APAH REVIEWPART I

Paleolithic Sculpture

• Woman of Willendorf

•28,000 BCE

•Served as fertility image (?).

•No facial features

•Ball-like, abstract shapes

•Emphasis= reproduction parts of female body

Paleolithic Painting

• Lascaux Hall of Bulls• C.13,000 BCE• Naturalistic, well observed• Animals placed randomly• Natural groundline• Deep recesses of caves• Spiritual (?)

Neolithic

•Landscape with Volcanic Eruption

•6150 BCE

•World’s 1st landscape, real place

•1st depiction of place devoid of both humans & animals

•1st painting on manmade wall

Neolithic Structure

• Stonehenge• c2,000 BCE• Salisbury Plain, England• Post and lintel• Megaliths• Cosmic calendar? • Harvest rituals? • Religious? • Summer solstice• heelstone

Old Kingdom Egypt

Khafre

•2520-2494 BCE

•Diorite

•Rigid, Canon of Proportions

•Flawless, ideal body

•Bilaterally Symmetrical

•Houses the “Ka”

•Iconography-Unified Egy

•Falcon= Horus

New Kingdom Egypt•Akhenaton

•1353-1335 BCE

•AMARNA period

•Moved capital

•Elongated face, full lips, and curves

•Crook and flail

•Departs from Canon of

Proportions (grid)

Sumerian

• Votive Figures

•Tell Asmar site

•c2600 BCE

•Limestone figures

•Surrogate figures

•Placed in temple shrine

•Conical forms

Assyrian

•Lamassu

•720 BCE

•High relief, textures

•Characteristics

•5 legs=conceptual

•Human head, beard

•Bull body w/ wings

Persian

•Ambassadors Processional frieze•Persepolis, Iran, c500 BCE

•At audience hall of Darius & Xerxes•Reliefs on staircases, representatives of 23 subject nations bringing gifts•Subtly modeled surfaces•Drapery echoes Archaic Greek sculpture

Minoan

•Bull Leaping fresco

•1450-1400 BCE

•Bull is elongated, movement

•Women have fair skin, Man has dark skin

•Narrative, probably religious ritual

Cycladic

• •Figurine of a Woman

•2500-2300 BCE

•Characteristics

•Abstract, flat

•Triangles dominate

•Emphasis on breasts

•Incised lines

•Fertility goddess (?)

Mycenaean

• • Lion Gate

•1300-1250 BCE

•Characteristics

•Capped with a huge lintel

•Above lintel is corbelled arch

•Relieving triangle

Archaic Greek Sculpture

• Kouros

•600 BCE

•Commemorative

•Life-size, nude, young men are kouroi and life-size, clothed, young women are korai

•Emulates the stance of Egyptian statues

•Left foot advanced

•Nude Perfect body

Archaic Greek Architecture

• Temple of Hera I

•550 BCE

•Characteristics

•Doric Temple

•Peripteral, Colonnade

•Columns= entasis

Classical Greek Sculpture

•Doryphoros, Spear Bearer by Polykleitos

•450 BCE

•Greece’s Golden Age

•Contrapposto

•“The Canon”= set standards for ideal

•Perfect, harmonious ratios

Classical Greek Architecture

•Parthenon•447-438 BCE

•Numerous optical refinements – •ded. to Athena Parthenos

•Perfect, harmonious proportions in Doric temple design•Golden ratio throughout plan

•Doric columns ext, interior Ionic frieze

Hellenistic Greek Sculpture

•Seated Boxer

•100-50 BCE

•Heavily Battered, defeated veteran

•Nose broken, teeth missing

•Appealed to the emotions

•Realism

Etruscan

                                          

   

•Etruscan Couple Sarcophagus

•c500 BCE

•Terracotta

•Happy memorial

•Portrait coffin

•m/f interaction

•Smooth, stylized bodies

Roman Sculpture

•Augustus of Primaporta

•1st century CE

•Emperor as general

•Based on Spear Bearer

•Portrait head

•Chestplate=victory over Parthians

•Cupid= proclaims his divine descent

Roman Architecture

•Pantheon

•120 CE

•Temple of all the gods

•Uninterrupted interior space

•Concrete dome

•Oculus

Early Christian Mosaic

•Good Shepherd

•c 425 CE

•Christ with flock

•Lunette over door

•Some classical elements

•Illusionistic shading

•Stylized landscape

•Stars of Heaven

•Halo, gold, purple

Byzantine Architecture

•

                                        

•Hagia Sophia

•535 CE

•Characteristics

•Mystical Quality of light floods interior

•Central plan w/

Longitudinal axis

•Pendentives for the dome

Byzantine Mosaic

• Justinian and Attendants

• 550 CE, San Vitale, Ravenna• Church + State• Propaganda• Emperor at altar Christlike• Tesserae gold shimmering• Chi Rho on shield• Soldiers left• Priests right

