Library Guide to APA STYLE: PAPER AND ELECTRONIC

http://www.lonestar.edu/1352.htm

From the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association [APA]. [REF BF76.7 P83 2001] 5th ed. and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (2007) [APA ER]

Citing References in the Paper

Use author and year. For a direct quote, include page number or paragraph number. [APA 3.34] Multiple authors, up to five, should all be cited. For six or more, use the first author’s surname & et al. [APA 3.95] If there is no author, use the first few words of the title and the year. APA 3.97] All sources cited in the text should be included in the Reference List. [APA 4.02] Parenthetical references should immediately follow the quote, even in mid-sentence. The authors’ names may be included in the text (followed by the year and page numbers) in parentheses at the end of the

quote. [APA 3.34]

General Rules for Reference List

All sources in the Reference list should be cited in the text. [APA 4.01] Double space with a hanging indent. [APA 4.03] Italicize titles of books and journals, including the volume number of journals. [APA 4.11] Capitalize only the first word for article titles, book titles, and chapter titles as well as for subtitles. Capitalize all significant

words of a journal name. [APA 4.10-12] Alphabetize by the first significant word of the citation, whether an author or title. [APA 4.04] All authors’ or editors’ names are Surname, A. A. If the author has a suffix such as Jr., separate with a comma. Surname, A.

A., Jr. [APA 4.08] For corporate authors (businesses and organizations), include the entire name. [APA 3.96] For editors, add (Ed.) or (Eds.) after the name or names. [APA 4.08] For references with more than six authors, list the first six names, followed by et al. [APA 3.95] Use the ampersand (&) sign rather than the word “and” before the last author names in a list of up to six. [APA 4.08] If there is no author or editor, begin with the title. [APA 3.97]

Electronic Resources Only

Follow other source information with the statement: Retrieved [month day, year], from [source URL] for open Web material. No retrieval date is necessary for database information. [APA ER, p. 2]

Give issue number for journals, magazines, and newsletters only if each issue begins on page 1 (give issue number in parentheses after the volume number [APA ER, p. 2]

When the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material rather than to the material itself, use: Available from [source]. [APA 4.16 I95]

URLs are only required for Web sites, not databases. Do not place a period after a URL. If DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is available, include the DOI instead of the URL in the reference. Test the DOI [APA ER, p. 2]

Paraphrased, author in text: Smith and Wilson (2000) agree that the moon is green cheese.

Paraphrased: The moon is made of green cheese (Smith & Wilson, 2000),

Direct Quotation: “The moon is green cheese” (Smith & Wilson, 2000, p. 100).

Direct Quotation, no page. # “The moon is green cheese” (Smith & Wilson, 2000, ¶ 3).

Up to five authors “...green cheese.” (Smith, Wilson, Jay, Kent, & Grey, 2000, p.5).

Six or more authors “...green cheese.” (Smith, et al, 2000, p. 5).

No author “The moon is green cheese” (Moon analysis, 2000, p. 100)

Secondary citation Jay, Kent, and Grey 's study (as cited in Smith & Wilson, 2000)

Reference Examples – Books BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR – DETAILED [APA 4.16 B]

Doyal, L. (1995). What makes women sick: Gender and the political economy of health. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

KEY: author (last name, first initial and middle initial) year of publication title place of publication publisher

BOOK WITH EDITORS AND EDITION NUMBER [APA 4.16 B23 & B25]

Noll, M. A. & Harlow, L. E. (Eds.). (2007). Religion and American politics: From the colonial period to the present (2nd ed.). New York:

Oxford University Press.

BOOK WITH TWO TO SIX AUTHORS (more than six authors, after the sixth author use a comma and the words "et al." [not in italics]) [APA 4.16 B]

Kee, H. C., Meyers, E. M., Rogerson, J., & Saldarini, A. J. (1997). The Cambridge companion to the Bible. Cambridge, England:

Cambridge University Press. ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER, EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST [APA 4.16 B24]

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

ARTICLE REPRINTED IN AN EDITED BOOK [APA 4.16 B34 & B40]

Miner, H. (2005). Body ritual among the Nacirema. In J. M. Henslin (Ed.), Down to earth sociology: Introductory readings

(13th ed., pp. 77-91). New York: Free Press. (Reprinted from American Anthropologist, 58 [3], 1956). WORK OR CHAPTER WITHIN A LARGER WORK [APA 4.16 B34]

Nassar, V. H.. (2008). Biopsy. In T. Iron-Georges (Ed.), Magill's medical guide (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 297-328). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

ENCYCLOPEDIA, SIGNED ARTICLE [APA 4.16 B38]

Kingslake, R., & Thompson, B. J. (2002). Optics. In The Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 25, pp. 202-216). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Reference Examples – Journals [APA 4.16A]

Rosenthal, N. (1996). Molecular medicine: Tools of the trade -- recombinant DNA. New England Journal of Medicine,

28, 315-317.

