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). HAZOPstudies, which were originally developed for the process industry, use

systematic techniques to identify hazards and operability issues throughout anentire facility. It is particularly useful in identifying unforeseen hazardsdesigned into facilities due to lack of information, or introduced into existingfacilities due to changes in process conditions or operating procedures. Thebasic objectives of the techniques are:


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81. inspection

Activities performed to verify that materials, fabrication, erection,examinations, testing, repairs, etc., conform to applicable code, engineering,and/or owner's written procedure requirements. It includes theplanning, implementation, and evaluation of the results of inspection activities.

The external, internal, or on-stream assessment (or any combination of thethree) of the condition of pressure equipment.

82. integrity operating window IOW

Established limits for process variables that can affect the integrity of theequipment if the process operation deviates from the established limits for apredetermined amount of time.

83. management of change MOC

A documented management system for review and approval of changes in

process, equipment or piping systems prior to implementation of the change.

84. mitigation

Limitation of any negative consequence or reduction in probability of aparticular event.

85. probability

Extent to which an event is likely to occur within the time frame underconsideration. The mathematical definition of probability is "a real number inthe scale 0 to 1 attached to a random event." Probability can be related to a

long-run relative frequency of occurrence or to a degree of belief that an eventwill occur. For a high degree of belief, the probability is near one (1).Frequency rather than probability may be used in describing risk. Degrees ofbelief about probability can be chosen as classes or ranks like"rare/unlikely/moderate/likely/almost certain" or"incredible/improbable/remote/occasional/probable/frequent."

86. process unit

A group of systems arranged in a specific fashion to produce a product orservice. Examples of processes include power generation, acid production, fueloil production, and ethylene production.


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87. qualitative risk analysis

An analysis that uses broad categorizations for probabilities and consequencesof failure. Methods that use primarily engineering judgment and experience asthe basis for the determination of probabilities and consequences offailure. The results of qualitative risk analyses are dependent on the

background and expertise of the analysts and the objectives of the analysis.FMEA and HAZOPs are examples of qualitative risk analysis techniques thatbecome QRA methods when consequence and failure probability values areestimated along with the respective descriptive input.

88. reassessment

The process of integrating inspection data or other changes into the riskanalysis.

89. relative risk

The comparative risk of a facility, process unit, system, equipment item orcomponent to other facilities, process units,systems, equipment items, orcomponents, respectively.

90. residual risk

The risk remaining after risk mitigation.

91. risk

Combination of the probability of an event and its consequence. In somesituations, risk is a deviation from the expected. When probability and

consequence are expressed numerically, risk is the product.

92. risk acceptance

A decision to accept a risk. Risk acceptance depends on risk criteria.

93. risk analysis

Systematic use of information to identify sources and to estimate the risk. Riskanalysis provides a basis for risk evaluation, risk mitigation and risk acceptance.Information can include historical data, theoretical analysis, informed opinions,and concerns of stakeholders.

94. risk assessment

Overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation.


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95. risk avoidance

Decision not to become involved in, or action to withdraw from a risk situation.The decision may be taken based on the result of risk evaluation.

96. risk-based inspection - RBI

A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss ofcontainment of pressurized equipment in processing facilities, due to materialdeterioration. These risks are managed primarily through equipment inspection.

97. risk communication

Exchange or sharing of information about risk between the decision maker andother stakeholders. The information may relate to the existence, nature, form,probability, severity, acceptability, mitigation, or other aspects of risk.

98. risk criteria

Terms of reference by which the significance of risk is assessed. Risk criteriamay include associated cost and benefits, legal and statutory requirements,socio-economic and environmental aspects, concerns of stakeholders, prioritiesand other inputs to the assessment.

99. risk driver

An item affecting either the probability, consequence, or both such that itconstitutes a significant portion of the risk.

100. risk estimation

Process used to assign values to the probability and consequence of a risk. Riskestimation may consider cost, benefits, stakeholder concerns, and othervariables, as appropriate for risk evaluation.

101. risk evaluation

Process used to compare the estimated risk against given risk criteria todetermine the significance of the risk. Risk evaluation may be used to assist inthe acceptance or mitigation decision.

102. risk identification

Process to find, list, and characterize elements of risk. Elements may include:source, event, consequence, probability. Risk identification may also identifystakeholder concerns.