Byzantine Painting

• •Virgin (Theotokos) and Child

•C. 1200 CE

•Virgin of Compassion

•Mary style=long nose long fingers, small mouth

•Use of gold back

•Gold rays in Christ child’s robes

•Placed before altars

Hiberno-Saxon•Chi-Rho-Iota page

•Book of Kells, c. 900

•Manuscript illumination

•Initial letters of Jesus in Greek= XPI

•Gospel of Matthew

•Holy words into intricate abstract designs

•Recalls Celtic metalwork

•Angel, human, animal figs

Carolingian

•Saint Matthew, Folio 15

•800 CE

•Charlemagne’s Gospel Book

•Illusionistic brushwork

•Color and modulation of light and shade to create shapes

•Roman, classical style and motifs, e.g. toga

Ottonian

•Gero Crucifix

•c. 970

•Monumental suffering

•Statue and reliquary

•Much more dramatic

than earlier depictions

of crucifixion

•Distended body, blood streaks

Romanesque Architecture

•St.- Sernin, Toulouse

•c 1100 CE

•Pilgrimage Church

•Cruciform plan

•Simple ratio geom

•Ambulatory

•Transept

Romanesque Sculpture

•Last Judgment

•Tympanum by Gislebertus

•c1130

•Autun Cathedral

•Christ as judge

•Christ in mandorla

•Souls weighed, Christ’s lft

•Saved souls=Christ’s rght

Gothic Architecture

•Chartres Cathedral

•c 1150 CE

•Stained glass oculi

•Lux nova

•Flying buttresses

•Ribbed groin vaulting

•Spires, verticality

•Heaven on Earth

Gothic Sculpture

•Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory Jamb statues

•Chartres Cathedral, c1230

•Attached to columns but break rigid vertical lines

•Drapery falls softly

•Distinctive personality revealed in faces

Gothic Painting

•God As Architect

•C.1230

•God creates heaven, earth, sun, moon, & all elements

•Architect of the world with compass

•Ink, tempera, gold leaf

Ancient Japan

•Haniwa figure

•c 500

•Cylindrical

•Low-fired clay

•Placed on graves for protection

Ancient Japanese Painting

• Tale of the Genji, c.1125• Handscroll - Story of love+intrigue• Upturned ground, strong diag• Elevated viewpoint omits roofs & ceilings• Flat fields of color

Ancient China

•Travelers Among

•Mountains and Streams

•By Fan Kuan

•c. 1000 CE

•Hanging scroll, ink on silk

•Precise detail

•Smallness of man in nature

•Perspective reads vertically

Islam

•Dome of the Rock, 687-692•1st great achievement of Islamic architecture

•Use of calligraphy on tiles•Site is sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians•Domed octagon, interior= rich mosaic ornament

Ancient North America

•Incised Shell Gorget

•1250-1300 CE

•Characteristics

•Running Warrior

•Composite profile

•Elaborate headdress

•Gifts to the dead

Ancient Mesoamerica

•Colossal Olmec Head

•900-400 BCE

•Mexico

•Basalt, 10’ h.

•Ruler portraits

•Probably not deities

•Intensity of expression

Ancient Africa

•Nok Head

•500 BCE

•Nigeria

•Terracotta

•Flaring nostrils & alert yes are unique to Nok art

•Expressive face

•African context= ritual

Ancient India

•Shiva as Nataraja

•1000 CE

•Nataraja=Lord of the Dance

•Portable image

•Dwarf under feet= ignorance

•Nimbus-circle-of fire

•Drum=universal heartbeat

•Lively w/ central axis

Early Renaissance Sculpture

•Saint Mark by Donatello

•1411-1413

•Contrappasto

•1st with voluminous drapery

•Stirring limbs

•Holds Gospel book

Early Renaissance Painting

•Tribute Money by Massacio

•1427 fresco

•Characteristics

Continuous Narrative Light coming from a specific source

3-D modeling, shadingVanishing Point

Linear, Aerial Perspective Contrapposto Roman figure

EARLY RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

• Foundling Hospital• Filippo Brunelleschi• c.1425, Florence, Italy• Homage to Antiquity• Roman motifs• Math= basis for design• Perfect geometry• Loggia • Medallions by della

Robbia

High Renaissance Sculpture

•David by Michelangelo

•1501-1504

•Formal references to classical antiquity

•Compositionally and emotionally connected to an unseen presence

•Head turned to show pent up energy

•contrapposto

High Renaissance Painting

•School of Athens by Raphael, 1510

•Fresco, Vatican, Rome

•Imaginary gathering of philosophers, scientists

•Summarizes ideals of HR

•References to Antiquity

•Aristotle & Plato at vanishing point, linear perspective

High Renaissance Architecture

• •Capitoline Hill by Michelangelo

•1537

•Organized units symmetrically around a central/ unique axis

•Architecture as human body for Michelangelo

•Trapezoid plane

•Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius