APA Style APA Style GuidelinesGuidelines

(Name-Date Method)(Name-Date Method)

MLA Style GuidelinesMLA Style Guidelines

APA: American Psychological APA: American Psychological AssociationAssociation

Widely used in Social SciencesWidely used in Social Sciences

APA StyleAPA Style

Uses parenthetical citations like Uses parenthetical citations like MLA style, but instead of listing MLA style, but instead of listing author and page, APA lists author author and page, APA lists author and date of publicationand date of publication

This practice covers print-based or This practice covers print-based or electronic sourceselectronic sources

APA StyleAPA Style

Often in behavioural and social Often in behavioural and social sciences reference is made to an entire sciences reference is made to an entire argument or evidence presented, so argument or evidence presented, so page number is not always necessarypage number is not always necessary

Example:Example: There are many remarkable parallels There are many remarkable parallels

between the way artists and scientists look between the way artists and scientists look at the world around us (Shlain, 1991).at the world around us (Shlain, 1991).

APA StyleAPA Style

All the same rules apply to All the same rules apply to quoting in APA as in MLA:quoting in APA as in MLA: Mention the name of the author as Mention the name of the author as

you introduce the quotationyou introduce the quotation If you state the name of the author If you state the name of the author

as you introduce the quotation, the as you introduce the quotation, the citation will consist of date of citation will consist of date of publication onlypublication only

APA StyleAPA Style

If you refer to a particular part of the If you refer to a particular part of the source, or if you quote directly from source, or if you quote directly from it, you do need to supply relevant it, you do need to supply relevant page number(s)page number(s)

Example:Example: As Leonard Shlain (1991) reminds us, As Leonard Shlain (1991) reminds us,

“Space, time, and light are of profound “Space, time, and light are of profound interest to both the physicist and the interest to both the physicist and the artist” (p. 28).artist” (p. 28).

APA StyleAPA Style If there are more than one author, use an If there are more than one author, use an

ampersand rather than “and” to separate ampersand rather than “and” to separate the namesthe names

Example:Example: Although it is true that “the religious and Although it is true that “the religious and

secular customs of the community sometimes secular customs of the community sometimes helped women who had been assaulted or helped women who had been assaulted or harassed, nothing could lessen the impact of harassed, nothing could lessen the impact of war on the countryside and its inhabitants” war on the countryside and its inhabitants” (Anderson & Zinsser, 1988, 1: pp. 115-116).(Anderson & Zinsser, 1988, 1: pp. 115-116).

APA StyleAPA Style Also note in the above example that:Also note in the above example that:

Author’s name and date are separated by a Author’s name and date are separated by a commacomma

Date and page number are separated by a Date and page number are separated by a commacomma

The abbreviations “p.” and “pp.” are used for The abbreviations “p.” and “pp.” are used for “page” and “pages”“page” and “pages”

Both page numbers are given in their entirety Both page numbers are given in their entirety (“pp. 115-116”)(“pp. 115-116”)

““1: pp. 115-116” means that the quotation is 1: pp. 115-116” means that the quotation is taken from volume one of the settaken from volume one of the set

APA StyleAPA Style

If a work has two authors, list both names If a work has two authors, list both names every time you refer to the sourceevery time you refer to the source

If a work has three, four, or five authors, If a work has three, four, or five authors, list all names the first time you refer to the list all names the first time you refer to the source, and then only the first and “et al.” source, and then only the first and “et al.” (not italicized or underlined) thereafter(not italicized or underlined) thereafter

If a work has six or more authors, list only If a work has six or more authors, list only the first name and “et al.” each time, the first name and “et al.” each time, including the firstincluding the first

APA StyleAPA Style

When naming the author in your text When naming the author in your text but not quoting directly from the but not quoting directly from the source, put the year of publication in source, put the year of publication in parentheses immediately after the parentheses immediately after the author nameauthor name

Example:Example: John Helliwell (2002) provides an John Helliwell (2002) provides an

incisive analysis of the effects of incisive analysis of the effects of globalization.globalization.

APA StyleAPA Style

Online sources will follow most of Online sources will follow most of the conventions of print sources the conventions of print sources (as detailed above)(as detailed above)

Exception:Exception: If an online source has no page If an online source has no page

numbers, identify the paragraph or numbers, identify the paragraph or section number insteadsection number instead

APA StyleAPA Style

Exceptions (cont’d):Exceptions (cont’d): If page, paragraph, and section numbers If page, paragraph, and section numbers

are not used, identify the section by its are not used, identify the section by its heading and count the paragraphs heading and count the paragraphs following the heading to assign a following the heading to assign a number to the paragraph containing the number to the paragraph containing the material that you are citingmaterial that you are citing

Use the abbreviation “para.” for Use the abbreviation “para.” for “paragraph”“paragraph”

APA StyleAPA Style

For every source that you cite in your For every source that you cite in your essay, you must include an entry at the essay, you must include an entry at the end of your paper in a “Works Cited”end of your paper in a “Works Cited”

Please consult your writing guide for Please consult your writing guide for proper MLA Works Cited style proper MLA Works Cited style guidelinesguidelines

Note that Works Cited information is Note that Works Cited information is always double spaced (as is your essay)always double spaced (as is your essay)