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103. risk management

Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk.Risk management typically includes risk assessment, risk mitigation, riskacceptance, and risk communication.

104. risk mitigation

Process of selection and implementation of measures to modify risk. The termrisk mitigation is sometimes used for measures themselves.

105. risk reduction

Actions taken to lessen the probability, negative consequences, or bothassociated with a particular risk.

106. semi-quantitative analysis

A semi-quantitative analysis includes aspects of both qualitative andquantitative analyses.

107. source

Thing or activity with a potential for consequence. Source in a safety context isa hazard.

108. stakeholder

Any individual, group or organization that may affect, be affected by, orperceive itself to be affected by the risk.

109. system

A collection of equipment assembled for a specific function within a processunit. Examples of systems include service water system, distillation systems,and separation systems.

110. turnaround

A period of down time to perform inspection, maintenance, or modificationsand prepare process equipment for the next operating cycle.


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111. toxic chemical

Any chemical that presents a physical or health hazard or an environmentalhazard according to the appropriate material safety datasheet. Thesechemicals (when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin) cancause damage to living tissue, impairment of the central nervous system,

severe illness, or in extreme cases, death. These chemicals may also result inadverse effects to the environment (measured as ecotoxicity and related topersistence and bioaccumulation potential).

112. unmitigated risk

The risk prior to mitigation activities.

113. The basis for a qualitative probability of failure analysis is:

a. consequenceb. probability

c. POFd. engineering judgment

d. engineering judgment

114. Regardless of whether a more qualitative or a quantitative analysis is used, thePOF is determined by two main considerations:

a. damage mechanisms and inspection effectivenessb. probability x consequencec. damage mechanisms and damage modesd. internal and external damage

a. damage mechanisms and inspection effectiveness

115. Combinations of process conditions and _____________________ for eachequipment item should be evaluated to identify active and credible damagemechanisms:

a. pressures and temperaturesb. probability x consequencec. materials of constructiond. COF

c. materials of construction


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116. It is important to link the damage mechanism to the most likelyresulting_________________:

a. failure analysisb. failure modec. consequence

d. probability

b. failure mode

117. In general, an RBI program will be managed by plant inspectors or inspectionengineers, who will normally manage risk by managing the POF with inspection andmaintenance planning. They will not normally have much ability to modify the____________________:

a. process flowb. failure modec. POF

d. COF

d. COF

118. The consequence of loss of containment is generally evaluated as loss of fluid tothe____________________:

a. process flowb. groundc. external environmentd. unit

c. external environment

119. A quantitative method involves using a _________________________depictingcombinations of events to represent the effects of failure on people, property, thebusiness and the environment :

a. POF and COFb. risk analysisc. logic modeld. Moore's Law

c. logic model


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120. Results of a quantitative analysis are usually __________________:

a. consequenceb. numericc. logic modelsd. Buccheim's Law

b. numeric

121. It is important to stress that the ________________________ of the data shouldmatch the complexity of the RBI method used :

a. precisionb. accuracyc. analysisd. validation

a. precision

122. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative _________________ of theRBI analysis:

a. precisionb. detailc. correctnessd. accuracy

d. accuracy

123. It is important to stress that the ________________________ of the data should

match the complexity of the RBI method used :

a. precisionb. accuracyc. analysisd. validation

a. precision

124. ________________in the hydrocarbon process industry are addressed in API 571:

a. Pressure Vessel

b. Piping Inspectionc. Damage mechanismsd. Relief Valves

c. Damage mechanisms


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125. Failure modes identify how the damaged componentwill_____________________:

a. leakb. crackc. react to contaminants

d. fail

d. fail

126. The RBI team should consult with a __________________________ to define theequipment damage mechanisms:

a. RBI analystb. reliability specialistc. corrosion specialistd. engineer

c. corrosion specialist

127. Identifying trace constituents (ppm) in addition to the primary constituents in a____________can be very important as trace constituents can have a significant affecton the damage mechanisms:

a. processb. materialc. temperature bandd. pressure vessel

a. process

128. Once a credible damage mechanism(s) has been identified, the associated_______________ should also be identified:

a. referenceb. materialc. temperatured. failure mode

d. failure mode

129. In some cases, damage by one mechanism may progress to a point at which a

different mechanism takes over and begins to dominate the rate of _____________:

a. damageb. disseminationc. throughputd. failure

a. damage


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130. The probability analysis in an RBI program is performed to estimate theprobability of a specific adverse consequence resulting from a ____________thatoccurs due to a damage mechanism(s):

a. damage mechanismb. event

c. loss of containmentd. failure

c. loss of containment

131. It should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss ofcontainment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited toall EXCEPT the following:

a. seismic activityb. truck off-loadingc. design error

d. sabotage

b. truck off-loading

132. It should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss ofcontainment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited toall EXCEPT the following:

a. seismic activityb. truck off-loadingc. design errord. sabotage

b. truck off-loading

133. Changes in the __________________, such as pressure, temperature or fluidcomposition, resulting from unit abnormal or upset conditions should be considered inthe RBI assessment:

a. processb. metallurgyc. P&IDd. design

a. process


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134. The _______________ of the data should be consistent with the RBI methodused:

a. accuracyb. precisionc. completeness

d. quantification

b. precision

135. An RBI study may use a qualitative, semi-quantitative and/or quantitativeapproach. A fundamental difference among these approaches is the amount and detailof:

a. probability and consequenceb. accuracy and precisionc. input, calculations and outputd. damage mechanisms and failure modes

c. input, calculations and output

136. Generally, a qualitative analysis using broad ranges requires a higher level ofjudgment, skill and understanding from the user than a more________________________ approach:

a. probabilisticb. quantitativec. consequentiald. semi-quantitative

b. quantitative

137. _____________________ uses logic models depicting combinations of events thatcould result in severe accidents and physical models depicting the progression ofaccidents and the transport of a hazardous material to the environment:

a. qualitativeb. PHAc. QRAd. semi-quantitative

c. QRA


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138. The semi-quantitative analysis typically requires the same type of data as aquantitative analysis but generally not as:

a. quantitativeb. detailedc. QRA

d. semi-quantitative

b. detailed

139. The data quality has a direct relation to the relative _________________ of theRBI analysis:

a. precisionb. detailc. correctnessd. accuracy

d. accuracy

140. As is true in any inspection program, data validation is essential for a number ofreasons. Among the reasons for inspection data quality errors are all of the followingEXCEPT :

a. outdated drawings and documentationb. high corrosion ratesc. inspection errord. clerical and data transcription errors

b. high corrosion rates

141. Unfortunately, when this __________________ step has not been a priority beforeRBI, the time required to do it gets included with the time and resources necessary todo a good job on RBI, leaving the wrong impression with some managers believing thatRBI is more time consuming and expensive than it should be :

a. precision and accuracyb. planningc. probability x consequenced. data validation

d. data validation


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142. The selection and type of _______________ used by a facility can have asignificant impact on RBI results:

a. rules and regulationsb. codes and standardsc. RBI analysis

d. precision and accuracy

b. codes and standards

143. Facilities approaching the end of their economic or operating service life are aspecial case where ___________________________ can be very useful. The end of lifecase for plant operation is about gaining the maximum remaining economic benefitfrom an asset without undue personnel, environmental or financial risk:

a. development of damage mechanismsb. creation of integrity operating windowsc. removal of high risk equipment

d. application of RBI

d. application of RBI

144. The scope of an RBI assessment may vary between an entire refinery or plant anda single component within a single piece of equipment. Typically, RBI is done onmultiple pieces of equipment (e.g. an entire process unit) ratherthan______________________:

a. on damage mechanisms aloneb. on a single componentc. on damage factors

d. on failure modes alone

b. on a single component

145. If the scope of the RBI assessment is a multi-unit facility, the first step in theapplication of RBI is screening of entire process units torank________________________:

a. absolute riskb. damage mechanismsc. relative riskd. probability

c. relative risk


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146. It is often advantageous to group equipment within a process unit into____________________ where common environmental operating conditions exist basedon process chemistry, pressure and temperature, metallurgy, equipment design andoperating history:

a. systems, loops, or circuits

b. probability, consequence, or riskc. bacon, lettuce, and tomatod. qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative

a. systems, loops, or circuits

147. _________diagrams for the unit may be used to identify the systems includinginformation about metallurgy, process conditions, credible damage mechanisms andhistorical problems:

a. Piping and Instrumentationb. Block flow or process flow

c. Vessel and pipingd. PCMS

b. Block flow or process flow

148. In most plants, a large percentage of the total unit risk will be concentrated in arelatively small percentage of the____________________. These potential high-riskitems should receive greater attention in the risk assessment:

a. total unit rewardb. probabilityc. consequence

d. equipment items

d. equipment items

149. When emergency systems (e.g. flare systems, emergency shutdown systems) areincluded in the RBI assessment, their service conditions during both_______________________should be considered:

a. up and down periodsb. metallurgiesc. routine operations and upsetd. intermittent

c. routine operations and upset


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150. The purpose of establishing _______________is to identify key processparameters that may impact deterioration:

a. risk matricesb. set pointsc. operational boundaries

d. probability

c. operational boundaries

151. Process conditions during start-up and shutdown can have a significant effect onthe risk of a plant especially when they are more severe (likely to cause accelerateddeterioration) than normal conditions, and as such should be considered for allequipment covered by the RBI assessment. A good example is____________________:

a. General corrosionb. external corrosionc. HF Acid corrosion

d. polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking

d. polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking

152. The normal operating conditions may be most easily provided if there is a processflow model or ____________________ available for the plant or process unit:

a. P&IDb. mass balancec. flow ratesd. process rates

b. mass balance

153. Codes and legal requirements vary from one ____________________to another:

a. inspectionb. statec. jurisdictiond. PSM

c. jurisdiction

154. An RBI assessment is a ______________________process:

a. team-basedb. requiredc. tiresomed. PSM mandated

a. team-based


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155. From the understanding of ________________, an inspection program may bedesigned that optimizes the use of inspection and plant maintenance resources:

a. probabilityb. consequencec. risks

d. criteria

c. risks

156. The results of managing and reducing risk are all of the following EXCEPT:

a. avoided losses of containmentb. improved safetyc. inspection deferrald. avoided commercial losses

c. inspection deferral

157. Reducing inspection costs is usually not the primary objective ofan__________________, but it is frequently a side effect of optimization:

a. RBI assessmentb. ALARPc. HAZOPd. risk analysis

a. RBI assessment

158. More effective infrequent inspections may be substituted for less effective

frequent inspections:

a. trueb. falsec. maybed. I don't know

a. true

159. RBI focuses efforts on areas where the ___________________risks exist :

a. lowest

b. greatestc. probabled. newest

b. greatest


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160. Changing metallurgy of components can reduce _______________________:

a. PSMb. ALARPc. COFd. POF

d. POF

161. Reduce or limiting available inventories can reduce by what:

a. PSMb. ALARPc. COFd. POF

c. COF

162. An RBI assessment made on new equipment or a new project, while in the designstage, may yield important information on potential risks. This may allow potentialrisks to be (blank) and have a risk-based inspection plan in place prior to actualinstallation:

a. minimized by designb. reduced by halfc. removedd. mitigated

a. minimized by design

163. The objective of RBI is to direct management's decision process of prioritizingresources to ______________________:

a. Save moneyb. manage riskc. fix stationary equipmentd. PHA's and HAZOP's

b. manage risk

164. Impending failure of pressure equipment is not avoided by inspection activitiesunless the inspection precipitates risk mitigation activities that change the

____________ :

a. ALARPb. POFc. COFd. PHA

b. POF


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165. The primary product of an RBI effort should be an _________________________for each equipment item evaluated:

a. probability and consequenceb. risk planc. mitigation plan

d. inspection plan

d. inspection plan

166. For risks considered unacceptable, the plan should contain the mitigation actionsthat are recommended to reduce the ________________ to acceptable levels:

a. unmitigated riskb. risk planc. probability and consequenced. risk matrix

a. unmitigated risk

167. The Fitness-For-Service assessment is often accomplished through the knowledgeand expertise of the inspector and engineers involved when deterioration is withinknown acceptable limits, but on occasion will require an engineering analysis such asthose contained in API_______:

a. 571b. 579c. 580d. 572

b. 579

168. Some risks cannot be adequately managed by inspection alone. Examples whereinspection may not be sufficient to manage risks to acceptable levels are:

a. equipment nearing retirementb. failure mechanisms (such as brittle fracture, fatigue)c. consequence-dominated risksd. all of the above

