apa format

7/21/2019 Apa Format

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apa-format-56df285eb5dd0 1/67

elcome to the Purdue O L

This page is brought to you bythe OWL at Purdue

(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire

legal notice at bottom.

Contributors:oshua !. Pai", #li"abeth $ngeli, odi Wagner, #lena Lawric%, &risten

!oore, !ichael $nderson, Lars 'oderlund, $llen ri"ee, ussell &ec%.

Summary:

$P$ ($merican Psychological $ssociation) style is most commonly used to cite sources

within the social sciences. This resource, re*ised according to the + th edition, second

printing o the $P$ manual, oers e-amples or the general ormat o $P$ research papers, inte-t citations, endnotes/ootnotes, and the reerence page. or more

inormation, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, (+th ed., 0nd printing).

General Format

Please use the e-ample at the bottom o this page to cite the Purdue OWL in $P$.

To see a sidebyside comparison o the three most widely used citation styles, including

a chart o all $P$ citation guidelines, see the 1itation 'tyle 1hart.

2ou can also watch our $P$ *idcast series on the Purdue OWL 2ouTube 1hannel.

General APA Guidelines

2our essay should be typed, doublespaced on standardsi"ed paper (3.45 - 665) with 65margins on all sides. 2ou should use a clear ont that is highly readable. $P$

recommends using 60 pt. Times 7ew oman ont.

8nclude a page header (also %nown as the 5running head5) at the top o e*ery page. To

create a page header/running head, insert page numbers lush right. Then type 5T8TL#O 2O9 P$P#5 in the header lush let using all capital letters. The running head is

a shortened *ersion o your papers title and cannot e-ceed 4; characters including

spacing and punctuation.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/949/01/

http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8F43A67F38DE3D5D&feature=edit_ok

http://www.youtube.com/user/OWLPurdue



http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8F43A67F38DE3D5D&feature=edit_ok




Major Paper Sections

2our essay should include four ma<or sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body,

and References.

Title Page

The title page should contain the title o the paper, the author's name, and theinstitutional affiliation. 8nclude the page header (described abo*e) lush let with the

page number lush right at the top o the page. Please note that on the title page, your

page header/running head should loo% li%e this:

unning head: T8TL# O 2O9 P$P#

Pages ater the title page should ha*e a running head that loo%s li%e this:

T8TL# O 2O9 P$P#

$ter consulting with publication specialists at the $P$, OWL sta learned that the $P$

+th edition, irst printing sample papers ha*e incorrect e-amples o unning heads on

pages ater the title page. This lin% will ta%e you to the $P$ site where you can ind acomplete list o all the errors in the $P$s +th edition style guide.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper hal o the page. $P$

recommends that your title be no more than 60 words in length and that it should notcontain abbre*iations or words that ser*e no purpose. 2our title may ta%e up one or two

lines. $ll te-t on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be doublespaced.

eneath the title, type the author's name: irst name, middle initial(s), and last name. =o

not use titles (=r.) or degrees (Ph=).

eneath the authors name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate thelocation where the author(s) conducted the research.

8mage 1aption: $P$ Title Page

Abstract

egin a new page. 2our abstract

page should already include thepage header (described abo*e). On the irst line o the abstract page, center the word

“$bstract” (no bold, ormatting, italics, underlining, or >uotation mar%s).

http://supp.apa.org/style/pubman-reprint-corrections-for-2e.pdf

http://supp.apa.org/style/pubman-reprint-corrections-for-2e.pdf



eginning with the ne-t line, write a concise summary o the %ey points o your research.

(=o not indent.) 2our abstract should contain at least your research topic, research

>uestions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. 2ou may alsoinclude possible implications o your research and uture wor% you see connected with

your indings. 2our abstract should be a single paragraph doublespaced. 2our abstract

should be between 64; and 04; words.

2ou may also want to list %eywords rom your paper in your abstract. To do this, indentas you would i you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italici"ed), and then

list your %eywords. Listing your %eywords will help researchers ind your wor% in

databases.

8mage 1aption: $P$

$bstract Page

Please see our 'ample

$P$ Paper resource tosee an e-ample o an

$P$ paper. 2ou may also

*isit our $dditionalesources page or more

e-amples o $P$ papers.

o! to "ite the

Purdue O L

in APA

ndi!idual Resources

1ontributors names and the last edited date can be ound in the orange bo-es at the top o e*ery page on the OWL.

1ontributors names (Last edited date). Title of resource. etrie*ed rom http://Web

address or OWL resource

$ngeli, #., Wagner, ., Lawric%, #., !oore, &., $nderson, !., 'oderlund, L., ? ri"ee,$. (0;6;, !ay 4). General format . etrie*ed rom

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/4+;/;6/

















Summary:


within the social sciences. This resource, re*ised according to the +th

edition, second printing o the $P$ manual, oers e-amples or the general ormat o $P$ research

papers, inte-t citations, endnotes/ootnotes, and the reerence page. or moreinormation, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological


#n$Te%t "itations& The 'asics

eerence citations in te-t are co*ered on pages 6+@6A@ o the Publication !anual. What

ollows are some general guidelines or reerring to the wor%s o others in your essay.

"ote: $P$ style re>uires authors to use the past tense or present perect tense when using

signal phrases to describe earlier research, or e-ample, ones (6@@3) found or ones(6@@3) has found...

APA citation basics

When using $P$ ormat, ollow the authordate method o inte-t citation. This means

that the authors last name and the year o publication or the source should appear in the

te-t, or e-ample, (ones, 6@@3), and a complete reerence should appear in the reerencelist at the end o the paper.

8 you are reerring to an idea rom another wor% but "#T directly >uoting the material,

or ma%ing reerence to an entire boo%, article or other wor%, you only ha*e to ma%e

reerence to the author and year o publication and not the page number in your inte-treerence. $ll sources that are cited in the te-t must appear in the reerence list at the end

o the paper.

#n$te%t citation capitali(ation) *uotes) and italics+underlining

• $lways capitali"e proper nouns, including author names and initials: =. ones.

• 8 you reer to the title o a source within your paper, capitali"e all words that are

our letters long or greater within the title o a source: Permanence and Change.

#-ceptions apply to short words that are *erbs, nouns, pronouns, ad<ecti*es, andad*erbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing eft to ose.

("ote: in your eerences list, only the irst word o a title will be capitali"ed:Writing new media.)

•



• When capitali"ing titles, capitali"e both words in a hyphenated compound word:

Natural!"orn Cyborgs.

• 1apitali"e the irst word ater a dash or colon: 5=eining ilm hetoric: The 1ase

o Bitchcoc%s #ertigo.5

• 8talici"e or underline the titles o longer wor%s such as boo%s, edited collections,

mo*ies, tele*ision series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind C The Wi$ard of %$ C &riends.

• Put >uotation mar%s around the titles o shorter wor%s such as <ournal articles,

articles rom edited collections, tele*ision series episodes, and song titles:

5!ultimedia 7arration: 1onstructing Possible Worlds5C 5The One Where1handler 1ant 1ry.5

Short *uotations

8 you are directly >uoting rom a wor%, you will need to include the author, year o

publication, and the page number or the reerence (preceded by 5p.5). 8ntroduce the

>uotation with a signal phrase that includes the authors last name ollowed by the date o publication in parentheses.

$ccording to ones (6@@3), 5'tudents oten had diiculty using $P$ style, especially

when it was their irst time5 (p. 6@@).

ones (6@@3) ound 5students oten had diiculty using $P$ style5 (p. 6@@)C what

implications does this ha*e or teachersD

8 the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the authors last name, the year o

publication, and the page number in parentheses ater the >uotation.

'he stated, 5'tudents oten had diiculty using $P$ style5 (ones, 6@@3, p. 6@@), but shedid not oer an e-planation as to why.

Long *uotations

Place direct >uotations that are E; words, or longer, in a reestanding bloc% o

typewritten lines, and omit >uotation mar%s. 'tart the >uotation on a new line, indented6/0 inch rom the let margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph.

Type the entire >uotation on the new margin, and indent the irst line o any subse>uent

paragraph within the >uotation 6/0 inch rom the new margin. !aintain doublespacing

throughout. The parenthetical citation should come ater the closing punctuation mar%.

oness (6@@3) study ound the ollowing:

'tudents oten had diiculty using $P$ style,

especially when it was their irst time citing sources. This diiculty could be attributed to

the act that many students ailed to purchase a style manual or to as% their teacher orhelp. (p. 6@@)



Summar, or paraphrase

8 you are paraphrasing an idea rom another wor%, you only ha*e to ma%e reerence to

the author and year o publication in your inte-t reerence, but $P$ guidelines encourage

you to also pro*ide the page number (although it is not re>uired.)

$ccording to ones (6@@3), $P$ style is a diicult citation ormat or irsttime learners.

$P$ style is a diicult citation ormat or irsttime learners (ones, 6@@3, p. 6@@).



Summary:



printing o the $P$ manual, oers e-amples or the general ormat o $P$ research



#n$Te%t "itations& Author+Authors

$P$ style has a series o important rules on using author names as part o the authordate

system. There are additional rules or citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and

sources without page numbers.

"iting an Author or Authors

A $or% by T&o Authors: 7ame both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses

each time you cite the wor%. 9se the word 5and5 between the authors names within the

te-t and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

esearch by Wegener and Petty (6@@E) supports...(Wegener ? Petty, 6@@E)

A $or% by Three to i!e Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in

parentheses the irst time you cite the source. 9se the word 5and5 between the authors

names within the te-t and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

(&ernis, 1ornell, 'un, erry, ? Barlow, 6@@F)

8n subse>uent citations, only use the irst authors last name ollowed by 5et al.5 in the

signal phrase or in parentheses.

(&ernis et al., 6@@F)



8n et al', et should not be ollowed by a period.

Si( or More Authors: 9se the irst authors name ollowed by et al. in the signal phrase

or in parentheses.

Barris et al. (0;;6) argued...(Barris et al., 0;;6)

)n%no&n Author: 8 the wor% does not ha*e an author, cite the source by its title in the

signal phrase or use the irst word or two in the parentheses. Titles o boo%s and reports

are italici"ed or underlinedC titles o articles, chapters, and web pages are in >uotationmar%s.

$ similar study was done o students learning to ormat research papers (59sing $P$,5

0;;6).

"ote: 8n the rare case the 5$nonymous5 is used or the author, treat it as the authorsname ($nonymous, 0;;6). 8n the reerence list, use the name $nonymous as the author.

#rgani*ation as an Author: 8 the author is an organi"ation or a go*ernment agency,

mention the organi"ation in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the irst time

you cite the source.

$ccording to the $merican Psychological $ssociation (0;;;),...

8 the organi"ation has a well%nown abbre*iation, include the abbre*iation in brac%ets

the irst time the source is cited and then use only the abbre*iation in later citations.

irst citation: (!others $gainst =run% =ri*ing G!$==H, 0;;;)

'econd citation: (!$==, 0;;;)

T&o or More $or%s in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation

includes two or more wor%s, order them the same way they appear in the reerence list

(*i"., alphabetically), separated by a semicolon.

(erndt, 0;;0C Barlow, 6@3F)

Authors $ith the Same +ast "ame: To pre*ent conusion, use irst initials with the last

names.

(#. ohnson, 0;;6C L. ohnson, 6@@3)

T&o or More $or%s by the Same Author in the Same ,ear: 8 you ha*e two sources

by the same author in the same year, use lowercase letters (a, b, c) with the year to orderthe entries in the reerence list. 9se the lowercase letters with the year in the inte-t

citation.



esearch by erndt (6@36a) illustrated that...

ntroductions- Prefaces- ore&ords- and After&ords: When citing an 8ntroduction,

Preace, oreword, or $terwords inte-t, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

(un% ? &olln, 6@@0)

Personal Communication: or inter*iews, letters, emails, and other persontoperson

communication, cite the communicators name, the act that it was personal

communication, and the date o the communication. =o not include personal

communication in the reerence list.

(#. obbins, personal communication, anuary E, 0;;6).

$. P. 'mith also claimed that many o her students had diiculties with $P$ style

(personal communication, 7o*ember F, 0;;0).

"iting #ndirect Sources

8 you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in yoursignal phrase. List the secondary source in your reerence list and include the secondary

source in the parentheses.

ohnson argued that...(as cited in 'mith, 0;;F, p. 6;0).

"ote: When citing material in parentheses, set o the citation with a comma, as abo*e.$lso, try to locate the original material and cite the original source.

-lectronic Sources

8 possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the

authordate style.

&enneth (0;;;) e-plained...

