apa style basics1
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APA Style Basics
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Wh y Use APA Format?
Gives you credibility as a writer.3
P rovides consistent format within a discipline.2
Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily.1
P rotects from plagiarism.4
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APA
Double Space
One-inch margins on all sides
Times New Roman, 12 pt
P age Numbers on right in Header, every page
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E lements to an APA paper
Title Page1
Abs tract2
Conclu s ion/Di s cu ss ion5
Reference s 6
Introduction / Literature review3
Re s ult s4
App endix7
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Abstract
An abstract is a summary of theproblem (issue), findings, andrecommendations madethroughout the entire paper.Keywords
Do not give any reference inabstract.
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I n Text Citation
Cite by author La s t Name and date the work s u s edFor s ingle author
Walker ( 2001) com p ared reaction time s
In a s tud y of reaction time s (Walker, 2001)
Reference:Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults with
reading disorders . Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93 (1) , 257-267.
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I n text (Last Name & Year)
The citation can either a pp ear at the b eginning of the s entence,or at the end of the s entence, the choice i s u p to you.
J ohn s on ( 1998) te s ted the effect s
antide p re ss ant s were found to decrea s e anxiet y (J ohn s on, 1998)
S tylis ticall y, change it u p! Begin s ome citation s at theb eginning of the s entence, b egin s ome citation s in p arenthe s e s at the end of the s entence.
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I mportant details for I n Text
Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their namesare within parentheses.
. . . is an effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 2009).
Use a regular and between authors when their names arenot within parentheses.
. . . is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones(1999).
If your source does not have a date, replace the date in thecitation with n.d., which is the abbreviation f or no date.
. . . British Psychological Association (n.d.).
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W orks with up to f ive authors
First citation: list all authors, followed by the year of publication in parentheses
Johnson, Martin, Lopez, Roberts, and Walker (2005)Subsequent citations: list all authors if work has up toTWO authors, if more than two authors, use et al.
Johnson et al. (2005), or if only two authors, Johnsonand Martin (2005).
W orks with more than six authors
Use et al. in first citation and subsequent citations
I n Text Citation
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One author: (Sinatra, 2007)
Two authors: (Sinatra & Garland, 2007)
Three to five authors: (Sinatra, Garland, &Fitzgerald, 2007) on first reference with (Sinatra etal., 2007) after that
Six or more authors: (Sinatra et al., 2007) on firstand all subsequent references
I n Text Citation
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I n Text Citation - Practice
Duhig, P hares, and Birkeland (2002) did a surveyon
A survey on fathers involvement in ( Duhig,
P hares & Birkeland, 2002)
Reference:Duhig, A. M., P hares, V., & Birkeland, R. W. (2002). Involvement
of fathers in therapy: A survey of clinicians . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(4) , 389-395.
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C iting the same study in the same paragraph
Within a paragraph, when the name of the author is part
of the narrative, you need not include the year insubsequent non parenthetical references to a study.
Do include the year in all parenthetical citations .
I n Text Citation - Practice
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King (2008) f ound that citing is f un. King tookgreat care in conducting the research, surveying 150current W alden students. In f act students really
grow to love APA ( K ing, 2008, p. 23). K ing alsof ound that students secretly love APA even whenf irst introduced to the style.
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R eferences
Alphabetical order by first author s last nameHanging indentBegins on new page
References appears at the top of the page,centered and B oldFollows guidelines of each type of work (book
chapter, journal article, etc.)List authors in order in which they appear in theoriginal publication
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R eference Guidelines
Capitalization: Only First letter o f every word o f journal title iscapitalized.
ItalicizeItalicize the title o f books and periodicals, do not underline them
Put a period a f ter author s initials, date, title o f article, and at the end o f the re f erence. If the re f erence ends in an Internet address, do not put aperiod at the end o f the Internet address.
Line 1 should be f lush with the le f t margin, and subsequent lines shouldbe indented (5) spaces (re f erred to as a hanging indent )
List should be alphabetized by author s last names. Articles by the sameauthor should be listed oldest to newest (reverse chronological order)
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H ow to R eference a Book
Last, F. M. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.
Thomas, A. E. (2004). Introductory Psychology . New York: NYPublishing.
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Book C h apter R eference
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, & B. Editor(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Patterson, C . H. (1997). C lient-centered supervision. In C . E.W atkins (Ed.), H andbook of psychotherapy supervision(pp. 134-146). New York: W iley.
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Book Examples
Book (specified edition)
Clear, T. R., & Cole, G. F. (2003). American corrections (6th ed.).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
Book (no edition)Bergner, D. (1999). God of the rodeo. NY: The Ballentine
Publishing Group.