d. all of the above


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169. The risk-based inspection methodology is intended to complement other risk-based and safety initiatives. The output from several of these initiatives can provideinput to the RBI effort, and RBI outputs may be used to improve safety and risk-basedinitiatives already implemented by organizations. Below are examples of some ofthese other initiatives EXCEPT the following :

a. PHAb. LOPAc. ALARPd. OSHA PSM

c. ALARP

170. Potential hazards identified in a PHA will often affect the ______________ side ofthe risk equation:

a. POFb. COF

c. PSMd. PCMS

a. POF

171. The RBI system will improve the focus of the inspection plan, resulting in astrengthened _____ program:

a. PSMb. COFc. POFd.PCMS

a. PSM

172. Equipment _______________________ programs can provide input to theprobability analysis portion of an RBI program:

a. inspectionb. risk managementc. OSHAd. reliability

d. reliability


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173. What is the R.B.I. process capable of Generating?

1) a ranking by relative risk of all equipment evaluated;2) a detailed description of the inspection plan3) a description of any other risk mitigation activities4) the expected risk levels of all equipment after the inspection plan and other

risk mitigation activities have been implemented;5) identification of risk drivers.

174. The primary work products of the RBI assessment and management approach areplans that address ways to manage risks on an equipment level. These equipmentplans highlight risks from a safety/health/environment perspective and/or from aneconomic standpoint. RBI plans should include cost-effective actions along with aprojected risk mitigation. Implementation of these plans provides one of thefollowing:

a) an overall reduction in risk for the facilities and equipment assessed,b) an acceptance/understanding of the current risk.

175. Table 1Three Levels of POF

Possible Qualitative Rank Annual Failure Probability or FrequencyLow 0.01

176. Table 2Six Levels of POF

Possible Qualitative Rank Annual Failure Probability or FrequencyRemote 0.1

177. Qualitative POF Analysis

A qualitative method involves identification of the units, systems or equipment,the materials of construction and the corrosive components of the processes.On the basis of knowledge of the operating history, future inspectionand maintenance plans and possible materials deterioration, POF can be

assessed separately for each unit, system, equipment grouping or individualequipment item. Engineering judgment is the basis for this assessment. APOF category can then be assigned for each unit, system, grouping orequipment item. Depending on the methodology employed, the categories maybe described with words (such as high, medium, or low) or may havenumerical descriptors (such as 0.1 to 0.01 times per year).


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178. Quantitative POF Analysis

There are several approaches to a quantitative probability analysis. Oneexample is to take a probabilistic approach where specific failure data orexpert solicitations are used to calculate a POF. Another approach is usedwhen inaccurate or insufficient failure data exists on the specific item of

interest. In this case, general industry, company or manufacturer failure dataare used. A methodology should be applied to assess the applicability of thesegeneral data.

179. Identification of credible damage mechanisms and failure modes for equipment ina risk analysis is essential to blank and the blank of the risk analysis.

(a) Damage mechanisms(b) Quantitative risk(c) Quality and effectiveness

(c) Quality and effectiveness

180. Risk presented in quantitative risk analysis as a:

(a) Precise numeric value(b) Form of risk Matrix(c) Form of event tree and Fault tree.

(a) Precise numeric value

181. Damage mechanisms include corrosion, cracking, mechanical and metallurgicaldamage. Understanding damage mechanisms is important for:

a) the analysis of the POF;b) the selection of appropriate inspection intervals/due dates, locations and

techniques;c) the ability to make decisions (e.g. modifications to process, materials

selection, monitoring, etc.) that can eliminate or reduce the probability of aspecific damage mechanism.

182. Failure modes identify how the damaged component will fail (e.g. by leakage orby rupture). Understanding failure modes is important for three reasons:

a) the analysis of the COF,b) the ability to make run-or-repair decisions,

c) the selection of repair techniques


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183. Economic loss for consequences may be placed into categories that have pre-defined ranges:

Category 1 Catastrophic Economic Loss Range >$100,000,000Category 2 Major Economic Loss Range > $10,000,000 < $100,000,000Category 3 Serious Economic Loss Range > $1,000,000 < $10,000,000

Category 4 Significant Economic Loss Range > $100,000 < $1,000,000Category 5 Insignificant Economic Loss Range < $10,000

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