)n%no&n Author and )n%no&n .ate: 8 no author or date is gi*en, use the title in your

signal phrase or the irst word or two o the title in the parentheses and use the

abbre*iation 5n.d.5 (or 5no date5).

$nother study o students and research decisions disco*ered that students succeeded withtutoring (5Tutoring and $P$,5 n.d.).

Sources ithout Page .umbers

When an electronic source lac%s page numbers, you should try to include inormation that

will help readers ind the passage being cited. When an electronic document has

numbered paragraphs, use the abbre*iation 5para.5 ollowed by the paragraph number



(Ball, 0;;6, para. 4). 8 the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes

headings, pro*ide the appropriate heading and speciy the paragraph under that heading.

7ote that in some electronic sources, li%e Web pages, people can use the ind unction intheir browser to locate any passages you cite.

$ccording to 'mith (6@@A), ... (!ind o*er !atter section, para. +).

"ote: 7e*er use the page numbers o Web pages you print outC dierent computers print

Web pages with dierent pagination.

Contributors:oshua !. Pai", #li"abeth $ngeli, odi Wagner, #lena Lawric%, &risten!oore, !ichael $nderson, Lars 'oderlund, $llen ri"ee, ussell &ec%.

Summary:




inormation, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (+th ed., 0nd printing).

Footnotes and -ndnotes

$P$ does not recommend the use o ootnotes and endnotes because they are otene-pensi*e or publishers to reproduce. Bowe*er, i e-planatory notes still pro*e

necessary to your document, $P$ details the use o two types o ootnotes: content and

copyright.

When using either type o ootnote, insert a number ormatted in superscript ollowingalmost any punctuation mar%. ootnote numbers should not ollow dashes ( / ), and i

they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the ootnote number should be inserted within

the parentheses.

'cientists e-amined/o*er se*eral years6/the ossili"ed remains o the woolywoolyya%.0 (These ha*e now been transerred to the 1hauan !useum.F)

When using the ootnote unction in a wordprocessing program li%e !icrosot Word,

place all ootnotes at the bottom o the page on which they appear. ootnotes may also

appear on the inal page o your document (usually this is ater the eerences page).1enter the word“ootnotes” at the top o the page. 8ndent i*e spaces on the irst line

o each ootnote. Then, ollow normal paragraph spacing rules. =oublespace throughout.

6 While the method o e-amination or the woolywooly ya% pro*ides important insights

to this research, this document does not ocus on this particular species.



"ontent .otes

1ontent 7otes pro*ide supplemental inormation to your readers. When pro*iding

1ontent 7otes, be brie and ocus on only one sub<ect. Try to limit your comments to one

small paragraph.

1ontent 7otes can also point readers to inormation that is a*ailable in more detail

elsewhere.

6 'ee lac%mur (6@@4), especially chapters F and E, or an insightul analysis o this

e-traordinary animal.

"op,right Permission .otes

8 you >uote more than 4;; words o published material or thin% you may be in *iolationo“air 9se” copyright laws, you must get the ormal permission o the author(s). $ll

other sources simply appear in the reerence list.

ollow the same ormatting rules as with 1ontent 7otes or noting copyright permissions.

Then attach a copy o the permission letter to the document.

8 you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, rom some other source, you must

pro*ide a special note at the bottom o the item that includes copyright inormation. 2ou

should also submit written permission along with your wor%. egin the citation with

“ Note.”

Note. rom“Title o the article,” by W. ones and . 'mith, 0;;A, (ournal Title, 06, p.

600. 1opyright 0;;A by 1opyright Bolder. eprinted with permission.


!oore, !ichael $nderson, Lars 'oderlund, $llen ri"ee, ussell &ec%.Summary:






0e1erence List& 'asic 0ules

2our reerence list should appear at the end o your paper. 8t pro*ides the inormation

necessary or a reader to locate and retrie*e any source you cite in the body o the paper.

#ach source you cite in the paper must appear in your reerence listC li%ewise, each entryin the reerence list must be cited in your te-t.



2our reerences should begin on a new page separate rom the te-t o the essayC label this

page 5eerences5 centered at the top o the page (do 7OT bold, underline, or use

>uotation mar%s or the title). $ll te-t should be doublespaced <ust li%e the rest o youressay.

'asic 0ules

• $ll lines ater the irst line o each entry in your reerence list should be indented

onehal inch rom the let margin. This is called hanging indentation.

• $uthors names are in*erted (last name irst)C gi*e the last name and initials or all

authors o a particular wor% or up to and including se*en authors. 8 the wor% has

more than se*en authors, list the irst si- authors and then use ellipses ater the

si-th authors name. $ter the ellipses, list the last authors name o the wor%.

• eerence list entries should be alphabeti"ed by the last name o the irst author o

each wor%.

• or multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list

the entries in chronological order, rom earliest to most recent.• Present the <ournal title in ull.

• !aintain the punctuation and capitali"ation that is used by the <ournal in its title.

o or e-ample: )eCA not )*CA or Knowledge Management )esearch

+ Practice not Knowledge Management )esearch and Practice'

• 1apitali"e all ma<or words in <ournal titles.

• When reerring to boo%s, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitali"e only the irst

letter o the irst word o a title and subtitle, the irst word ater a colon or a dash

in the title, and proper nouns. =o not capitali"e the irst letter o the second word

in a hyphenated compound word.• 8talici"e titles o longer wor%s such as boo%s and <ournals.

• =o not italici"e, underline, or put >uotes around the titles o shorter wor%s such as

<ournal articles or essays in edited collections.

• Please note: While the $P$ manual pro*ides many e-amples o how to cite

common types o sources, it does not pro*ide rules on how to cite all types o

sources. Thereore, i you ha*e a source that $P$ does not include, $P$ suggeststhat you ind the e-ample that is most similar to your source and use that ormat.

or more inormation, see page 6@F o the Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association, (+th ed., 0nd printing).


Summary:


within the social sciences. This resource, re*ised according to the + th edition, second printing o the $P$ manual, oers e-amples or the general ormat o $P$ research

papers, inte-t citations, endnotes/ootnotes, and the reerence page. or more





0e1erence List& Author+Authors

The ollowing rules or handling wor%s by a single author or multiple authors apply to all

$P$style reerences in your reerence list, regardless o the type o wor% (boo%, article,

electronic resource, etc.)

Single Author

Last name irst, ollowed by author initials.

erndt, T. . (0;;0). riendship >uality and social de*elopment. Current ,irections in Psychological -cience. //, A6;.

T!o Authors

List by their last names and initials. 9se the ampersand instead o 5and.5

Wegener, =. T., ? Petty, . #. (6@@E). !ood management across aecti*e states: The

hedonic contingency hypothesis. (ournal of Personality and -ocial Psychology. 00 , 6;FE6;E3.

Three to Se2en Authors

List by last names and initialsC commas separate author names, while the last author name

is preceded again by ampersand.

&ernis, !. B., 1ornell, =. P., 'un, 1. ., erry, $., Barlow, T., ? ach, . '. (6@@F).Theres more to selesteem than whether it is high or low: The importance o stability o

selesteem. (ournal of Personality and -ocial Psychology. 01, 66@;60;E.

More Than Se2en Authors

List by last names and initialsC commas separate author names. $ter the si-th authors

name, use an ellipses in place o the author names. Then pro*ide the inal author name.There should be no more than se*en names.

!iller, . B., 1hoi, !. ., $ngeli, L. L., Barland, $. $., 'tamos, . $., Thomas, '. T., . . .

ubin, L. B. (0;;@). Web site usability or the blind and low*ision user. Technical

Communication. 12 , F0FFF4.

Organi(ation as Author

$merican Psychological $ssociation. (0;;F).



3n4no!n Author

Merriam!Webster3s collegiate dictionary (6;th ed.).(6@@F). 'pringield, !$: !erriam

Webster.

"#T: When your essay includes parenthetical citations o sources with no authornamed, use a shortened *ersion o the sources title instead o an authors name. 9se

>uotation mar%s and italics as appropriate. or e-ample, parenthetical citations o the

source abo*e would appear as ollows: ( Merriam!Webster3s, 6@@F).

T!o or More or4s b, the Same Author

9se the authors name or all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes irst).

erndt, T. . (6@36).

erndt, T. . (6@@@).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the irst author

o a group, list the oneauthor entries irst.

erndt, T. . (6@@@). riends inluence on students ad<ustment to school. *ducational

Psychologist. 45, 6403.

erndt, T. ., ? &eee, &. (6@@4). riends inluence on adolescents ad<ustment to school.

Child ,e6elo7ment. 00 , 6F606F0@.

eerences that ha*e the same irst author and dierent second and/or third authors are

arranged alphabetically by the last name o the second author, or the last name o thethird i the irst and second authors are the same.

Wegener, =. T., &err, 7. L., leming, !. $., ? Petty, . #. (0;;;). le-ible corrections o

<uror <udgments: 8mplications or <ury instructions. Psychology. Public Policy. and aw.

0 , +0@+4E.

Wegener, =. T., Petty, . #., ? &lein, =. . (6@@E). #ects o mood on high elaborationattitude change: The mediating role o li%elihood <udgments. *uro7ean (ournal of -ocial

Psychology. 85, 04EF.

T!o or More or4s b, the Same Author in the Same 5ear

8 you are using more than one reerence by the same author (or the same group o

authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organi"e them in thereerence list alphabetically by the title o the article or chapter. Then assign letter

sui-es to the year. eer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reerence

list, e.g.: 5erdnt (6@36a) ma%es similar claims...5



erndt, T. . (6@36a). $ge changes and changes o*er time in prosocial intentions and

beha*ior between riends. ,e6elo7mental Psychology. /2 , E;3E6+.

erndt, T. . (6@36b). #ects o riendship on prosocial intentions and beha*ior. Child ,e6elo7ment. 18, +F++EF.

#ntroductions) Pre1aces) Fore!ords) and A1ter!ords

1ite the publishing inormation about a boo% as usual, but cite 8ntroduction, Preace,

oreword, or $terword (whate*er title is applicable) as the chapter o the boo%.

un%, ., ? &olln, !. (6@@3). 8ntroduction. 8n #. W. Ludlow (#d.), 9nderstanding

*nglish grammar (pp. 60). 7eedham, !$: $llyn and acon.



Summary:

$P$ ($merican Psychological $ssociation) style is most commonly used to cite sourceswithin the social sciences. This resource, re*ised according to the + th edition, second


papers, inte-t citations, endnotes/ootnotes, and the reerence page. or moreinormation, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (+th ed., 0nd printing).

0e1erence List& Articles in

Periodicals

'asic Form

$P$ style dictates that authors are named last name ollowed by initialsC publication year

goes between parentheses, ollowed by a period. The title o the article is in sentence

case, meaning only the irst word and proper nouns in the title are capitali"ed. The periodical title is run in title case, and is ollowed by the *olume number which, with the

title, is also italici"ed. 8 a =O8 has been assigned to the article that you are using, you

should include this ater the page numbers or the article. 8 no =O8 has been assignedand you are accessing the periodical online, use the 9L o the website rom which you

are retrie*ing the periodical.

$uthor, $. $., $uthor, . ., ? $uthor, 1. 1. (2ear). Title o article. Title of Periodical.

6olume number (issue number), pages. http://d-.doi.org/--.---/yyyyy

Article in 6ournal Paginated b, 7olume



ournals that are paginated by *olume begin with page one in issue one, and continue

numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.

Barlow, B. . (6@3F). undamentals or preparing psychology <ournal articles. (ournal ofCom7arati6e and Physiological Psychology. 11, 3@F3@+.

Article in 6ournal Paginated b, #ssue

ournals paginated by issue begin with page one e*ery issueC thereore, the issue number

gets indicated in parentheses ater the *olume. The parentheses and issue number are not

italici"ed or underlined.

'cruton, . (6@@+). The eclipse o listening. The New Criterion. /1(F), 46F.

Article in a Maga(ine

Benry, W. $., 888. (6@@;, $pril @). !a%ing the grade in todays schools. Time. /41, 03F6.

Article in a .e!spaper

9nli%e other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers or a newspaper reerence in

$P$ style. 'ingle pages ta%e p., e.g., p. 0C multiple pages ta%e pp., e.g., pp. 0, E or

pp. 16, 1F1E.

'chult", '. (0;;4, =ecember 03). 1alls made to strengthen state energy policies. TheCountry Today, pp. 6$, 0$.

"ote: ecause o issues with html coding, the listings below using brac%ets contain

spaces that are not to be used with your listings. 9se a space as normal beore the

brac%ets, but do not include a space ollowing the brac%et.

Letter to the -ditor

!oller, I. (0;;0, $ugust). ipples *ersus rumbles GLetter to the editorH. -cientific American. 82 (0), 60.

0e2ie!

aumeister, . . (6@@F). #-posing the sel%nowledge myth Ge*iew o the boo% The

self!;nower: A hero under control , by . $. Wic%lund ? !. #c%ertH. Contem7orary Psychology. 4, E++E+A.



Summary:







Association, (+th

ed., 0nd

printing).

0e1erence List& 'oo4s

'asic Format 1or 'oo4s

$uthor, $. $. (2ear o publication). Title of wor;: Ca7ital letter also for subtitle.

Location: Publisher.

"ote: or 5Location,5 you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbre*iation without periods (7ew 2or%, 72).

1alee, . 1., ? Jalencia, . . (6@@6). APA guide to 7re7aring manuscri7ts for <ournal

7ublication. Washington, =1: $merican Psychological $ssociation.

-dited 'oo4) .o Author

=uncan, I. ., ? roo%sIunn, . (#ds.). (6@@A). Conse=uences of growing u7 7oor . 7ew

2or%, 72: ussell 'age oundation.

-dited 'oo4 !ith an Author or Authors

Plath, '. (0;;;). The unabridged <ournals' &. J. &u%il (#d.). 7ew 2or%, 72: $nchor.

A Translation

Laplace, P. '. (6@46). A 7hiloso7hical essay on 7robabilities. (. W. Truscott ? . L.

#mory, Trans.). 7ew 2or%, 72: =o*er. (Original wor% published 636E)

"ote: When you cite a republished wor%, li%e the one abo*e, in your te-t, it should

appear with both dates: Laplace (636E/6@46).

-dition Other Than the First

Beler, !. #., &empe, . '., ? &rugman, . =. (6@@A). The battered child (4th ed.).

1hicago, 8L: 9ni*ersity o 1hicago Press.

Article or "hapter in an -dited 'oo4

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (2ear o publication). Title o chapter. 8n $. $. #ditor ? .

. #ditor (#ds.), Title of boo; (pages o chapter). Location: Publisher.



"ote: When you list the pages o the chapter or essay in parentheses ater the boo% title,

use 5pp.5 beore the numbers: (pp. 606). This abbre*iation, howe*er, does not appear

beore the page numbers in periodical reerences, e-cept or newspapers.

O7eil, . !., ? #gan, . (6@@0). !ens and womens gender role <ourneys: $ metaphor

or healing, transition, and transormation. 8n . . Wainrib (#d.), Gender issues acrossthe life cycle (pp. 6;A60F). 7ew 2or%, 72: 'pringer.

Multi2olume or4

Wiener, P. (#d.). (6@AF). ,ictionary of the history of ideas (Jols. 6E). 7ew 2or%, 72:'cribners.



Summary:





0e1erence List& Other Print

Sources

An -ntr, in an -nc,clopedia

ergmann, P. I. (6@@F). elati*ity. 8n The New *ncyclo7edia "ritannica' (Jol. 0+, pp.

4;64;3). 1hicago, 8L: #ncyclopedia ritannica.

or4 8iscussed in a Secondar, Source

List the source the wor% was discussed in:

1oltheart, !., 1urtis, ., $t%ins, P., ? Baller, !. (6@@F). !odels o reading aloud: =ual

route and paralleldistributedprocessing approaches. Psychological )e6iew. />>, 43@+;3.

"#T: Ii*e the secondary source in the reerences listC in the te-t, name the originalwor%, and gi*e a citation or the secondary source. or e-ample, i 'eidenberg and

!c1lellands wor% is cited in 1oltheart et al. and you did not read the original wor%, list

the 1oltheart et al. reerence in the eerences. 8n the te-t, use the ollowing citation:



8n 'eidenberg and !c1lellands study (as cited in 1oltheart, 1urtis, $t%ins, ? Baller,

6@@F), ...

8issertation Abstract

2oshida, 2. (0;;6). #ssays in urban transportation. ,issertation Abstracts International.08, AAE6$.

8issertation) Published

Lastname, . 7. (2ear). Title of dissertation (=octoral dissertation). etrie*ed rom 7ame

o database. ($ccession or Order 7umber)

8issertation) 3npublished

Lastname, . 7. (2ear). Title of dissertation (9npublished doctoral dissertation). 7ame o

8nstitution, Location.

Go2ernment 8ocument

7ational 8nstitute o !ental Bealth. (6@@;). Clinical training in serious mental illness (=BB' Publication 7o. $=! @;6+A@). Washington, =1: 9.'. Io*ernment Printing

Oice.

or inormation about citing legal sources in your reerence list, see the 9ni*ersity o 7ebras%a, &earney page on 1iting Legal !aterials in $P$ 'tyle.

0eport From a Pri2ate Organi(ation

$merican Psychiatric $ssociation. (0;;;). Practice guidelines for the treatment of

7atients with eating disorders (0nd ed.). Washington, =1: $uthor.

"on1erence Proceedings

'chnase, . L., ? 1unnius, #. L. (#ds.). (6@@4). Proceedings rom 1'1L @4: The &irst

International Conference on Com7uter -u77ort for Collaborati6e earning . !ahwah, 7: #rlbaum.







http://guides.library.unk.edu/content.php?pid=173599&sid=2334150








0e1erence List& -lectronic

Sources 9 eb Publications:

Please note: There are no spaces used with brac%ets in $P$. When possible, include theyear, month, and date in reerences. 8 the month and date are not a*ailable, use the year

o publication. Please note, too, that the OWL still includes inormation about print

sources and databases or those still wor%ing with these sources.

Article From an Online Periodical

Online articles ollow the same guidelines or printed articles. 8nclude all inormation theonline host ma%es a*ailable, including an issue number in parentheses.

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (=ate o publication). Title o article. Title of %nline

Periodical. 6olume number (issue number i a*ailable). etrie*ed rom

http://www.someaddress.com/ull/url/

ernstein, !. (0;;0). 6; tips on writing the li*ing Web. A ist A7art: &or Peo7le Who Ma;e Websites. /5?. etrie*ed rom http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeli*ing

Online Scholarl, 6ournal Article& "iting 8O#s

Please note: 8n $ugust o 0;66 the ormatting recommendations or =O8s changed. =O8s

are now rendered as an alphanumeric string which acts as an acti*e lin%. $ccording toThe APA -tyle Guide to *lectronic )eferences. 0 th edition, you should use the =O8 ormatwhich the article appears with. 'o, i it is using the older numeric string, use that as the

=O8. 8, howe*er, it is presented as the newer alphanumeric string, use that as the =O8.

The Purdue OWL maintains e-amples o citations using both =O8 styles.

ecause online materials can potentially change 9Ls, $P$ recommends pro*iding a=igital Ob<ect 8dentiier (=O8), when it is a*ailable, as opposed to the 9L. =O8s are an

attempt to pro*ide stable, longlasting lin%s or online articles. They are uni>ue to their

documents and consist o a long alphanumeric code. !anybut not allpublishers will pro*ide an articles =O8 on the irst page o the document.

7ote that some online bibliographies pro*ide an articles =O8 but may 5hide5 the code

under a button which may read 5$rticle5 or may be an abbre*iation o a *endors name

li%e 51rosse5 or 5Pub!ed.5 This button will usually lead the user to the ull articlewhich will include the =O8. ind =O8s rom print publications or ones that go to dead

lin%s with 1rosse.orgs 5=O8 esol*er,5 which is displayed in a central location on

their home page.



Article From an Online Periodical !ith 8O# Assigned

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (=ate o publication). Title o article. Title of (ournal.

6olume number. page range. doi:;;;;;;;/;;;;;;;;;;;; or

http://d-.doi.org/6;.;;;;/;;;;

rownlie, =. (0;;A). Toward eecti*e poster presentations: $n annotated bibliography.

*uro7ean (ournal of Mar;eting. 5/, 60E4603F. doi:6;.66;3/;F;@;4+;A6;3066+6

Wooldridge, !.., ? 'hap%a, . (0;60). Playing with technology: !othertoddler

interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys. (ournal of A77lied ,e6elo7mental Psychology. 44(4), 066063.

http://d-.doi.org/6;.6;6+/<.appde*.0;60.;4.;;4

Article From an Online Periodical !ith no 8O# Assigned

Online scholarly <ournal articles without a =O8 re>uire the 9L o the <ournal home

page. emember that one goal o citations is to pro*ide your readers with enoughinormation to ind the articleC pro*iding the <ournal home page aids readers in this

process.

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (=ate o publication). Title o article. Title of (ournal.

6olume number . etrie*ed rom http://www.<ournalhomepage.com/ull/url/

&enneth, 8. $. (0;;;). $ uddhist response to the nature o human rights. (ournal of "uddhist *thics. . etrie*ed rom http://www.cac.psu.edu/<be/twocont.html

Article 1rom a 8atabase

Please note: $P$ states that including database inormation in citations is not necessary

because databases change o*er time (p. 6@0). Bowe*er, the OWL still includesinormation about databases or those users who need database inormation.

When reerencing a print article obtained rom an online database (such as a database in

the library), pro*ide appropriate print citation inormation (ormatted <ust li%e a 5normal5

print citation would be or that type o wor%). y pro*iding this inormation, you allow people to retrie*e the print *ersion i they do not ha*e access to the database rom which

you retrie*ed the article. 2ou can also include the item number or accession number or

database 9L at the end, but the $P$ manual says that this is not re>uired.

8 you are citing a database article that is a*ailable in other places, such as a <ournal ormaga"ine, include the homepages 9L. 2ou may ha*e to do a web search o the articles

title, author, etc. to ind the 9L.

or articles that are easily located, do not pro*ide database inormation. 8 the article is

diicult to locate, then you can pro*ide database inormation. Only use retrie*al dates i



the source could change, such as Wi%is. or more about citing articles retrie*ed rom

electronic databases, see pages 63A6@0 o the Publication !anual.

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (=ate o publication). Title o article. Title of (ournal.6olume number. page range. etrie*ed rom http://www.someaddress.com/ull/url/

'myth, $. !., Par%er, $. L., ? Pease, =. L. (0;;0). $ study o en<oyment o peas.

(ournal of Abnormal *ating. (F), 60;604. etrie*ed rom

http://www.articlehomepage.com/ull/url/

Abstract

8 you only cite an abstract but the ull te-t o the article is also a*ailable, cite the onlineabstract as any other online citations, adding 5G$bstractH5 ater the article or source name.

Bowe*er, i the ull te-t is not a*ailable, you may use an abstract that is a*ailable through

an abstracts database as a secondary source.

Paterson, P. (0;;3). Bow well do young oenders with $sperger 'yndrome cope incustodyD: Two prison case studies G$bstractH. "ritish (ournal of earning ,isabilities.

40 (6), 4E43.

Bendric%s, ., $pplebaum, ., ? &un%el, '. (0;6;). $ world apartD ridging the gap between theory and applied social gerontology. Gerontologist. 1>(F), 03E0@F. $bstract

retrie*ed rom $bstracts in 'ocial Ierontology database. ($ccession 7o. 4;F+;3+@)

.e!spaper Article

$uthor, $. $. (2ear, !onth =ay). Title o article. Title of News7a7er . etrie*ed rom


Par%erPope, T. (0;;3, !ay +). Psychiatry handboo% lin%ed to drug industry. The New@or; Times. etrie*ed rom http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/0;;3/;4/;+/psychiatry

handboo%lin%edtodrugindustry/DKr;

-lectronic 'oo4s

#lectronic boo%s may include boo%s ound on personal websites, databases, or e*en in

audio orm. 9se the ollowing ormat i the boo% you are using is only pro*ided in adigital ormat or is diicult to ind in print. 8 the wor% is not directly a*ailable online or

must be purchased, use 5$*ailable rom,5 rather than 5etrie*ed rom,5 and point readers

to where they can ind it. or boo%s a*ailable in print orm and electronic orm, includethe publish date in parentheses ater the authors name. or reerences to eboo% editions,

be sure to include the type and *ersion o eboo% you are reerencing (e.g., 5G&indle =M

*ersionH5). 8 =O8s are a*ailable, pro*ide them at the end o the reerence.



