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    Using APA Style 1

    Running head: USING APA STYLE: A BRIEF GUIDE

    Using APA Style: A Brief Guide to Formatting Papers

    Binghamton University

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    Using APA Style 2

    Using APA Style: A Brief Guide to Formatting Papers

    Finding Information in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

    (APA)

    APA TOPIC PAGE NUMBER(S)

    Abbreviations 103-111

    Appendixes 205-207, 299-300

    Figures 176-201, 302

    Font (typeface) 285-286

    Headings (levels of) 111-115, 289-290

    Margins 286-287

    Numbers 122-130

    Order of Manuscript Pages 287-288

    Page Headers 288

    Page Numbers 288

    Punctuation 78-88, 290-291

    Quotations 117-122, 292-293

    Reference Citations (in text) 207-214

    Reference List 215-231, 299

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    Using APA Style 3

    Order of Manuscript:

    1. Title page (separate page)2. Abstract (separate page)3. Text (start on a separate page)4. References (start on a separate page)5. Appendixes (start each on separate page)

    Title Page:

    T

    itle should be 10 - 12 words Byline = Author's Name + Institutional Affiliation

    Author First Name + Middle Initial + Last Name(Omit all titles and degrees)

    Institutional Affiliation "Binghamton University"

    Title & Byline title caps, double-space, center-aligned, center vertically

    Instructor's Name [NOTE: This information is NOT APA, but PLEASE

    include!] Header = Page Header + 5 spaces + Page Number

    Page Header First 2 or 3 words from the title

    Page Number Title Page = page 1

    Header title caps, double-spaced

    Running Head = The words "Running head:" + ABBREVIATED TITLE

    Abbreviated title MAX 50 characters, all uppercase letters

    Running head

    top of page, left-aligned

    Subsequent Page Formatting: First Page of Text

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    Using APA Style 4

    Font size should be 12 points

    Double-space between all lines (i.e., set the line spacing to 2)

    Do NOT use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing

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    Using APA Style 5

    Capitalization and Alignment:

    lower case no letters are capitalized Title Case (Title Caps) Only the Important Words are Capitalized

    Sentence case (Sentence caps) Only the first word is capitalized

    UPPER CASE ALL LETTERS ARE CAPITALIZED

    Left Alignment

    Center-Alignment

    Right-Alignment

    These lines are justified both left and right since the words on the page extend toboth the left and right margins. For text within the body of your paper, use leftalignment and NOT the left and right justification.

    Headings:

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    Using APA Style 6

    How to Determine Which Levels of Heading to Use:

    # OF HEADING LEVELS INMANUSCRIPT

    HEADING LEVELS (STYLES) USEDAND ORDER OF USE

    1 Level 1

    2 Level 1Level 3

    3 Level 1Level 3

    Level 44 Level 1

    Level 2Level 3Level 4

    5 Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4

    FOR EXAMPLE: Suppose you have an outline as follows:

    OUTLINE FORMAT HEADING LEVEL (STYLE) USED

    Title of Paper Level 1I. Topic 1 Level 3

    A. Subtopic 1A

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    Using APA Style 7

    A. Subtopic 3A

    Level 4

    B. Subtopic 3B Level 4

    C. Subtopic 3C

    Level 4

    Note that the paper actually has three levels of headings: (a) Title (b) RomanNumerals (Topic), and (c) Capital Letters (Subtopic).

    Refer to the table entitled "How to Determine Which Levels of Heading to Use."If a paper that has three levels of headings (left column), then the correctHeading Levels (Styles) used are 1, 3, and 4 (right column).

    Thus, if this paper was formatted using the above outline, the headings wouldappear in the paper as follows on the next page:

    Title of Paper

    Topic 1(italized)

    The purpose of this sample paper is to demonstrate the use of heading levels in a scholarly

    paper. Note that the title is the first level and is center-aligned, and uses upper and lower case

    letters (title capitalization). The next heading level is the first Roman numeral topic and uses

    the level-three heading style. This style is left aligned, underlined, and uses upper and lower

    case letters (title capitalization). Note that the paragraph then starts on the next line below the

    heading and is indented 5-7 spaces Once an introductory paragraph is written the author may

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    Using APA Style 8

    continue in the same manner as this one until all relevant information is discussed. Remember

    to avoid orphans that are just a few words or a single line of a paragraph that appears at the

    very bottom or very top of a page. Always split your paragraphs so that at least two lines of the

    paragraph are on any given page.

    Subtopic 1B. For each subtopic in the paper, the format is consistent with other headings at

    the same level. Thus, subtopic 1B will appear similar to subtopic 1A. The

    heading is indented, underlined, uses sentence capitalization, ends with a period, and the

    paragraph continues on the same line.

    Subtopic 1C. Again, the same style heading is used for subtopic 1C as for subtopics 1A and

    1B. When this section is complete and the author is ready to move onto the next section.

    Topic A

    Topic A would then continue in this manner . . .

    NOTE: For DSON papers, headings labeled the same as the sections in thepaper are very helpful for faculty!

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    Using APA Style 9

    2. Nondepressed persons exposed to . . . [paragraphcontinues]

    3. Depressed persons exposed to . . . [paragraphcontinues]

    4. Depressed and nondepressed participants in theno-noise groups . . . [paragraph continues]

    NOTE: Series MUST be syntactically and conceptually parallel.Pay particular attention to commas, semi-colons, and periods.

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    Using APA Style 11

    Use words to express:

    numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements and thatare grouped for comparison with numbers below 10

    the numbers zero and one when the words would be easier tocomprehend than the figures or when the words do not appear in context withnumbers 10 and above

    any number that begins a sentence, title, or heading

    common fractions

    universally accepted usage

    Combine figures and words to express numbers for:

    rounded large numbers (e.g., 3 million people)

    back-to-back modifiers (e.g., ten 7-point scales, the first 10 items)

    Decimals, decimal points and zeroes:

    Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than 1

    Do NOT use a zero before the decimal point when the number cannot begreater than 1 (e.g., probabilities)

    Plurals of numbers:

    Add "s" or "es" -- no apostrophe (e.g., fours and sixes, 1950s, 10s and

    20s)

    Tables:

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    Using APA Style 12

    Abbreviations:

    Use sparingly--use only those that will clarify communication with thereader

    Use if the abbreviation is accepted convention or if considerable spacecan be saved and cumbersome repetition avoided

    All acronyms and abbreviations MUST be explained

    First time term used write out term completely then encloseabbreviation in parentheses immediately after (e.g., a complete blood count(CBC) was drawn)

    Subsequently Use abbreviation in text without further explanation

    Do NOT switch between the abbreviated and written-out forms of a term

    Reference List:

    chap. = chaptered. = edition

    Rev. ed. = revised edition2nd ed. = second editionEd. (Eds.) = Editor (Editors)n.d. = no datep. (pp.) = page (pages)Vol. = VolumeVols. = volumesNo. = Number

    Pt. = PartSuppl. = Supplement

    Latin Abbreviations:

    cf. = comparee.g., = for example

    etc. = and so forthi.e., = that isviz., = namelyvs. = versus, against

    Routes of Administration:

    im = intramuscular

    ip = intraperitonealiv = intravenoussc = subcutaneous

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    Using APA Style 13

    In text, refer to appendixes by their labels (e.g., Appendix A contains . . . )

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    Using APA Style 14

    Quotations:

    Direct quotes MUST be accurate

    ALWAYS provide author, year, and specific page citation in the text (see p.118)

    For electronic media, paragraph numbers may be used in place of pagenumbers

    When paraphrasing, authors are not required to provide a page number, but

    are encouraged to do so especially when it would help an interested reader locatethe text

    If original source is incorrect insert the word sic underlined and inbrackets immediately after the error (e.g., if a word is speled [sic] wrong within thequotes)

    Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off materialthat was enclosed by double quotation marks in the original source

    Use double quotation marks within block quotes to set off material that wasenclosed by double quotation marks in the original source

    Place commas and periods within closing single or double quotation marks

    Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when part ofquoted material

    The first letter of the first word of a quote may be changed to uppercase orlowercase

    The punctuation at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax

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    Using APA Style 15

    Enclose with double quotation marks

    Long 40 Block quote--double-spaced block of typewritten lines

    Start on a new line Indent block 5-7 spaces from left margin

    Do NOT indent first paragraph, but indent subsequentparagraphs 5-7 spaces

    No quotation marks

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    Using APA Style 16

    Short Quotes Citation in Mid-sentence:

    She stated, The placebo effect . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in

    this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were

    studied.

    Short Quote Citation at End of Sentence:

    Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous

    studies, disappeared when [only the first groups] behaviors were studied in this

    manner (p. 276). (author+ year + page number)

    Block Quote Citation After Final Punctuation (use block indent)

    Miele (1993) found the following:

    The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies,

    disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the

    behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic]

    drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979)

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    Using APA Style 17

    Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author

    Do NOT include personal communications

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    ALPHABETIZING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE

    SITUATION: RULE EXAMPLE

    Alphabetize letter by letter

    Nothing precedes something

    Brown, J. R.Browning, J. R.

    M', Mc, Mac

    Disregard apostrophe Alphabetize prefixes literally

    MacArthur

    MacNeilMcAllisterM'Carthy

    Names with articles and prepositions

    If prefix is used as part of name

    If prefix is not used as part of name

    DeBaseDe VriesHelmholtz, H. von

    One-author entry by the same author

    Arrange by year of publication, earliest first

    Kim, L. S. (1991).Kim, L. S. (1994).

    One author + multiple author entries with same surname

    Single author precedes multiple author

    Kaufman, J. R. (1991).Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. F. (1987).

    Same first author with different second or third authors

    Alphabetically be surname of subsequent authors

    Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F. (1992).

    Kaufman, J. R., & Wong, D. F. (1989).Letterman, D., Hall, A., & Leno, J. (1993).Letterman, D., Hall, A., & Seinfeld, J. (1993).

    Same authors in the same order

    Arrange by year of publication, earliest first

    Kaufman, J. R., & Jones, K. (1987).Kaufman, J. R., & Jones, K. (1990).

    Same authors in the same order with the same publication date

    Arrange alphabetically by title that follows date (exclude a or the)

    Lowercase letters are placed immediately after the year within theparentheses

    Kaufman, J. R. (1990a). Control . . .Kaufman, J. R. (1990b). Roles of . . .

    Different first authors with same surname

    Arranged alphabetically by first initial

    Elliot, A. L., & Wallston, J. (1983).

    Elliot, G. E., & Ahlers, R. J. (1980).Group author

    Alphabetize by first significant word of name American Psychological Association. (1994).

    No author

    Title moves to the author position

    Alphabetize by first significant word of title

    Mosby's medical, nursing, and allied health dictionary(5th ed).

    Anonymous - No date

    Used if and only if work is signed anonymous Anonymous. (n.d.).

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    FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE

    SITUATION (NAME OF

    JOURNAL)

    EXAMPLE (FORMAT)

    Journal Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages.1 Author Wendler, M. C. (1996). Understanding healing: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24,

    836-842.

    2 Authors (if 2 authors

    place &)

    Lazar, J. S., & O'Connor, B. B. (1997). Talking with patients about their use of alternative therapies.

    Primary Care, 24, 699-713.

    3 - 6 Authors Cribb, A., Bignold, S., & Ball, S. J. (1994). Linking the parts: An exemplar of philosophical and practical

    issues in holistic nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20, 233-238.

    > 6 Authors

    list first 6 authors

    then et al.

    Wells-Federman, C. L., Stuart, E. M., Deckro, J. P., Mandle, C. L., Baim, M., & Medich, C. (1995). The

    mind-body connection: The psychophysiology of many traditional nursing interventions. Clinical

    Nurse Specialist, 9(1), 59-66.

    Continuous Pagination Ward, S. L. (1998). Caring and healing in the 21st century. Maternal Child Nursing, 23, 210-215.

    Pagination by Issue Keegan, L. (1998). Getting comfortable with alternative & complementary therapies. Nursing, 98(4),

    50-53.

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    FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE

    SITUATION EXAMPLE

    Magazine Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume, pages.

    Monthly - Discontinuous

    Pagination

    Yeager, S. (1998, February). A consumer's guide to alternative medicine. Prevention, 50, 86-91,

    166-169.

    Book Author, A. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.

    Edition Dossey, B. M., Keegan, L., & Guzzetta, C. E. (2000). Holistic nursing: A handbook for nursing practice

    (3nd ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.

    Revised Edition Kunz, D. (Ed.). (1995). Spiritual healing(Rev. ed.). Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House.

    Group Author -

    Alphabetized under "B"

    The Burton Goldberg Group. (1993).Alternative medicine: The definitive guide. Puyallup, WA: Future

    Medicine.

    Group Author as

    Publisher

    American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological

    Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Edited Book Cant, S., & Sharma, U. (Eds.). (1996). Complementary and alternative medicines: Knowledge in

    practice. New York: Free Association Books.

    No Author or Editor Nursing 99 drug handbook. (1999). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.(place name of book and publisher)

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    FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE

    SITUATION EXAMPLE

    Chapter in a Book Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In Title of book(pp. pages). Location: Publisher.

    Edited 1 Editor Mulloney, S. S., & Wells-Federman, C. L. (1998). Therapeutic touch: A healing modality. In C. E. Guzetta

    (Ed.), Essential readings in holistic nursing(pp. 296-315). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.

    2 Editors Edition Egan, E. C. (1998). Therapeutic touch. In M. Snyder & R. Lindquist (Eds.), Complementary / alternative

    therapies in nursing(3rd ed., pp. 49-62). New York: Springer.

    3 Editors Edition Dossey, B. M. (1995). The psychophysiology of bodymind healing. In B. M. Dossey, L. Keegan, C. E.

    Guzzetta, & L. G. Kolkmeier (Eds.), Holistic nursing: A handbook for practice (2nd ed., pp. 87-111).

    Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.

    Brochure Author, A. A. (Year). Title of brochure [Brochure]. Location: Publisher.

    Individual Author Eggleston, P. A. (1993). Childhood asthma: A guide for parents [Brochure]. San Ramon, CA: Health

    Information Network.

    Corporate Author Bard Access Systems. (1992). Patient guide: How to care for your Hickman or Broviac catheter

    [Brochure]. Salt Lake City, UT: Author.

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    FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE

    SITUATION EXAMPLE

    Internet Journal Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year,

    from source.Internet Article based on a

    print source - online

    format differs from print

    Lee, R. (1999). Survival of a species: Harvesting the real treasure of the Amazon [Electronic version].

    Holistic Health Journal, 5(2). Retrieved September 16, 1999(kung kelan kinuha), from

    http://holistichealthjournal.com/text/rainforest.txt (place the link)

    Article in an Internet-only

    journal - no volume or

    issue

    Collins, M. S. (1997, August 13). Issues of accreditation: A dean's perspective. Online Journal of

    Nursing. Retrieved September 16, 1999, from http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/tpc4/tpc4_1.htm

    Internet article retrieved

    from a database

    Bragadottir, H. (1998). Every nurse can be an author: On writing for publication [Electronic version].

    Nursing Forum 33(4). Retrieved September 19, 2001 from Infotrac database.

    Individual Work Author, A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved Month Day, year, from source.

    Book - Author

    Reprinted On-line

    Strunk, W. (1999, July). The elements of style (On-line ed.). Retrieved September 19, 2001, from

    http://www.bartleby.com/141/

    http://holistichealthjournal.com/text/rainforest.txthttp://holistichealthjournal.com/text/rainforest.txt
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    FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE

    SITUATION EXAMPLE

    Online Web Page Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of web page. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source.

    Individual Author -

    No Date

    Smith, C. (n.d.). Therapeutic touch. Retrieved September 16, 1999, from

    http://adultpain.nursing.uiowa.edu/Nonpharm/AROMATtt.htm

    Corporate Author American Holistic Nurses' Association. (1998). Standards of holistic nursing practice. Retrieved

    September 16, 1999 from http://ahna.org/standards.html

    No author/date - title in

    author position

    The Neumann systems model. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2001, from

    http://www.lemmus.demon.co.uk/neumodel.htm

    Document retrieved

    from a large complex

    Web site

    Lamos, S. (1998, April 28). Grammar handbook. Retrieved September 19, 2001 from University of Illinois

    at Urbana-Champagne Writers Workshop Web site:

    http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/index.htm

    Considerations for citing Internet sources:

    Credit the author - intellectual property

    Provide sufficient information for the reader to locate the source

    Avoid division of electronic address at the end of a line

    If necessary: divide at a diagonal ( / ), period ( . ), or hyphen ( - ) Do NOT add hyphen or other punctuation

    Do NOT use a period after the address to indicate the end of the element

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    FORMATTING CITATIONS IN TEXT

    SITUATION Author in Text Author in Parentheses

    One Work

    1 Author First citation and

    subsequent citations arethe same

    Wendler (1996) discussed . . . . . . is the basis of all healing (Wendler, 1996).

    2 Authors

    Cite both names everytime

    Lazar and O'Connor (1997) presented . . . . . . is important for maintaining a patient's trust(Lazar & O'Connor, 1997).

    3 - 5 Authors

    First Citation--Cite allauthors

    Subsequent Citations--Cite surname of firstauthor followed by et al.

    Cribb, Bignold, and Ball (1994) described . . .

    Cribb et al. (1994) also delineated . . .

    . . . is fundamental to holistic nursing (Cribb, Bignold,& Ball, 1994).

    . . . as the philosphical basis for nursing (Cribb et al.,1994).

    6 Authors

    First citation andsubsequent citations--Cite surname of firstauthor followed by et al.

    Wells-Federman et al. (1994) also contrasted .. .

    . . . has both a psychologic and physiologic basis(Wells-Federman et al., 1994)

    Two References Shorten tothe Same Form

    Cite surnames of firstauthors and as many ofsubsequent authors asnecessary to distinguishthe two referencesfollowed by et al.

    Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1992) andKosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1992) foundthat . . .

    . . . had similar results (Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, etal., 1992; Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al., 1992).

    Electronic Sources

    If no page numberprovided use paragraphnumber

    (Meyers, 2000, 5) using symbol OR

    (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)using section heading and paragraph withinsection and abbreviation para.

    . . . quoted text material (Meyers, 2000, 5).Beutler (2000) stated:

    Block quote greater than 40 words . . . end ofquotation. (Conclusion section, para. 1).

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    FORMATTING CITATIONS IN TEXT

    SITUATION Author in Text Author in Parentheses

    One Work

    Group as Author The Burton Goldberg Group (1993) stated . . . . . . are philosphically different (The Burton GoldbergGroup, 1993).

    Group as Author withRecognized Abbreviation

    First Citation--give groupauthor with abbreviationin brackets

    Subsequent Citations--use abbreviation only

    In 1998, the Office of Alternative Medicine(OAM) was renamed the National Center forComplementary and Alternative Medicine(NCCAM), and the budget was significantlyincreased as well. According to the NCCAM(1998), the most widely used alternativetherapies are . . .

    . . . has not been fully studied (National Center forComplementary and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM],1998).

    . . . has been reconsidered in light of new research(NCCAM, 1998).

    Work with No Author According to the Nursing 99 Drug Handbook(1999), doses up to 40 mg / kg / day may begiven.

    . . . should not exceed the maximum daily dose(Nursing 99 Drug Handbook, 1999).

    Authors with the SameSurname

    Both E. A. Schuster (1992) and J. Schuster(1997) believe caring for the environment . . . NOTE: Alphabetically by first initial

    Two or More Works

    Same Author

    Order by year ofpublication

    Keegan (1996, 1998) states . . . . . . in understanding hoslitic nursing practice(Keegan, 1996, 1998).

    Different Authors Alphabetical order by first

    author's surname

    Both Hoekstra (1994) and Boschma (1994)explore . . .

    . . . historical as well as scientifiic foundations(Boschma, 1994; Hoekstra, 1994)

    Personal Communications

    NOTE: e-mail and otherunretrievable electronicsources should be cited aspersonal communications

    Professor Johnston stated a need for moreresearch in this area (personalcommunication, September 10, 1999).

    . . . as more research is needed in this area(Y. Johnston, personal communication, September10, 1999).

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    NOTE: When writing papers within the Decker School of Nursing, be sure to maintain confidentiality GIVE INITIALS ONLY!!!

    ( e.g., Y. J. stated feeling . . . ) EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!!!