APA style - Quotations

• Fewer than 40 words - text enclosed in double quotation marks.

• Quotation 1:Miele (1993) found that “The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors were studied in this manner” (p.276).

APA style - Quotations

• Quotation 2:

She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’…disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

APA style - Quotations• More than 40 words - freestanding block (indent about

1/2 in or 5 spaces), double-spaced.• Quotation 3:

Miele (1993) found the following:The “placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappearedwhen behaviors were studied in thismanner. Furthermore, the behaviors werenever exhibited again [italics added], evenwhen reel drugs were administered... (p.276).

APA style - Quotations

• Personal communicationsNo recoverable data, therefore are not included in the reference list. Quotation 4:According to Ms. Lewis, literacy instruction in her classroom is incidental (personal communication, October 12, 2007).

Reference List

• Alphabetize names• Same author entries arranged by year (from

the earliest to the latest)• One-author entries precede multiple-author• Double-spaced• Entries should have a hanging indent

How To Cite a Journal Article

• Journal:

Kernis, M.H., Cornell, D.P., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (4), 1190-1204.

How to Cite am Edited Book or Chapter in an Edited Book

• Edited Book:Robinson, D.N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

• Chapter in an edited book:O’Neil, J.M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In D.N. Robinson (Ed.), Social discourse and moral judgment (pp.107-123). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

How to Cite a Book

• Book:

Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.

How to Cite Electronic Sources

• Electronic sources:Electronic reference formats recommended by the

American Psychological Association. (2000, October 12). Retrieved October 23, 2000, fromhttp://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

Eid, M., & Langeheine, R. (1999). The measurement of consistency and occasion specificity with latent classmodels. Psychological Methods, 4, 100-116. RetrievedNovember 19, 2000, from the PsycARTICLES

database.