=e Bu, #. W. (n.d.). Taytay; s tales: Traditional Pueblo 8ndian tales. etrie*ed rom

http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehu/taytay/taytay.html

=a*is, . (n.d.). &amiliar birdsongs of the Northwest . $*ailable romhttp://www.powells.com/cgibin/biblioD in%ey6@A3;@F6+3+6;3;

<indle 'oo4s

To cite &indle (or other eboo% ormats) you must include the ollowing inormation: The

author, date o publication, title, eboo% *ersion, and either the =igital Ob<ect 8dentier(=O8) number, or the place where you downloaded the boo%. Please note that the

=O8/place o download is used inplace o publisher inormation.

Bere;s an e-ample:

'to%er, . (63@A). ,racula G&indle =M *ersionH. etrie*ed rom $ma"on.com

"hapter+Section o1 a eb 8ocument or Online 'oo4 "hapter

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (=ate o publication). Title o article. 8n Title of boo; or

larger document (chapter or section number). etrie*ed rom


#ngelshcall, . '. (6@@A). !odule modKrewrite: 9L ewriting #ngine. 8n A7ache TTP -er6er 6ersion /'4 documentation ($pache modules). etrie*ed rom

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/6.F/mod/modKrewrite.html

Pec%inpaugh, . (0;;F). 1hange in the 7ineties. 8n . '. ough and I. . =uois (#ds.),

A century of growth in America. etrie*ed rom Iold'tar database.

"#T: 9se a chapter or section identiier and pro*ide a 9L that lin%s directly to thechapter section, not the home page o the Web site.

Online 'oo4 0e2ie!s

1ite the inormation as you normally would or the wor% you are >uoting. (The irst

e-ample below is rom a newspaper articleC the second is rom a scholarly <ournal.) 8n brac%ets, write 5e*iew o the boo%5 and gi*e the title o the re*iewed wor%. Pro*ide the

web address ater the words 5etrie*ed rom,5 i the re*iew is reely a*ailable to anyone.



8 the re*iew comes rom a subscription ser*ice or database, write 5$*ailable rom5 and

pro*ide the inormation where the re*iew can be purchased.

Nachare%, '. (0;;3, $pril 0A). 7atural women Ge*iew o the boo% Girls li;e usH. The New @or; Times. etrie*ed rom

http://www.nytimes.com/0;;3/;E/0A/boo%s/re*iew/Nacharec% t.htmlDpagewanted0

1astle, I. (0;;A). 7ew millennial oyce Ge*iew o the boo%s Twenty!first (oyce. (oyce3scritics: Transitions in reading and culture. and (oyce3s messianism: ,ante. negati6e

eBistence. and the messianic self. Modern &iction -tudies. 1>(6), 6+F6AF. $*ailable

rom Pro<ect !9'# Web site:http://muse.<hu.edu/<ournals/modernKictionKstudies/toc/ms40.6.html

8issertation+Thesis 1rom a 8atabase

iswas, '. (0;;3). ,o7amine ,4 rece7tor: A neuro7rotecti6e treatment target in Par;inson3s disease. etrie*ed rom Prouest =igital =issertations. ($$T F0@406E)

Online -nc,clopedias and 8ictionaries

Oten encyclopedias and dictionaries do not pro*ide bylines (authors names). When no

byline is present, mo*e the entry name to the ront o the citation. Pro*ide publicationdates i present or speciy (n.d.) i no date is present in the entry.

eminism. (n.d.). 8n *ncyclo7Ddia "ritannica online. etrie*ed rom

http://www.britannica.com/#chec%ed/topic/A0E+FF/eminism

Online 'ibliographies and Annotated 'ibliographies

rgens, . (0;;4). I#EAI,- and C# in Prisons: A -elect Annotated "ibliogra7hy.etrie*ed rom http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/ahcasc/altKormats/hpbdgps/pd/intacti*/hi**ih

aidssidaprisoncarceralKe.pd

8ata Sets

Point readers to raw data by pro*iding a Web address (use 5etrie*ed rom5) or a general

place that houses data sets on the site (use 5$*ailable rom5).

9nited 'tates =epartment o Bousing and 9rban =e*elopment. (0;;3). Indiana incomelimits G=ata ileH. etrie*ed rom http://www.huduser.org/=atasets/8L/8L;3/inKy0;;3.pd

Graphic 8ata 9e=g= #nteracti2e Maps and Other Graphic

0epresentations o1 8ata:



Ii*e the name o the researching organi"ation ollowed by the date. 8n brac%ets, pro*ide

a brie e-planation o what type o data is there and in what orm it appears. inally,

pro*ide the pro<ect name and retrie*al inormation.

'olar adiation and 1limate #-periment. (0;;A). GIraph illustration the 'O1# 'pectral

Plot !ay 3, 0;;3H. -olar -7ectral ,ata Access from the -IM. -%-TIC*. and FP- Instruments. etrie*ed rom http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgibin/ionpDpageinputKdataKorK

spectra.ion

>ualitati2e 8ata and Online #nter2ie!s

8 an inter*iew is not retrie*able in audio or print orm, cite the inter*iew only in the te-t

(not in the reerence list) and pro*ide the month, day, and year in the te-t. 8 an audio ile

or transcript is a*ailable online, use the ollowing model, speciying the medium in

brac%ets (e.g. G8nter*iew transcript, 8nter*iew audio ileH):

utler, 1. (8nter*iewer) ? 'te*enson, . (8nter*iewee). (6@@@). %ral istory 8 G8nter*iewtranscriptH. etrie*ed rom ohnson 'pace 1enter Oral Bistories Pro<ect Web site: http://

www66.<sc.nasa.go*/history/oralKhistories/oralKhistories.htm

Online Lecture .otes and Presentation Slides

When citing online lecture notes, be sure to pro*ide the ile ormat in brac%ets ater thelecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Ballam, $. ,uality in consumer theory GP= documentH. etrie*ed rom Lecture 7otes

Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ4;6/Ballam/

inde-.html

oberts, &. . (6@@3). &ederal regulations of chemicals in the en6ironment GPowerPoint

slidesH. etrie*ed rom http://siri.u*m.edu/ppt/E;hren*/inde-.html

.onperiodical eb 8ocument or 0eport

List as much o the ollowing inormation as possible (you sometimes ha*e to hunt

around to ind the inormationC dont be la"y. 8 there is a page li%ehttp://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesnt ha*e the inormation

youre loo%ing or, mo*e up the 9L to http://www.somesite.com/):

$uthor, $. $., ? $uthor, . . (=ate o publication). Title of document . etrie*ed rom

http://Web address



$ngeli, #., Wagner, ., Lawric%, #., !oore, &., $nderson, !., 'oderland, L., ? ri"ee, $.

(0;6;, !ay 4). General format' etrie*ed rom

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/4+;/;6/

"#T: When an 8nternet document is more than one Web page, pro*ide a 9L that lin%s

to the home page or entry page or the document. $lso, i there isnt a date a*ailable orthe document use (n.d.) or no date.

To cite a @ouTube *ideo, the $P$ recommends ollowing the abo*e ormat.

"omputer So1t!are+8o!nloaded So1t!are

=o not cite standard oice sotware (e.g. Word, #-cel) or programming languages.Pro*ide reerences only or speciali"ed sotware.

Ludwig, T. (0;;0). Psych8n>uiry Gcomputer sotwareH. 7ew 2or%: Worth.

'otware that is downloaded rom a Web site should pro*ide the sotware;s *ersion and

year when a*ailable.

Bayes, ., Tesar, ., ? Nuraw, &. (0;;F). OT'ot: Optimality Theory 'otware (Jersion0.6) G'otwareH. $*ailable rom http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsot/

-$mail

#mails are not included in the list o reerences, though you parenthetically cite them in

your main te-t: (#. obbins, personal communication, anuary E, 0;;6).

Online Forum or 8iscussion 'oard Posting

8nclude the title o the message, and the 9L o the newsgroup or discussion board.Please note that titles or items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, orums)

are not italici"ed. 8 the authors name is not a*ailable, pro*ide the screen name. Place

identiiers li%e post or message numbers, i a*ailable, in brac%ets. 8 a*ailable, pro*ide the

9L where the message is archi*ed (e.g. 5!essage posted to..., archi*ed at...5).

roo%, . =. (6@@@, uly 0F). 7ew in*entions in the cyberworld o toylandia G!sg 04H.

!essage posted to http://groups.earthlin%.com/orum/messages/;;;04.html

'log 9 eblog: and 7ideo 'log Post

8nclude the title o the message and the 9L. Please note that titles or items in online

communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, orums) are not italici"ed. 8 the author ;s name isnot a*ailable, pro*ide the screen name.

=ean. (0;;3, !ay A). When the sel emerges: 8s that me in the mirrorD GWeb log

commentH. etrie*ed rom http://www.spring.org.u%/the6sttransport



Psychology Jideo log QF GJideo ileH. etrie*ed rom http://www.youtube.com/watchD

*l>!@;ei4!

i4is

Please note that the APA -tyle Guide to *lectronic )eferences warns writers that wi%is(li%e Wi%ipedia, or e-ample) are collaborati*e pro<ects that cannot guarantee the

*eriiability or e-pertise o their entries.

OLP1 Peru/$rahuay. (n.d.). etrie*ed $pril 0@, 0;66 rom the OLP1 Wi%i:

http://wi%i.laptop. org/go/OLP1KPeru/$rahuay

Audio Podcast

or all podcasts, pro*ide as much inormation as possibleC not all o the ollowing

inormation will be a*ailable. Possible addition identiiers may include Producer,

=irector, etc.

ell, T., ? Phillips, T. (0;;3, !ay +). $ solar lare. -cience NA-A Podcast . Podcastretrie*ed rom http://science.nasa.go*/podcast.htm

7ideo Podcasts

or all podcasts, pro*ide as much inormation as possibleC not all o the ollowing

inormation will be a*ailable. Possible addition identiiers may include Producer,

=irector, etc.

'cott, =. (Producer). (0;;A, anuary 4). The community college classroom G#pisode AH. Ad6entures in *ducation. Podcast retrie*ed rom http://www.ad*eeducation.com

or more help with citing electronic sources, please use these lin%s:

• =ocumenting #lectronic 'ources

• $P$ style web sites co*erage o electronic reerences

• $P$ re>uently $s%ed uestions



Summary:





http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html


http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html





0e1erence List& Other .on$Print

Sources

#nter2ie!s) -mail) and Other Personal "ommunication

7o personal communication is included in your reerence listC instead, parenthetically cite

the communicators name, the phrase 5personal communication,5 and the date o thecommunication in your main te-t only.

(#. obbins, personal communication, anuary E, 0;;6).

$. P. 'mith also claimed that many o her students had diiculties with $P$ style(personal communication, 7o*ember F, 0;;0).

Motion Picture

asic reerence list ormat:

Producer, P. P. (Producer), ? =irector, =. =. (=irector). (=ate o publication). Title of

motion 7icture G!otion pictureH. 1ountry o origin: 'tudio or distributor.

"ote: 8 a mo*ie or *ideo tape is not a*ailable in wide distribution, add the ollowing toyour citation ater the country o origin: ($*ailable rom =istributor name, ull address

and "ip code).

A Motion Picture or 7ideo Tape !ith #nternational or .ational

A2ailabilit,

'mith, . =. (Producer), ? 'mithee, $. . (=irector). (0;;6). )eally big disaster mo6ie

G!otion pictureH. 9nited 'tates: Paramount Pictures.

A Motion Picture or 7ideo Tape !ith Limited A2ailabilit,

Barris, !. (Producer), ? Turley, !. . (=irector). (0;;0). Writing labs: A history G!otion pictureH. ($*ailable rom Purdue 9ni*ersity Pictures, 4;; O*al =ri*e, West Laayette, 87

EA@;A)

Tele2ision 'roadcast or Series -pisode

Writer, W. W. (Writer), ? =irector, =. =. (=irector). (=ate o broadcast or copyright).Title o broadcast GTele6ision broadcast or Tele6ision seriesH. 8n P. Producer (Producer).

1ity, state o origin: 'tudio or distributor.



Single -pisode o1 a Tele2ision Series

Writer, W. W. (Writer), ? =irector, =. =. (=irector). (=ate o publication). Title o

episode GTele*ision series episodeH. 8n P. Producer (Producer), -eries title. 1ity, state o

origin: 'tudio or distributor.

Wendy, '. W. (Writer), ? !artian, 8. . (=irector). (6@3+). The rising angel and the

alling ape GTele*ision series episodeH. 8n =. =ude (Producer), Creatures and monsters.

Los $ngeles, 1$: elarus 'tudios.

Tele2ision 'roadcast

8mportant, 8. !. (Producer). (6@@;, 7o*ember 6). The nightly news hour GTele*ision broadcastH. 7ew 2or%, 72: 1entral roadcasting 'er*ice.

A Tele2ision Series

ellisario, =. L. (Producer). (6@@0). *Bciting action show GTele*ision seriesH. Bollywood,

1$: $merican roadcasting 1ompany.

Music 0ecording

'ongwriter, W. W. (=ate o copyright). Title o song Gecorded by artist i dierent rom

song writerH. On Title of album G!edium o recordingH. Location: Label. (ecording datei dierent rom copyright date).

Taupin, . (6@A4). 'omeone sa*ed my lie tonight Gecorded by #lton ohnH. On Ca7tain

fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy G1=H. London, #ngland: ig Pig !usic Limited.

or more about citing audio*isual media, see pages 0;@06; o the $P$ Publication!anual +th #dition, second printing.

or inormation about citing legal sources in your reerence list, see the Westield 'tate

1ollege page on 1iting Legal !aterials in $P$ 'tyle.







http://legacy.lib.westfield.ma.edu/legalapa.htm

http://lib.westfield.ma.edu/content.php?pid=486574&sid=3991782


http://legacy.lib.westfield.ma.edu/legalapa.htm





Additional 0esources

8ts always best to consult the Publication !anual irst or any $P$ >uestion. 8 you areusing $P$ style or a class assignment, its a good idea to consult your proessor, ad*isor,

T$, or other campus resources or help with using $P$ style/theyre the ones who can

tell you how the style should apply in your particular case. or e-traordinary >uestions

that arent co*ered clearly in the style manual or ha*ent been answered by your teacheror ad*isor, contact us *ia email by using our OWL tutor email orm.

Print 0esources

Bere are some print resources or using $P$ style. 1lic% The Purdue OWL does not ma%e

any proit rom nor does it endorse these agenciesC lin%s are merely oered or

inormation. !ost o these boo%s are probably a*ailable in your local library. rom the$merican Psychological $ssociation:

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (+th edition)

(8'7 6F: @A36EFF3;4+64C 8'7 6;: 6EFF3;4+63)

• Mastering APA -tyle: Instructor3s )esource Guide (8'7: 644A@33@;;)

• Mastering APA -tyle: -tudent3s Wor;boo; and Training Guide (8'7:

6EFF3;44AM)

• Presenting @our &indings: A Practical Guide for Creating Tables (8'7:

6EFF3;A;4M)

• ,is7laying @our &indings: A Practical Guide for Creating &igures. Posters. and

Presentations (8'7: 6EFF3;A;A+M)

rom other publishers:

• Writing With -tyle: APA -tyle Made *asy (8'7: ;3E;;F6+AM)

• Writing With -tyle: APA -tyle for -ocial Wor; (8'7: ;3E;;F6@3M)

Online 0esources 1rom the APA

• $P$ 'tyle Website

• $P$ 'tyle log

Other Online 0esources& 8ocumenting and 0e1erencing Sources

• 1iting Legal !aterials in $P$ 'tyle (Westield 'tate 1ollege)



Summary:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/contact/owlmailtutors

http://www.apastyle.org/


http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/




http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/








Association, (+th

ed., 0nd

printing).

T,pes o1 APA Papers

There are two common types o papers written in ields using $P$ 'tyle: the literature

re*iew and the e-perimental report. #ach has uni>ue re>uirements concerning the

sections that must be included in the paper.

Literature re2ie!

$ literature re*iew is a critical summary o what the scientiic literature says about your

speciic topic or >uestion. Oten student research in $P$ ields alls into this category.

2our proessor might as% you to write this %ind o paper to demonstrate your amiliarity

with wor% in the ield pertinent to the research you hope to conduct.

$ literature re*iew typically contains the ollowing sections:

• Title page

• 8ntroduction section

• List o reerences

'ome instructors may also want you to write an abstract or a literature re*iew, so be sureto chec% with them when gi*en an assignment. $lso, the length o a literature re*iew and

the re>uired number o sources will *ary based on course and instructor preerences.

"#T: $ literature re*iew and an annotated bibliography are not synonymous. 8 you

are as%ed to write an annotated bibliography, you should consult the Publication Manualof the American Psychological Association or the $P$ ormat or $nnotated

ibliographies.

-%perimental report

8n many o the social sciences, you will be as%ed to design and conduct your own

e-perimental research. 8 so, you will need to write up your paper using a structure that is

more comple- than that used or <ust a literature re*iew. We ha*e a complete resourcede*oted to writing an e-perimental report in the ield o psychology here.

This structure ollows the scientiic method, but it also ma%es your paper easier to ollow

by pro*iding those amiliar cues that help your reader eiciently scan your inormation

or:





• Why the topic is important (co*ered in your introduction)

• What the problem is (also co*ered in your introduction)

• What you did to try to sol*e the problem (co*ered in your methods section)

• What you ound (co*ered in your results section)

• What you thin% your indings mean (co*ered in your discussion section)

Thus an e-perimental report typically includes the ollowing sections.

• Title page

• $bstract

• 8ntroduction

• !ethod

• esults

• =iscussion

• eerences

• $ppendices(i necessary)

• Tables and/or igures (i necessary)

!a%e sure to chec% the guidelines or your assignment or any guidelines that ha*e been

gi*en to you by an editor o a <ournal beore you submit a manuscript containing the

sections listed abo*e.

$s with the literature re*iew, the length o this report may *ary by course or by <ournal,

but most oten it will be determined by the scope o the research conducted.

Other papers

8 you are writing a paper that its neither o these categories, ollow the guidelines aboutIeneral ormat, consult your instructor, or loo% up ad*ice in the Publication Manual of

the American Psychological Association.

When submitting a manuscript to a <ournal, ma%e sure you ollow the guidelines

described in the submission policies o that publication, and include as many sections as

you thin% are applicable to presenting your material. emember to %eep your audience inmind as you are ma%ing this decision. 8 certain inormation is particularly pertinent or

con*eying your research, then ensure that there is a section o your paper that ade>uately

addresses that inormation.


Summary:










APA St,listics& A2oiding 'ias

esearchers who use $P$ oten wor% with a *ariety o populations, some o whom tend

to be stereotyped by the use o labels and other biased orms o language. Thereore, $P$

oers speciic recommendations or eliminating bias in language concerning race,disability, and se-uality.

Ma4e Adjustments to Labels

$lthough you should a*oid labeling whene*er possible, it is sometimes diicult to

accurately account or the identity o your research population or indi*idual participants

without using language that can be read as biased. !a%ing ad<ustments in how you useidentiiers and other linguistic categories can impro*e the clarity o your writing and

minimi"e the li%elihood o oending your readers.

8n general, you should call people what they preer to be called, especially when dealing

with race and ethnicity. ut sometimes the common con*entions o languageinad*ertently contain biases towards certain populations e.g. using 5normal5 in contrast

to someone identiied as 5disabled.5 Thereore, you should be aware o how your choice

o terminology may come across to your reader, particularly i they identiy with the population in >uestion.

2ou can ind an indepth discussion o this issue and speciic recommendations or how

to appropriately represent people in your te-t on the $P$ website on the ollowing pages:

• emo*ing ias in Language: =isabilities

• emo*ing ias in Language: ace ? #thnicity

• emo*ing ias in Language: 'e-uality

A2oid Gendered Pronouns

While you should always be clear about the se- identity o your participants (i you

conducted an e-periment), so that gender dierences are ob*ious, you should not use

gender terms when they arent necessary. 8n other words, you should not use 5he,5 5his5 or 5men5 as generic terms applying to both se-es.

$P$ does not recommend replacing 5he5 with 5he or she,5 5she or he,5 5he/she,5 5(s)he,5

5s/he,5 or alternating between 5he5 and 5she5 because these substitutions are aw%ward

and can distract the reader rom the point you are trying to ma%e. The pronouns 5he5 or5she5 ine*itably cause the reader to thin% o only that gender, which may not be what you

intend.

http://www.apastyle.org/disabilities.html

http://www.apastyle.org/race.html

http://www.apastyle.org/sexuality.html

http://www.apastyle.org/disabilities.html

http://www.apastyle.org/race.html

http://www.apastyle.org/sexuality.html



To a*oid the bias o using gendered pronouns:

• ephrase the sentence

• 9se plural nouns or plural pronouns this way you can use 5they5 or 5their5

• eplace the pronoun with an article instead o 5his,5 use 5the5

•

=rop the pronoun many sentences sound ine i you <ust omit the troublesome5his5 rom the sentence

• eplace the pronoun with a noun such as 5person,5 5indi*idual,5 5child,5

5researcher,5 etc.

or more about addressing gender in academic writing, *isit the OWLs handout on non

se-ist language use.

Find Alternati2e 8escriptors

To a*oid unintentional biases in your language, loo% to the parameters o your research

itsel. When writing up an e-perimental report, describe your participants by themeasures you used to classiy them in the e-periment, as long as the labels are not

oensi*e.

(ample: 8 you had people ta%e a test measuring their reaction times and you were

interested in loo%ing at the dierences between people who had ast reaction times andthose with slow reaction times, you could call the irst group the 5ast reaction time

group5 and the second the 5slow reaction time group.5

$lso, use ad<ecti*es to ser*e as descriptors rather than labels. When you use terms such

as 5the elderly5 or 5the amnesiacs,5 the people lose their indi*iduality. One way to a*oid

this is to insert an ad<ecti*e (e.g., 5elderly people,5 5amnesic patients5). $nother way is tomention the person irst and ollow this with a descripti*e phrase (e.g., 5people diagnosed

with amnesia5), although it can be cumbersome to %eep repeating phrases li%e this.



Summary:



papers, inte-t citations, endnotes/ootnotes, and the reerence page. or moreinormation, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (+th ed., 0nd printing).

APA St,listics& 'asics

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/gl_nonsex.html






Writing in $P$ is more than simply learning the ormula or citations or ollowing a

certain page layout. $P$ also includes the stylistics o your writing, rom point o *iew to

word choice.

Point o1 7ie! and 7oice

When writing in $P$ 'tyle, you can use the irst person point o *iew when discussing

your research steps (58 studied ...5) and when reerring to yoursel and your coauthors

(5We e-amined the literature ...5). 9se irst person to discuss research steps rather than

anthropomorphising the wor%. or e-ample, a study cannot 5control5 or 5interpret5C youand your coauthors, howe*er, can.

8n general, you should oreground the research and not the researchers (5The results

indicate ... 5). $*oid using the editorial 5we5C i you use 5we5 in your writing, be sure that

5we5 reers to you and your ellow researchers.

8t is a common misconception that oregrounding the research re>uires using the passi*e*oice (5#-periments ha*e been conducted ...5). This is inaccurate. ather, you would use

pronouns in place o 5e-periments5 (5We conducted e-periments ...5).

$P$ 'tyle encourages using the acti*e *oice (5We interpreted the results ...5). The acti*e*oice is particularly important in e-perimental reports, where the sub<ect perorming the

action should be clearly identiied (e.g. 5We inter*iewed ...5 *s. 5The participants

responded ...5).

1onsult the OWL handout or more on the distinction between passi*e and acti*e *oice.

"larit, and "onciseness

1larity and conciseness in writing are important when con*eying research in $P$ 'tyle.

2ou dont want to misrepresent the details o a study or conuse your readers with

wordiness or unnecessarily comple- sentences.

or clarity, be speciic rather than *ague in descriptions and e-planations. 9npac% detailsaccurately to pro*ide ade>uate inormation to your readers so they can ollow the

de*elopment o your study.

(ample: 58t was predicted that marital conlict would predict beha*ior problems in

schoolaged children.5

To clariy this *ague hypothesis, use parallel structure to outline speciic ideas:

5The irst hypothesis stated that marital conlict would predict beha*ior problems in

schoolaged children. The second hypothesis stated that the eect would be stronger or

girls than or boys. The third hypothesis stated that older girls would be more aected by

marital conlict than younger girls.5





To be more concise, particularly in introductory material or abstracts, you should pare out

unnecessary words and condense inormation when you can (see the OWL handout on

1onciseness in academic writing or suggestions).

(ample: The abo*e list o hypotheses might be rephrased concisely as: 5The authors

wanted to in*estigate whether marital conlict would predict beha*ior problems inchildren and they wanted to %now i the eect was greater or girls than or boys,

particularly when they e-amined two dierent age groups o girls.5

alancing the need or clarity, which can re>uire unpac%ing inormation, and the need or

conciseness, which re>uires condensing inormation, is a challenge. 'tudy published

articles and reports in your ield or e-amples o how to achie*e this balance.

ord "hoice

2ou should e*en be careul in selecting certain words or terms. Within the social

sciences, commonly used words ta%e on dierent meanings and can ha*e a signiicanteect on how your readers interpret your reported indings or claims. To increase clarity,

a*oid bias, and control how your readers will recei*e your inormation, you should ma%ecertain substitutions:

• 9se terms li%e 5participants5 or 5respondents5 (rather than 5sub<ects5) to indicate

how indi*iduals were in*ol*ed in your research

• 9se terms li%e 5children5 or 5community members5 to pro*ide more detail about

who was participating in the study

• 9se phrases li%e 5The e*idence suggests ...5 or 5Our study indicates ...5 rather

than reerring to 5proo5 or 5pro*es5 because no single study can pro*e a theory or

hypothesis

$s with the other stylistic suggestions here, you should study the discourse o your ield

to see what terminology is most oten used.

A2oiding Poetic Language

Writing papers in $P$ 'tyle is unli%e writing in more creati*e or literary styles that draw

on poetic e-pressions and igurati*e language. 'uch linguistic de*ices can detract romcon*eying your inormation clearly and may come across to readers as orced when it is

inappropriately used to e-plain an issue or your indings.

Thereore, you should:

• minimi"e the amount o igurati*e language used in an $P$ paper, such as

metaphors and analogies unless they are helpul in con*eying a comple- idea

• a*oid rhyming schemes, alliteration, or other poetic de*ices typically ound in

*erse






• use simple, descripti*e ad<ecti*es and plain language that does not ris% conusing

your meaning


Summary:





APA eadings and Seriation

eadings

$P$ 'tyle uses a uni>ue headings system to separate and classiy paper sections. There

are 4 heading le!els in $P$. The +th edition o the $P$ manual re*ises and simpliies pre*ious heading guidelines. egardless o the number o le*els, always use the headings

in order, beginning with le*el 6. The ormat o each le*el is illustrated below:

APA 0eadings

Le*el ormat

6 Centered- Boldface- )ppercase and +o&ercase 0eadings

0 +eft1aligned- Boldface- )ppercase and +o&ercase 0eading

F ndented- boldface- lo&ercase heading &ith a period2 egin body te-t aterthe period.

E ndented- boldface- italici*ed- lo&ercase heading &ith a period2 egin body

te-t ater the period.

4 Indented. italici$ed. lowercase heading with a 7eriod' egin body te-t ater the

period.

Thus, i the article has our sections, some o which ha*e subsections and some o whichdonRt, use headings depending on the le*el o subordination. 'ection headings recei*e

le*el one ormat. 'ubsections recei*e le*el two ormat. 'ubsections o subsectionsrecei*e le*el three ormat. or e-ample:

Method (Le*el 6)

Site of Study (Le*el 0)

Participant Population (Le*el 0)



Teachers2 (Le*el F)

Students2 (Le*el F)

Results (Le*el 6)

Spatial Ability (Le*el 0)

Test one2 (Le*el F)

Teachers with eB7erience' (Le*el E)

Teachers in training' (Le*el E)

Test t&o2 (Le*el F)

3inesthetic Ability (Le*el 0)

8n $P$ 'tyle, the 8ntroduction section ne*er gets a heading and headings are not

indicated by letters or numbers. Le*els o headings will depend upon the length andorgani"ation o your paper. egardless, always begin with le*el one headings and proceed

to le*el two, etc.

Seriation

$P$ also allows or seriation in the body te-t to help authors organi"e and present %ey

ideas. or numbered seriation, do the ollowing:

On the basis o our generations o usability testing on the Purdue OWL, the PurdueOWL 9sability Team recommended the ollowing:

6. !o*e the na*igation bar rom the right to the let side o the OWL pages.

0. 8ntegrate branded graphics (the Writing Lab and OWL logos) into the te-t on theOWL homepage.

F. $dd a search bo- to e*ery page o the OWL.

E. =e*elop an OWL site map.4. =e*elop a threetiered na*igation system.

or lists that do not communicate hierarchical order or chronology, use bullets:

8n general, participants ound usercentered OWL moc% up to be easier to use. What

ollows are samples o participants responses:

• 5This *ersion is easier to use.5

• 5Jersion two seems better organi"ed.5

• 58t too% me a ew minutes to learn how to use this *ersion, but ater that, 8 elt

more comortable with it.5



$uthors may also use seriation or paragraph length te-t.

or seriation within sentences, authors may use letters:

On the basis o research conducted by the usability team, OWL sta ha*e completed (a)

the OWL site mapC (b) integrating graphics with te-t on the OWL homepageC (c) search bo-es on all OWL pages e-cept the orange OWL resources (that is pendingC we do ha*e a

search page)C (d) mo*ing the na*igation bar to the let side o pages on all OWL

resources e-cept in the orange area (that is pending)C (e) piloting the irst phase o thethreetiered na*igation system, as illustrated in the new #ngagement section.

$uthors may also separate points with bullet lists:

On the basis o the research conducted by the usability team, OWL sta ha*e completed

• the OWL site mapC

• integrating graphics with te-t on the OWL homepageC

•

search bo-es on all OWL pages e-cept the orange OWL resources (that is pendingC we do ha*e a search page)C

• mo*ing the na*igation bar to the let side o pages on all OWL resources e-cept in

the orange area (that is pending)C

• piloting the irst phase o the threetiered na*igation system, as illustrated in the

new #ngagement section.



$P$ ($merican Psychological $ssociation) style is most commonly used to cite sourceswithin the social sciences. This resource, re*ised according to the + th edition, second printing o the $P$ manual, oers e-amples or the general ormat o $P$ research




APA Po!erPoint Slide Presentation

'elect the $P$ PowerPoint Presentation lin% in the !edia bo- abo*e to download slides

that pro*ide a detailed re*iew o the $P$ citation style.


Summary:








APA Sample Paper

1lic% on the lin% abo*e in the !edia bo- to download the pd handout, $P$ 'amplePaper.



Summary:





APA Tables and Figures ?

The purpose o tables and igures in documents is to enhance your readers understandingo the inormation in the document. !ost word processing sotware a*ailable today will

allow you to create your own tables and igures, and e*en the most basic o word

processors permit the embedding o images, thus enabling you to include tables andigures in almost any document.

General guidelines

"ecessity2 Jisual material such as tables and igures can be used >uic%ly and eiciently

to present a large amount o inormation to an audience, but *isuals must be used to assist

communication, not to use up space, or disguise marginally signiicant results behind ascreen o complicated statistics. $s% yoursel this >uestion irst: 8s the table or igure

necessaryD or e-ample, it is better to present simple descripti*e statistics in the te-t, not

in a table.

Relation of Tables or igures and Te(t2 ecause tables and igures supplement the te-t,reer in the te-t to all tables and igures used and e-plain what the reader should loo% or

when using the table or igure. ocus only on the important point the reader should draw

rom them, and lea*e the details or the reader to e-amine on her own.

.ocumentation2 8 you are using igures, tables and/or data rom other sources, be sureto gather all the inormation you will need to properly document your sources.



ntegrity and ndependence2 #ach table and igure must be intelligible without

reerence to the te-t, so be sure to include an e-planation o e*ery abbre*iation (e-cept

the standard statistical symbols and abbre*iations).

#rgani*ation- Consistency- and Coherence2 7umber all tables se>uentially as you reer

to them in the te-t (Table 6, Table 0, etc.), li%ewise or igures (igure 6, igure 0, etc.).$bbre*iations, terminology, probability le*el *alues must be consistent across tables and

igures in the same article. Li%ewise, ormats, titles, and headings must be consistent. =onot repeat the same data in dierent tables.

Tables

Table Chec%list

• 8s the table necessaryD

• 8s the entire table single or doublespaced (including the title, headings, and

notes)D• $re all comparable tables presented consistentlyD

• 8s the title brie but e-planatoryD

• =oes e*ery column ha*e a column headingD

• $re all abbre*iationsC special use o italics, parentheses, and dashesC and special

symbols e-plainedD

• $re all probability le*el *alues correctly identiied, and are asteris%s attached to

the appropriate table entriesD 8s a probability le*el assigned the same number o

asteris%s in all the tables in the same documentD

• $re the notes organi"ed according to the con*ention o general, speciic,

probabilityD

•

$re all *ertical rules eliminatedD• 8 the table or its data are rom another source, is the source properly citedD

• 8s the table reerred to in the te-tD

Tables

=ata in a table that would re>uire only two or ewer columns and rows should be

presented in the te-t. !ore comple- data is better presented in tabular ormat. 8n order or >uantitati*e data to be presented clearly and eiciently, it must be arranged logically, e.g.

data to be compared must be presented ne-t to one another (beore/ater, young/old,

male/emale, etc.), and statistical inormation (means, standard de*iations, 7 *alues)

must be presented in separate parts o the table. 8 possible, use canonical orms (such as$7OJ$, regression, or correlation) to communicate your data eecti*ely.

8mage 1aption: Table 6

Table Structure



The ollowing image illustrates the basic structure o tables.

8mage 1aption: Table 0

"umbers2 7umber all tableswith arabic numerals

se>uentially. =o not use sui-

letters (e.g. Table Fa, Fb, Fc)C

instead, combine the relatedtables. 8 the manuscript includes an appendi- with tables, identiy them with capital

letters and arabic numerals (e.g. Table $6, Table 0).

Titles2 Li%e the title o the paper itsel, each table must ha*e a clear and concise title.

When appropriate, you may use the title to e-plain an abbre*iation parenthetically.

#-ample: Com7arison of Median Income of Ado7ted Children HAC 6' &oster Children

H&C

0eadings2 &eep headings clear and brie. The heading should not be much wider than the

widest entry in the column. 9se o standard abbre*iations can aid in achie*ing that goal.$ll columns must ha*e headings, e*en the stub column (see e-ample structure), which

customarily lists the ma<or independent *ariables.

Body2 8n reporting the data, consistency is %ey: 7umerals should be e-pressed to a

consistent number o decimal places that is determined by the precision o measurement.

7e*er change the unit o measurement or the number o decimal places in the samecolumn.

Speci1ic T,pes o1 Tables

Analysis of 4ariance 5A"#4A6 Tables2 The con*entional ormat or an $7OJ$ table is

to list the source in the stub column, then the degrees o reedom (d) and the & ratios.Ii*e the betweensub<ect *ariables and error irst, then withinsub<ect and any error.

!ean s>uare errors must be enclosed in parentheses. Pro*ide a general note to the table to

e-plain what those *alues mean (see e-ample). 9se asteris%s to identiy statisticallysigniicant & ratios, and pro*ide a probability ootnote.

8mage 1aption: Table F $7OJ$

Table

Regression2 1on*entionalreporting o regression analysis



ollows two ormats. 8 the study is purely applied, list only the raw or unstandardi"ed

coeicients (). 8 the study is purely theoretical, list only the standardi"ed coeicients

(beta). 8 the study was neither purely applied nor theoretical, then list both standardi"edand unstandardi"ed coeicents. 'peciy the type o analysis, either hierarchical or

simultaneous, and pro*ide the increments o change i you used hierarchical regression.

8mage 1aption: Table Eegression Table

.otes in Tables

There are three types o notes or

tables: general, speciic, and

probability notes. $ll o them must be placed below the table in that order.

7eneral notes e-plain, >ualiy or pro*ide inormation about the table as a whole. Pute-planations o abbre*iations, symbols, etc. here.

#-ample: Note. The racial categories used by the 9' 1ensus ($rican$merican, $sian

$merican, Latinos/as, 7ati*e$merican, and Paciic 8slander) ha*e been collapsed intothe category SnonWhite. # e-cludes respondents who selidentiied as SWhite and

at least one other SnonWhite race.

Specific notes e-plain, >ualiy or pro*ide inormation about a particular column, row, or

indi*idual entry. To indicate speciic notes, use superscript lowercase letters (e.g. a, b, c),

and order the superscripts rom let to right, top to bottom. #ach tableRs irst ootnotemust be the superscript a.

#-ample: a n 30F. b One participant in this group was diagnosed with schi"ophrenia

during the sur*ey.

Probability notes pro*ide the reader with the results o the te-ts or statisticalsigniicance. $steris%s indicate the *alues or which the null hypothesis is re<ected, with

the probability (p *alue) speciied in the probability note. 'uch notes are re>uired only

when rele*ant to the data in the table. 1onsistently use the same number o asteris%s or agi*en alpha le*el throughout your paper.

8mage 1aption: 'ample Table

7otes

8 you need to distinguish between twotailed and one



tailed tests in the same table, use asteris%s or twotailed p *alues and an alternate symbol

(such as daggers) or onetailed p *alues.

8mage 1aption: !ore Table 7otes

Tables 1rom Other

Sources

8 using tables rom a source,

copy the structure o the original e-actly, and cite the source in accordance with $P$style.



Summary:





APA Tables and Figures @

Figures

igure Chec%list

• 8s the igure necessaryD

• 8s the igure simple, clean, and ree o e-traneous detailD

• $re the data plotted accuratelyD

• 8s the grid scale correctly proportionedD

• 8s the lettering large and dar% enough to readD 8s the lettering compatible in si"e

with the rest o the igureD

• $re parallel igures or e>ually important igures prepared according to the same

scaleD

• $re terms spelled correctlyD

• $re all abbre*iations and symbols e-plained in a igure legend or igure captionD

$re the symbols, abbre*iations, and terminology in the igure consistent withthose in the igure captionD 8n other iguresD 8n the te-tD

• $re the igures numbered consecuti*ely with $rabic numeralsD







• $re all igures mentioned in the te-tD

$s tables supplement the te-t, so should each igure.

T,pes o1 Figures

7raphs are good at >uic%ly con*eying relationships li%e comparison and distribution.

The most common orms o graphs are scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, pictorialgraphs, and pie graphs. or more details and speciics on what %ind o inormation,

relations, and meaning can be e-pressed with the dierent types o graphs, consult your

te-tboo% on >uantitati*e analysis. 'preadsheet programs, such as !icrosot #-cel, cangenerate the graphs or you.

Scatter plots are composed o indi*idual dots that represent the *alue o a speciic e*ent

on the scale established by the two *ariables plotted on the B and ya-es. When the dots

cluster together, a correlation is implied. On the other hand, when the dots are scattered

randomly, no correlation is seen.

8mage 1aption: 'catter Plot

Iraph

+ine graphs depict therelationship between >uantitati*e

*ariables. 1ustomarily, the

independent *ariable is plotted

along the Ba-is (hori"ontally) and the dependent *ariable is plotted along the ya-is(*ertically). 'ee e-ample igure 6...

Bar graphs come in three main types: 6) solid *ertical or hori"ontal bars, 0) multiple bar

graphs, and F) sliding bars. 8n solid bar graphs, the independent *ariable is categorical,and each bar represents one %ind o datum, e. g. a bar graph o monthly e-penditures. $

multiple bar graph can show more comple- inormation than a simple bar graph, e. g.

monthly e-penditures di*ided into categories (housing, ood, transportation, etc.). 8nsliding bar graphs, the bars are di*ided by a hori"ontal line which ser*es as the baseline,

enabling the representation o data abo*e and below a speciic reerence point, e. g. high

and low temperatures *. a*erage temperature.

8mage 1aption: ar Iraph



8mage 1aption: ar Iraph by Type

Pictorial graphs can be used to show >uantitati*e dierences between groups. Pictorial

graphs can be *ery decepti*e: i the height o an image is doubled, its area is >uadrupled.Thereore, great care should be ta%en that images representing the same *alues must be

the same si"e.

Circle 5pie6 graphs are used to represent percentages and proportions. or the sa%e o

readability, no more than i*e *ariables should be compared in a single pie graph. Thesegments should be ordered *ery strictly: beginning at twel*e oRcloc%, order them rom

the largest to the smallest, and shade the segments rom dar% to light (i.e., the largest

segment should be the dar%est). Lines and dots can be used or shading in blac% and whitedocuments.

8mage 1aption: 1ircle (or Pie)Iraph

Charts are used to represent thecomponents o larger ob<ects or

groups (e. g. a tribal hierarchy),

the steps in a process (as in a

lowchart), or the schematics o an ob<ect (the components o a cell phone).

8mage 1aption: 1hart

.ra&ings and photographs can

be used to communicate *ery

speciic inormation about asub<ect. Than%s to sotware, both

are now highly manipulable. or

the sa%e o readability and simplicity, line drawings should be used, and photographsshould ha*e the highest possible contrast between the bac%ground and ocal point.

1ropping, cutting out e-traneous detail, can be *ery beneicial or a photograph. 9se

sotware li%e Iraphic1on*erter or Photoshop to con*ert color photographs to blac% and

white beore printing on a laser printer. Otherwise most printers will produce an imagewith poor contrast.

8mage 1aption: Photograph

Preparing Figures



8n preparing igures, communication and readability must be the ultimate criteria. $*oid

the temptation to use the special eects a*ailable in most ad*anced sotware pac%ages.

While threedimensional eects, shading, and layered te-t may loo% interesting to theauthor, o*eruse, inconsistent use, and misuse may distort the data, and distract or e*en

annoy readers. =esign properly done is inconspicuous, almost in*isible, because it

supports communication. =esign improperly, or amateurishly, done draws the readerRsattention rom the data, and ma%es him or her >uestion the authorRs credibility.

The $P$ has determined speciications or the si"e o igures and the onts used in them.

igures o one column must be between 0 and F.04 inches wide (4 to 3.E4 cm). Two

column igures must be between E.04 and +.3A4 inches wide (6;.+ to 6A.4 cm). Theheight o igures should not e-ceed the top and bottom margins. The te-t in a igure

should be in a san seri ont (such as Bel*etica, $rial, or utura). The ont si"e must be

between eight and ourteen point. 9se circles and s>uares to distinguish cur*es on a linegraph (at the same ont si"e as the other labels). ('ee e-amples abo*e.)

"aptions and Legends

or igures, ma%e sure to include the igure number and a title with a legend and caption.

These elements appear belo& the *isual display. or the igure number, type &igure F .

Then type the title o the igure in sentence case. ollow the title with a legend thate-plains the symbols in the igure and a caption that e-plains the igure:

&igure /. Bow to create igures in $P$ style. This igure illustrates eecti*e elements in

$P$ style igures.

1aptions ser*e as a brie, but complete, e-planation and as a title. or e-ample, S &igure

5. Population is insuicient, whereas S &igure 5. Population o Irand apids, !8 by race(6@3;) is better. 8 the igure has a title in the image, crop it.

Iraphs should always include a legend that e-plains the symbols, abbre*iations, and

terminology used in the igure. These terms must be consistent with those used in the te-tand in other igures. The lettering in the legend should be o the same type and si"e as

that used in the igure.



Summary:








APA Abbre2iations

8n $P$, abbre*iations should be limited to instances when a) the abbre*iation is standardand will not interere with the readerRs understanding and b) i space and repetition can be

greatly a*oided through abbre*iation.

There are a ew common trends in abbre*iating that you should ollow when using $P$,

though there are always e-ceptions to these rules. When abbre*iating a term, use the ullterm the irst time you use it, ollowed immediately by the abbre*iation in parentheses.

$ccording to the $merican Psychological $ssociation ($P$), abbre*iations are best used

only when they allow or clear communication with the audience.

*Bce7tions: 'tandard abbre*iations li%e units o measurement and states do not need to be

written out. $P$ also allows abbre*iations that appear as words in Meriam!WebsterJsCollegiate ,ictionary to be used without e-planation (8, #!, $8=', B8J).

=o not use periods or spaces in abbre*iations o all capital letters, unless it is a proper

name or reers to participants using identityconcealing labels:

!$, 1=, BT!L, $P$P. =. ames, . . . Tol%ien, #. . White or .8.!., '.W..

*Bce7tions: 9se a period when abbre*iating the 9nited 'tates as an ad<ecti*e (9.'.

!arines or 9.'. 'enator)

9se a period i the abbre*iation is Latin abbre*iation or a reerence abbre*iation:

etc., e.g., a.m. or Jol. A, p. 60, Eth ed.

=o not use periods when abbre*iating measurements:

cd, t, lb, mi, min

*Bce7tions: 9se a period when abbre*iating inch (in.) to a*oid conusion.

9nits o measurement and statistical abbre*iations should only be abbre*iated when

accompanied by numerical *alues:

A mg, 60 mi, M A.4measured in milligrams, se*eral miles ater the e-it, the means were determined

Only certain units o time should be abbre*iated.

=o not abbre*iate:



day, wee%, month, year

=o abbre*iate:

hr, min, ms, ns, s

To orm the plural o abbre*iations, add s alone without apostrophe or italici"ation.

*ols., 8s, #ds.

*Bce7tion: =o not add s to plurali"e units o measurement (60 m not 60 ms).

Abbre2iations in "itations

1itations should be as condensed as possible, so you should %now the basic rules o

abbre*iation endorsed by the $P$ to pro*ide your readers with reerence inormation.

$lways abbre*iate the irst and middle names o authors, editors, etc.

'ha%espeare, W., 1homs%y, 7.

9se the ollowing abbre*iations within citations (ta%e note o capitali"ation):

APA Citation Abbre!iations

"oo; Part Abbre6iation

edition ed.

re*ised edition e*. ed.

'econd #dition 0nd ed.

#ditor(s) #d. or #ds.

Translator(s) Trans.

7o date n.d.

Page(s) p. or pp.

Jolume(s) Jol. or Jols.

7umber 7o.

Part Pt.

Technical eport Tech. ep.

'upplement 'uppl.


Summary:








Statistics in APA

When including statistics in written te-t, be sure to include enough inormation or thereader to understand the study. $lthough the amount o e-planation and data included

depends upon the study, $P$ style has guidelines or the representation o statistical

inormation:

• =o not gi*e reerences or statistics unless the statistic is uncommon, used

uncon*entionally, or is the ocus o the article

• =o not gi*e ormulas or common statistics (i.e. mean, t test)

• =o not repeat descripti*e statistics in the te-t i theyRre represented in a table or

igure

• 9se terms li%e res7ecti6ely and in order when enumerating a series o statisticsC

this illustrates the relationship between the numbers in the series.

Punctuating statistics

9se parentheses to enclose statistical *alues:

...pro*ed to be statistically signiicant ( 7 .E0) with all *ariables.

9se parentheses to enclose degrees o reedom:

t (E4) E.F4 & (F, 3A) 0.66

9se brac%ets to enclose limits o conidence inter*als:

3@U 18s GF.E4, 0.AH, G+.;, F.3@H, and GA.0F, 6.3@H

9se standard typeace (no bolding or italici"ation) when writing Iree% letters, subscripts

that unction as identiiers, and abbre*iations that are not *ariables.

9se boldface or *ectors and matrices:

4- 8

9se italics or statistical symbols (other than *ectors and matrices):

t. &. N



9se an italici$ed , uppercase N in reerence to number o sub<ects or participants in the

total sample.

N F03

9se an italici$ed , lowercase n in reerence to only a portion o the sample.

n E0



Summary:






APA "lassroom Poster

The $P$ poster at the lin% below is a printable <pg ile you may download and print out at

dierent si"es or use in classrooms, writing centers, or as a poc%et reerence. Please %eep

in mind that the ile si"e, as a print>uality resource (60; dpi), is large, so it may ta%e awhile to download. 2ou may ad<ust the print si"e o the poster rom your print menu. $s

is, the poster is 0A - F+ inches.

ecause the poster is >uite large, standard printers cannot print the poster. 8 you do not

ha*e access to a printer that can print large documents, contact a local print shop to printthe poster. The Purdue OWL cannot grant re>uests to print and mail posters.

8 you do not ha*e access to a print shop to print the poster, please use the resources we

ha*e a*ailable here or printing on standard 3.4 - 66 inch paper. Io to resource youwould li%e to print, scroll down to the bottom o the page, and clic% 5ull esource or

Printing.5

$lso please note that the poster only contains basic $P$ guidelines. or detailedinstructions, please see the complete OWL $P$ resources here.

The Purdue OWL $P$ 1lassroom Poster was de*eloped by &ate ouwens or the Purdue

Proessional Writing Purdue OWL 8nternship class, #nglish E@;, in spring 0;;@.

Purdue OWL $P$ 1lassroom Poster (Please note: The poster is best *iewed in ireo-.)





http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/jpeg/APAPoster09.jpg



http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/jpeg/APAPoster09.jpg





Summary:


within the social sciences. This resource, re*ised according to the +th

edition, second printing o the $P$ manual, oers e-amples or the general ormat o $P$ research



APA "hanges th -dition

The $merican Psychological $ssociation ($P$) updated its style manual in the summer

o 0;;@. This resource presents the changes made between the ith and si-th editions.

Please note that the irst printing o the $P$ si-th edition contained misprintsC i you areusing the $P$ manual, ma%e sure you are using at least the second printing o the si-th

edition.

Traditionally, psychologists were the main users o $P$, but recently, students andwriters in other ields began using $P$ style. Thereore, the si-th edition was written

with a broader audience in mind. The changes made to the si-th edition relect this

broader audience.

