1. 1. Water Treatment Technologies : An Indian Perspective
2. 2. Our Portfolio APAS WATER SOLUTIONS Pvt. Ltd., specializes in areas of water and waste water management. The company is manned by dedicated staffs under the guidance of technocrats with more than 70 years of experience in this field. We have an experience of working with water treatment pioneers like M/s Ion Exchange (India) Ltd., Mumbai for more than 20 years . Our experience is wide due to association with leading industrial groups such as TVS, Ashok Leyland, Rane, TI, Shakti, Bannariamman etc. We have involved in many prestigious projects and technology missions. Delivering quality water treatment systems has been our prime focus.
3. 3. Our Vision We deliver best quality of water treatment solution to our clients in short time. Our dedicated team members have been successful in providing customized design setups. We fabricate water treatment systems on based of our clients need. We focus on providing a sustainable technology in terms of water quality and cost of maintenance. We cater to all type of markets and clients need. Strong belief in after sales service support forms important part of the value added services we offer.
4. 4. Objectives of the Presentation Necessity of Water Treatment Technologies Understanding Important Terminologies Studying Processes
5. 5. Purpose of Treating Water To manage water discharged from different sectors i.e., Industrial, Households and other Commercial Sectors. Reduction of threats towards water pollution. Prevention of toxic chemicals being discharged in water bodies. Reuse them for different purposes. Channelize waste in such a way that doesnt contaminates our surroundings. Preserves the physical, chemical and biological properties of water.
6. 6. Water Parameters Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): It is the measure of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms in a water body to breakdown the organic material present in a water sample. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): It is the measure of organic chemicals present in water. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) : It is a measure organic and inorganic material present in water sample. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) : It is the measure of solid particles present in the water sample. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) : It is the measure of nitrogen and ammonia present in the water sample.
7. 7. continued Parts Per Million (ppm): The concentration of solid particles in water is measured in parts per million/ out of a million. It can also be referred as milligrams/litre (mg/l). pH : Logarithmic reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution. Carbonate Hardness: The hardness in water caused by the bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium.
8. 8. Types of Water Treatment Systems Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) For treating waste water from Commercial Sectors Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) For treating waste water from Household, Foods and Beverages Industries
9. 9. Steps Involved in Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) Pre- Treatment Preliminary Treatment Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment
10. 10. Illustrating Treatment Processes Figure 1: Treatment Processes
11. 11. Pre- Treatment Process It primarily occurs in Industrial or Pharmaceutical Sectors. Prior to the discharge the water is treated. The water is checked out to have no chemicals or substances. The organization is needed to process out all the contaminants. Effluent from the industries containing high chemical or metal levels contaminates water bodies, aquatic animals and people residing near water bodies. Effluent from industries are subjected to treatment according to the norms of water boards.
12. 12. Preliminary Treatment Process Effluents moves in the local treatment plants primarily by the help of gravity flow. Removal of large objects and non- degradable materials by using bar screen and grit chambers. Protects pumps and other materials from getting damaged or blocked. The grit chamber removes rocks, gravel, broken glasses etc. The mesh screen traps everything above the size of 6mm. The debris trapped in the bar screen or grit chamber are taken to the landfills.
13. 13. Figure 2: Preliminary Treatment
14. 14. Primary Treatment Process The waste water flow in this process is slowed down and suspended solids settles to the bottom due to gravity. The material settled at the bottom of the clarifier is now known as sludge or bio-solids. It greatly reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D levels from the waste water. In this process the fats, lipids and foams from the clarifier are skimmed off from the surface of the water. These floating material can cause trouble to the water treatment system in later stages.
15. 15. Figure 3: Primary Treatment
16. 16. Secondary Treatment Process The waste water after the primary treatment is passed on to the trickling filters/ aeration chambers. Secondary treatment helps in removing B.O.D further to a greater extent. This level of treatment involves biological treatment of water. It utilizes bacteria and algae's to metabolize organic matter in the waste water. After aeration/ trickling process the water is allowed to settle down further for the removal of sludge Sludge obtained here is dried and can be used as manure. The water can be discharged to the water bodies now.
17. 17. Figure 4: Secondary Treatment
18. 18. Illustrating Important Components
19. 19. Clarifier 5.Launder 1. Sewage Inlet Pipe 2. Centre Feed Well 3. Bottom 4. Weir 5. Launder 6. Outlet Pipe 7. Squeegers 8. Collection Pit 9. Motor 10. Speed Reduction Gear 11. Shaft 12. Frame 13. Platform or Bridge Figure 5: Clarifier
20. 20. Aeration Tank 1. Air Supply Pipeline 2. Fine Bubble Diffusers/ Air Spargers Figure 6: Aeration Tank
21. 21. Bar Screen Chamber 1. Inlet Pipe 2. Debris 3. Sediments in Sewage Water 4. Grill 5. Screened Sewage 6. Outlet Pipe 7. Platform with Weep HolesFigure 7: Bar Screen Chamber
22. 22. Oil and Grease/ Grit Trap 1. T- Joint 2. Minimum Level 3. Fat and Scum 4. Grit and Solids 5. Baffle Plate 6. Waste Water free from Fats and Scum 7. Outlet Figure 8: Oil and Grease/ Grit Tap
23. 23. Pressure Sand Filter (PSF) Figure 9: Pressure Sand Filter
24. 24. Activated Carbon Filter (ACF) Figure 10: Activated Carbon Filter
25. 25. Desalination and Reverse Osmosis Process of removing salts and other minerals from water; this process can also be referred as tertiary treatment. Water is desalinated in order to convert the salt water to fresh water suitable for human consumption. This technology is extremely costly as it requires a huge amount of energy and specialized infrastructure. Uses membrane to desalinate applying reverse osmosis techniques. Uses semi-permeable membrane and pressure to separate salts from water. Less energy usage compared to thermal distillation; provides fresh water to medicals, industries and household sectors.
26. 26. Differentiating Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis Water molecules are forced to move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration by applying a huge amount of pressure is termed as Reverse Osmosis. Water molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane is termed as Osmosis.
27. 27. Reverse Osmosis Process Description The solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane, while pure solvent is allowed to pass on the other side. The membrane is designed only to allow water molecules to pass through and trap other large molecules. Pressure applied must overcome the natural osmotic pressure. 600-1200 psi of pressure must be used for sea water, as it has natural osmotic pressure of 390 psi. Reverse osmosis has proved to be quite efficient and is very popular in all segments of water treatment.
28. 28. M-1 M-2 M-3 Pre- Treatment P Permeate Reject Figure 11: Reverse Osmosis Layout (Single Array)
29. 29. Upflow Sludge Blanket Filtration (USBF)TM A latest technology launched by ECOfluid. Its a modification of conventional activated sludge process that incorporates an anoxic selector zone and an upflow sludge blanket filter. Incorporates aeration zone, clarifier and anoxic zone in a single tank. The only mechanical equipment involved is blower for aeration and air lifting return sludge. Requires less space for installation and low power consumption.
30. 30. Figure 12: USBF Bioreactor
31. 31. References South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. (n.d.). Septic systems in coastal South Carolina for professional real estate professionals. Retrieved November 20, 2009. United State Geological Survey. (n.d.). South Florida Information Access - Hydrogeology of a Dynamic System in the Florida Keys: A Tracer Experiment. Retrieved December 15, 2009. Bowman, J.J., Lough Ree: an investigation of eutrophication and its causes, Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Environmental Protection Agency, Waste Water Treatment Manuals: Preliminary Treatment, 1995. Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, McGraw and Hill Publishing Company, 3' Ed., 1991.
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