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APA Practice
W rite the correct APA Style citation f or the f ollowing:
Author: Ann Streissguth
Title of book: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families andCommunities
Publisher info: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company, 1997, 306pages, Baltimore.
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APA Practice: Book Citation
Streissguth, A. (1997). F etal Alcohol Syndrome: A guide for families and communities . Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
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R eference of a J ournal Article
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year). Title of article. Title of Publication, Volume Number , page-page.
Smith, A. B., Johnson, J. K., Parker, L. M., & Martin, U. M. (2009).Depression and anxiety in the work environment. Depression
Monthly, 24 , 209-215.
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APA Practice J ournal
W rite the correct APA Style citation f or the f ollowing:
Author: Pamela K. Adams
Title of article: Blockbusters: Ideas for the Block Center
Name of Journal: Early Childhood Education Journal
Publication info: Volume 24, No Issue number, 1996, pages 87-
92.
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APA Practice: J ournal Citation
Adams, P. K. (1996). Blockbusters: Ideas for the block center.E
arly Childhood E
ducation Journal , 24 , 87-92.
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Q uotations
W ithin quotation use to replace
Use to indicate omitted words
She stated, The placebo effect disappeared whenbehaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p.276).
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Q uotations
For longer quotations o f 40 or more words(indent without )
We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as analternative to conventional psychopharmcologicalagents but rather (p. 8)
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Personal Communication
For interview, email message, letter:
J.H. Lim (interview, June 4, 2004)J. Tan (personal communication, March 15, 2005)(J. Tan, personal communication, March 15, 2005)
Normally not cited in Ref erences
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Newspaper Article R eference
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Newspaper , pages (pp).
Lee, J. (1999, September 6). More turning to acupuncture. TheStraits Times , pp. 28-29.
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Unpublis h ed T h esis R eference
Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis . Unpublished level thesis.University, Place.
Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling professionals .Unpublished master s thesis. Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity, Singapore.
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UM I Th esis R eference
Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis . (Level of thesis, University).Dissertation Abstracts International, vol (no), page. ( UMI No.xxxxx)
Morris, A. J. F. (2003). Charity, therapy and poverty: Privatesocial service in the era of public welfare. (Doctoraldissertation, University of Virginia). Dissertation AbstractsInternational, 63 (12), 4444. ( UMI No. AAT 3073579)
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Audiovisual R eference
Author, A. A. (Producer) & Author, B. (Director). (Year). Title of audiovisual [Motion picture]. Country: Movie Studio.
Scorsese, M. (Producer) & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000).You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States:Paramount Pictures.
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Seriation
Within a paragraph or sentence, use lowercase letters inparentheses, (a), (b), (c), etc.
For seriation of separate paragraphs, number each paragraphwith numeral , followed by a period but not enclosed in orfollowed by a parentheses1.2.3.
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Figure
Use the figure number not the figure below or the next figure .
Figures are inserted into the narrative as close to the textthat introduces them as is practical.
Try not to place a figure in the middle of a paragraph.
Figures are labeled underneath the figure an italicize theword F igure and number .
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Tab l
a l C aracter i tic o f art ic i ants and S iteses t i ated
% of Afr ican es t i
atedyrs. in or i in hyg ien is t? number treatment w o rk urban or A mer ican overa ll
ract ice of staf f rooms s tat ions suburban pat ients spec ia lty? s iz e (sq. ft.)
A -1 5 south no 4 4 3 suburban 70% yes 2000
A -2 7 midw est no 2 3 3 urban 98% no 1250
B-1 14 m idw est no 5 6 5 suburban 60% no 2000
B-2 14 m idw est no 5 4 5 suburban 75% no 2000
C-1 17 w es t yes 3 3 3 suburban 98% no 800
C-2 17 m idw est yes 3 3 3 suburban 50% no 1000
-1 25 m idw est no 3 3 3 urban 70% no 1000
-2 25 m idw est no 5 6 2 urban 85% no 1500
E-1 27 northeast no 5 6 3 urban 99% yes 2000
E-2 29 south no 12 6 15 urban 98% no 1250
Avg. 18.0 4.4 4.4 4.5 80% 1480
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Figure 2 . A model showing the critical elements for successfulcourse development in online education.
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Tables
Tables are labeled above.Table number is plain type.Table title is on next line (double space), with italic.Make sure text fills in the table cells.There should be atmost 2 horizontal lines on the top and onein bottom.
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R ig h t Table
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R ig h t Table
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W rong Table
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W rong Table
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