SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK CitationAreferenceorlistingofthekeypiecesofinformation about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The elements of a citation normally include author, title,placeofpublication,publisher,anddateof publicationforabook;andjournaltitle,volume,number, issue,year,andpagenumbersforanarticleorfora journalreference SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORKReferencehat we !uoted in the te"t consists ofauthor name #$ot inverted%,titleandpagesofsourcesitcouldbeas footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK&ibliography 'ntheconte"tofacademicresearch,alistofbooksor referencestosourcescited,forfurtherreading,usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a bookincludesauthornameinverted,title,year,placeof publication, publisher. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK(oot $ote Anynoteusedtofurthere"plainadetailoutsideofthe main te"t. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a pageOP Cited (for reference already gien in li!t"o#$ cited ref No %%& H$M DeitelI'id (for t(e !a)e reference *!e " Various Style ManualsAPA American Psychological AssociationMLA Modern Language Association Chicago Style Chicago Manual of StyleTurabian Style based on Chicago StyleHarvard Referencing SystemASA American Sociological AssociationC! " Council of iology !ditors#hat is the APA Style$Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association%n &'(') the APA *ublished a manual +ith instructions for authors on ho+ to *re*are manuscri*ts for *ublication in *sychology ,ournalsLater used for theses) term *a*ers) etc-Latest edition .th in (//idely used in the social sciences0eneral 0uidelines"&Ty*e or *rint on one side only of heavy) +hite) unruled *a*er Pa*er si1e2 34 5 && inches6ouble"s*ace the entire *a*erLeft ,ustify te7t only Leave a minimum one"inch margin on the sides) to*) and bottom of each *age8umber *ages consecutively in the to* right corner) beginning +ith the title *age9ust before the *age number) use a shortened form of the title as a header0eneral 0uidelines"(:ont si1e &("*ointTimes Roman or Courier are acce*table ty*efaces;nly blac< toner%ndent *aragra*hs ."= s*aces8o more than (= lines of te7t *er *ageHeadings+ie leel!C!8T!R!6 >PP!RCAS! H!A6%80Centered >**ercase and Lo+ercase HeadingCentered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase HeadingFlush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase HeadingIndented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading, ending with a period, with following text starting on the same line.8umbers%n general +rite as +ords all numbers from one to nine and use numerals for all numbers &/ and over-8ever begin a sentence +ith a numeral-Seriation#ithin *aragra*h or sentence2 use lo+ercase letter in *arenthesesPartici*ants considered ?a@ some alternative courses of action) ?b@ the factors inAuencing the decision) and ?c@ the *robability of success-Se*arate *aragra*hs2 number each *aragra*h +ith an arabic numeral) follo+ed by a *eriod&- egin +ith *aragra*h indent- Ty*e second and succeeding lines Aush left-(- The second item begins a ne+ *aragra*h-Tables0rade8umber of Vie+ing HoursReading Level:irst 0rade . " &/ hours (-3Second 0rade &B " (/ hours (-BThird 0rade && " &. hours C-(ote. Reading level refers to average reading level for students in that year and month of school-Table (Reading Le!el for First Through Third "raders Children :iguresFigure #. Pie chart of total salesComputing Systems 42%Imaging and Printing Systems 41%IT Services 14%Other 3%Citations%n"te7t citationalso calledParenthetical citationAuthor"date referenceReference list%nformation 8eeded for CitationAuthor or Authoring ody6ate of *ublicationTitle of the +or