KEY:

author year article title journal title volume pagination or indicator of length

JOURNAL ARTICLE with CONTINUOUS PAGINATION, ONE AUTHOR [APA 4.16 A1]

Few, A. L. (2005). Voices of black and white rural battered women in domestic violence shelters. Family Relations, 54, 488-500.

JOURNAL ARTICLE with JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE [APA 4.16 A2, APA ER p. 2, para. 2]

Burke, A.(2006). “Do you smell fumes?”: Health, hygiene, and suburban life. ESC English Studies in Canada, 32 (4), 147-168.

JOURNAL ARTICLE, SEVEN or more AUTHORS [APA 4.16 A4] (Note the example of hyphenated first names [APA 4.08] )

Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D. G, Wang, Y.-W., Park, H.-J., Wang, L.-F., et al. (2006). Development

and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 107-125.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE [APA 4.16 A6] (Note: Unlike journal articles, magazine citations should include month, or month and day, as given.)

Silk, J. B. (2006, March 3). Who are more helpful, humans or chimpanzees? Science, 311, 1248. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH AUTHOR [APA 4.16 A10]

Walt, K. (1999, September 20). TAAS often only barrier between student, diploma. Houston Chronicle, pp. A1, A8.

MOTION PICTURE (FILM, VIDEOTAPE) [APA 4.16 H65]

Wood, M. (Writer/Director), & Lyons, B. (Producer). (2004). In search of the Trojan war

[Motion picture]. United States: Warner Home Video INTERVIEW [APA 3.102] Because an interview is not recoverable, you do not include it in the references. You may cite in your parenthetical references as (T. Jefferson, personal interview, July 4, 2008). MUSIC RECORDING [APA 4.16H69] (When citing inside paper, include side and band or track numbers.)

Ellington, D. (1926). Mood indigo [Recorded by Duke Ellington and the Cotton Club Orchestra]. On Duke

Ellington: Masterpieces 1926-1949 [CD]. Beckenham, Kent, England: Proper Records. (2001)

Reference Examples – Internet Pages [APA 4.16 I]

Union of Concerned Scientists. (2007, January 5). Global warming solutions: Climate policy update. Retrieved

January 29, 2007, from http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/climate‐policy‐update‐01‐2007.html

KEY: author date document title access date electronic address [If no author #3 takes place of #1.]

WEB SITE WITHOUT AUTHOR OR DATE [APA 4.16 I77] [APA ER #46] China the beautiful: Calligraphy of the masters. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.chinapage.com/china.html PARTIAL WORK, NO AUTHOR [APA 4.16 I76] Serbia (2008, June 20). In CIA world fact book. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rb.html WEB SITE WITH AUTHOR AND UNIVERSITY [APA 4.16 I78] Whitley, P. (1999). American cultural history 1920-1929. Retrieved from Lone Star College-Kingwood: http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade20.html ONLINE PUBLICATION WITHOUT ASSIGNED DOI [APA ER #2 & #24]

Diet and cancer: Prevention and treatment of cancer. (2007). In The Merck manual home edition

(2nd Ed.). Retrieved October 29, 2008, from http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec15/ch182/ch182j.html

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH ASSIGNED DOI [APA ER #1]

Wang, M., Kirk, J.S., Venkataraman, S., Domann, F.E., Zhang, H.J., Schafer, F.Q., et al. (2005). Manganese superoxide

dismutase suppresses hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor.

Oncogene 24, 8154–8166. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208986

MAGAZINE ARTICLE ONLINE [APA 4.16 I72]

Farelly, E. (2008, March/April). Fear of not having had. Orion. Retrieved from http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/2949/ NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ONLINE [APA 4.16 I89]

Stinebaker, J. (1999, August 9). Organ harvesting sparks dispute. Houston Chronicle. Metropolitan. Retrieved

from http://www.chron.com/content/story.html/metropolitan/314054 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT ONLINE [APA 4.16 I80 & 91]

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2008). Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell

disease (AHRQ Publication No. 08-E 007). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS91282

VIDEO WEBLOG POST [APA ER #50]

C-SPAN (2008, October 15). Third 2008 presidential debate (Full Video) [Video File]. Video posted to

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvdfO0lq4rQ

Reference Examples – Electronic Databases

ELECTRONIC BOOK [APA ER #7] Moses, R. P. & Cobb, C. E. (2002). Radical equations. Boston: Beacon Press.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - Electronic [APA 4.16 I88]

Wiens, A. G. (1998). Preoperative anxiety in women. AORN Journal, 68 (1), 74+. Retrieved from

Health Reference Center Academic database.

KEY:

author year article title journal title volume (issue) pagination or indicator of length supplier/database name.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR – Electronic [APA 4.16 A6] (Note: Unlike journal articles, in magazine citation include month, or month and day, as given.) …And children’s bracelets. (2007, May). Child Health Alert. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.