aphg unit two review population. intro to population the world’s population is currently greater...
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Demography The study of population characteristics is called demography Demographic statistics include: Crude Birth Rate: the number of live births per 1,000 people in the population Crude Death Rate: the number of deaths per 1,000 people in the populationTRANSCRIPT
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APHG Unit Two Review
Population
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Intro to Population
The world’s population is currently greater than 6.5 billion people
Population has been increasing for as long as humans have been on the planet
During the last 100 years, the world’s population has exploded
Population Explosion: a crisis in some LDC’s where the country’s resources cannot support the growing population
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Demography
The study of population characteristics is called demography
Demographic statistics include:Crude Birth Rate: the number of live births per
1,000 people in the populationCrude Death Rate: the number of deaths per
1,000 people in the population
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Overpopulation
Overpopulation is defined as the lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population of a defined areaIncludes food, water, and shelter
Carrying capacity: the ability of the land to sustain a certain number of organismsOverpopulation occurs when the population
exceeds the carrying capacityHabitable land is called ecumene
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The Five Too’s…again
People tend not to live in areas where it is too hot, too cold, too hilly (two), too wet, or too dry
Because of this, humans occupy a small part of the planet
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Underpopulation
Some parts of the world are underpopulated
Underpopulation occurs when an area is sparsely populated and dominated by agriculture Example: Midwest
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Population Density
Arithmetic Density: divides the population by land area; also called population density
Physiological Density: divides the total population by the land used by humans
Agricultural Density: the number of farmers divided by the amount of arable land
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Malthus
Thomas Malthus was a British economist who wrote in the late 1700’s
He claimed that the rate of population was growing at a faster rate than food productivityMalthus was first to use the term overpopulation
His concern was that population was growing at exponential rate, and agricultural production was growing at linear rate
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Types of Growth
Linear Growth: growth that occurs evenly across each unit of time
Exponential Growth: growth as a percentage of the total population
Example: Imagine a village with 100 people with a 10 percent growth rateLinear Growth: the population increases by ten every
yearExponential growth: the population increases by 10 the
first year, 11 the second year, and so onAfter ten years, the first village would have 200. The
second village would have 234.
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Criticisms of MalthusMalthus was correct about the population
growth, but not the agricultural productionNew inventions and technology increased
productivityThe world currently can produce enough food to
feed itselfneo-Malthusians: the theory that if there are
multiple minority groups and no majority groups in a population, the growth rate will eventually resemble the growth rate of the fastest-growing group within the countryUS will have exponential growth due to immigration
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Demographic Transition Model
Indicator of what will happen to a society or country’s population
Based on three factors: the birth rate, the death rate, and the total population
Has four or five stagesEvery country goes through each stage,
and does not regress, unless disaster occurs
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Stage 1: Hunting and Gathering
Society has a low populationHigh Birth RateHigh Death RatePopulation growth determined by food
supplyWhen food abundant, people have more
childrenWhen food scarce, people abstain
Examples: Aborigines of Australia
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Stage 2: Agricultural Society
Rapid population growth occursBirth rates stay highDeath rates decline sharply due to food
sources and better medical careThe majority of the population is involved
in farming; mainly subsistenceBasic technologyChildren seen as security
Example: Liberia
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Stage 3: Industrial Society
Population growth still grows, but not as rapidly as in stage 2
Birth rates declineDeath rates declineIndustrial Revolution: began in the mid-
1700’s in Europe that allowed many countries to adopt mechanized system of farmingChildren become liability instead of asset
Example: Bolivia
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Stage 4: Tertiary Societies
Characterized by zero-population growthBirth rates equal death ratesSociety moves from industry to service
based societyNatural Increase Rate is at or below 2Some countries are experiencing negative
population growthExample: Germany and Japan
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More population statistics:
Infant Mortality Rate: the number of babies per 1,000 that die before their first birthday
Total Fertility Rate: the number of babies the average woman delivers during her childbearing years
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Population Distributions
Demography is not only about the population numbers, but about the characteristics of the population itself
Sex ratio: the number of males compared to females in a population
Population Pyramid: a visual representation of a country’s population
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High, Slow & Negative Growth
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Population Structure
Population projections: make predictions of future populations
Dependency Ratio: the number of people aged 0-14 or over 65 that rely on other people to take care of them
Demographic momentum: a continued population increase as a result of a large segment of the population being young
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More stats…
Demographic Equation: the global births minus the global deaths and determines population growth for the world
Doubling Time: the amount of time it will take the population to double in size
Sustainability: saving resources for future generations so that they can live at the same or higher standard than people living today
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Curves:
J-Curve: developed by Ian Bremmer; places countries on a scale determined by their openness and stability; graphically illustrates the population explosion
S-Curve: looks at population growth along the Demographic Transition Model
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Population J-Curve
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Population Increase:
Medical Advances: New medicines and inoculations; disease diffusion does not occur as frequently as it used to
Quantity and Quality of Food: increases in Agricultural technology have increased food supply
Ethnic and Religious Issues: Birth control is forbidden in some religions
Economic Issues: Population increases in agricultural society, and decreases in tertiary societies
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Population Decreases
Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, famines, and plagues can wipe out a large percentage of the population
War or Political Turmoil: death by war and refugees
Economic Issues: main reason people migrate is for economic opportunities