This resource was created ollowing the $P$ manualRs SWhatRs 7ew in $P$, is

organi"ed according to the $P$ manual chapters, and highlights updates to the si-thedition that most concern student writers instead o those interested in publishing

manuscripts. or a more complete discussion o the changes, please *isit this site.

L 2 ls o1 ading

Beadings are used to help guide the reader through a document. The le*els are organi"ed

by le*els o subordination, and each section o the paper should start with the highest

le*el o heading.

Fi1th -dition 9Section B=B? in the APA manual:

APA 0eadings

http://www.apastyle.org/manual/whats-new.aspx

http://www.apastyle.org/manual/whats-new.aspx



Le*el ormat

6 1#7T##= 9PP#1$'# B#$=87I'

0 1entered 9ppercase and Lowercase Beadings

FCentered. Italici$ed. 977ercase and owercase

eadings

E eft!aligned. Italici$ed. 977ercase and owercase -ide

eading

4 Indented. italici$ed. lowercase 7aragra7h headingending with a 7eriod'

Si%th -dition 9B=CB:



APA 0eadings

Le*el ormat

6Centered- Boldface- )ppercase and +o&ercase

0eadings

0

+eft1aligned- Boldface- )ppercase and +o&ercase

0eading

F ndented- boldface- lo&ercase heading &ith a

period2

E ndented- boldface- italici*ed- lo&ercase heading

&ith a period2



4 Indented. italici$ed. lowercase heading with a

7eriod'

or e-ample, in a scientiic report ollowing $P$ style, a report contains three sections:

!ethod, esults, and =iscussion. #ach o these sections start with le*el 6 headings:

Methods (Le*el 6)

Site of Study (Le*el 0)

Participant Population (Le*el 0)

Teachers2 (Le*el F)

Students2 (Le*el F)

Results (Le*el 6)

Spatial Ability (Le*el 0)

Test one2 (le*el F)

Teachers with eB7erience' (Le*el E)

Teachers in training' (Le*el E)

Test t&o2 (Le*el F)

3inesthetic Ability (Le*el 0)

0 ducing 'ias in Languag 9B=??:

9sing precise language is e-pected in scientiic writing, and the si-th edition oers new

ways in which to tal% about research participants (note that Ssub<ects is still anacceptable term to use, but Sparticipants is more representati*e o the indi*idualsR roles

in the research pro<ect).

Refer to participants at the appropriate le!el of specificity2 The manual pro*ides thee-ample o using women and men to reer to all human beings instead o only using man.

!an is appropriate to use when reerring to one man but not when reerring to a



population that includes men and women.

Refer to participants ho& they &ish to be called2 Try to a*oid labels i possible, but ithis is not a*oidable, be respectul. ocus on the people and not the label. or e-ample,

instead o labeling a group Sthe elderly5 or 5the arthritic,5 labels in which indi*iduals are

lost, try Solder adults5 or 5a woman with arthritis.5

Ac%no&ledge participants9 participation &hile still follo&ing the rules in your field2

or e-ample, a cogniti*e psychology student might use the term Ssub<ects in herresearch report, but a nursing student might use the term Spatients to reer to those who

participated in his research. Whate*er term you choose to use, be sure you are consistent

throughout your paper and with your ieldRs guidelines.

Th M chanics o1 St,l

Spacing 52;<62 egarding punctuation in manuscript drats, $P$ suggests using two

spaces ater periods ending sentences to aid readability.

One space: SPre*ious research shows that patients are interested in palliati*e care. This

research pro<ect e-plores how to discuss palliati*e care with patients.

Two spaces: SPre*ious research shows that patients are interested in palliati*e care. This

research pro<ect e-plores how to discuss palliati*e care with patients.

Appro(imations 52=<1=>62 9se words to e-press appro-imations o days, months, and

year.

S8 started spelun%ing about our years ago.

Reporting statistics 52=?- - and <;62 9se a "ero beore the decimal point withnumbers less than one when the statistic can be greater than one.

;.4+ %g

=o not use a "ero beore the decimal point when the number cannot be greater than one.

r .;64

8nclude eect si"es and conidence inter*als with statistics. This will allow the reader tomore ully understand the conducted analyses.

9se brac%ets to group together conidence inter*al limits in both the body te-t and tables

(4.64).

S@4U 1ls GA.0, E.FH, [email protected], 60.EH, and G6.0, ;.4H (p. @E)



8ispla,ing 0 sults

The si-th edition includes a section (4.;6) on the purpose o displaying data. This section

can help you decide when and how to display your data. or e-ample, your data might

show that you are e-ploring data and inormation, or your data may ser*e a storage

purpose or later retrie*al.

!ore than li%ely, though, your data will ser*e either a communication purpose to show

you ha*e disco*ered meaning in data and you want to show/communicate to others thismeaning.

igures2 igures include graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs. $s a generalrule, only include igures when they add to the *alue o the paper. 8 the igure merely

repeats what is written in the paper, do not include it, as it does not add any new

inormation to the paper.

The si-th edition also emphasi"es the importance o clearly labeling electrophysiological,radiological, and genetic data.

0 1 r nc s

8irect >uotations 9=C?$@?:

The si-th edition pro*ides e-plicit rules or direct >uotations and states that you must

credit the source when Sparaphrasing, >uoting an author directly, or describing an ideathat inluenced your wor% (p. 6A;).

8 the >uotation is less than E; words, incorporate the >uotation into the te-t and place>uotation mar%s round the >uotation. 1ite the source immediately ater the >uotation and

continue with the sentence.

Porter (6@@3) has stated that, SThe internetwor%ed classroom has the potential (not yet

reali"ed) to empower students (p. 4), and this research pro<ect e-amines this potential.

8 the >uotation you are using alls at the end o the sentence, enclose the >uotation with>uotation mar%s without including the >uotationRs original punctuation. BereRs a sentence

as it appears in the original te-t:

S'emantic rames/domains represent one o the two ma<or organi"ing principles orconceptual structure (1rot ? 1ruse, 0;;E, p. F0).

BereRs what the sentence loo%s li%e when >uoted within a te-t:



8n arguing or rame semantics, 1rot and 1ruse (0;;E) asserted, S'emantic

rames/domains represent one o the two ma<or organi"ing principles or conceptual

structure (p. F0).

8 the >uotation has more than E; words, use a bloc% >uotation. egin the >uotation on a

new line and indent a halinch rom the let margin. =oublespace the entire >uotation,and at the end o the >uotation, pro*ide citation inormation ater the inal punctuation

mar%.

ohn 7icholson (630;) anticipated this eect when discussion arming methods in the

nineteenth century:

Perhaps it would be well, i some institution were de*ised, and supported at the e-pense

o the 'tate, which would be so organi"ed as would tend most eectually to produce adue degree o emulation among armers, by rewards and honorary distinctions conerred

by those who, by their successul e-perimetnal eorts and impro*ements, should render

themsel*es duly entitled to them. (p. @0)

Th 0 1 r nc List

eerences that appear in the te-t must appear in the reerences list in alphabetical order by the authorRs last name, with the e-ception o personal communicationC only cite

personal communication in the te-t, not in the reerence list.

lectronic sources 5@2=<62 ecause electronic publishing has become a standard inresearch, the si-th edition pro*ides an o*er*iew o electronic sources and how to

reerence them, speciically with 9Ls and =O8s.

9Ls, more commonly %nown as a web address, locate inormation housed on the

8nternet. The ith edition speciied that reerences to electronic sources should reer to

the articleRs or documentRs 9L. Bowe*er, they are prone to Sbrea%ing or deleting, andto resol*e issues associated with the unstable nature o 9Ls, publishers ha*e started

using =O8s with articles.

or more details on how to cite electronic sources with ollowing the si-th edition,consult your $P$ manual or the OWLRs resource on citing electronic sources.

While citing rom a webpage, you may not be able to ind a page number to reer to, i.e.,

there is no pagination. 8nstead, reer to the paragraph number rom which you are citingwhere you would usually insert a page number by using Spara. instead o Sp.. e sure

to include the authorRs/sR name/s and year, too, i applicable.

SThe Purdue 9ni*ersity Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) assist clientsin their de*elopment as writersVno matter what their s%ill le*elVwith oncampus

consultations, online participation, and community engagement (Purdue OWL, 0;6;,

S!ission, para. 6).





S!ission is used here to reer to the section in which this >uote was ound.



Summary:






O L Mail APA FA>s

The ollowing $s address issues in $P$ citation and/or ormatting. The entries in this

section are based on re>uently as%ed >uestions recei*ed by our OWL !ail Tutors. We

encourage you to scan through these beore you send your $P$ related >uestions intoOWL !ail. $lso, urther inormation on $P$ style and citation can be ound at the

Purdue OWLRs $P$ 'tyle and ormatting resource.

#;m !riting an APA st,le paper) but # can;t get the

header on the 1irst page to be di11erent than the

subse*uent pages= o! do # set a di11erent header on

the 1irst pageD

8 you are using Word 0;;A, you can ma%e the header o the irst page dierent rom theheader on the second and ollowing pages. To do this, please ollow these steps:

6. $ter opening Word 0;;A, clic% on 58nsert5 at the top o the page.0. 1lic% on 5Beader5 and choose the Beader template you wish to use. Type

in the te-t you would li%e or the irst page.

F.When you type in your te-t in the header, you will see the 5=esign5 tab

is highlighted. There you can clic% on 5=ierent irst page.5 This willallow you to type in dierent te-t within your header beginning with page

two.

8 you do not ha*e a *ersion o Word which allows you to do this, you can simply type

Sunning Bead: 'BOT#7#=

T8TL# O 2O9 P$P# at the upper most line on the irst page withouttyping it inside the header. Then type the shortened title inside the

header as you wish it to appear throughout your document.

3sing APA) ho! do # cite an author i1 their !or4 is

re1erenced more than once in a single paragraphD


http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/


http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/



BereRs what the +th edition o the $P$ manual says: 5Within a paragraph, when the name

o the author is part o the narrati*e...you need not include the year in subse>uent

nonparenthetical reerences to a study as long as the study cannot be conused with otherstudies cited in the article. =o include the year in all parenthetical citations5 (pg. 6AE).

8n other words, e*ery time you bring up the author in a new paragraph, youshould use the year, but you donRt ha*e to within a paragraph, as long as itRs clear rom

your wording that you are discussing the same author. 8 you were gi*ing a direct

>uotation that needed a parenthetical reerence or the page number, then youRd includethe year as well.

o! do # cite a !or4 that has no listed author in an APA$

st,le paperD

$ccording to the OWL websiteRs resource on $P$style citations, 5When your essayincludes parenthetical citations o sources with no author named, use a shortened *ersion

o the sourceRs title instead o an authorRs name. 9se >uotation mar%s and italics asappropriate. or e-ample, parenthetical citations o the source abo*e would appear as

ollows: ( Merriam!WebsterJs 6@@F).5 The bibliographical citation is as ollows:

Merriam!WebsterJs collegiate dictionary (6;th ed.).(6@@F). 'pringield, !$: !erriam

Webster.

hat do # do i1 the source$t,pe that #;m using doesn;t

appear in an, APA re1erence+st,le guidesD

The $P$ manual models se*eral dierent templates or reerences, but the orms gi*en

may not apply to all documents. 8n this case, the $P$ manual states that you shouldormat the entry as best you can in accordance with their models:

5Occasionally, howe*er, you may need to use a reerence or a source or which thischapter does not pro*ide speciic guidance. 8n such a case choose the e-ample that is

most li%e your source and ollow that ormat...When in doubt, pro*ide more inormation

rather than less.5 ($merican Psychological $ssociation, 0;;@ p. 6@F).

hat do # do i1 a !ebsite is missing in1ormation re*uired

1or an APA$st,le citationD

The $P$ 'tyle log is a helpul source when it comes to citing websites with missinginormation.

or e-ample, i your website has no author, you can use the ollowing e-ample as a

template or the citation or your reerence page:

$ll FF 1hile miners reed in lawless rescue. (0;6;, October 6F). etrie*ed rom

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/F@+043;@/ns/worldKnews

http://blog.apastyle.org/

http://blog.apastyle.org/



americas/

$s you can see, the title o the document is mo*ed up to where the authorRs name would be.

8 your website has no date, you can put 5n.d.5 instead. or e-ample:

The 1ollege o William and !ary. (n.d.). 1ollege mission statement. etrie*ed rom

http://www.wm.edu/about/administration/pro*ost /mission/inde-.php

#1 # co$author a paper) ho! should the author;s names

appear in an APA$st,le title pageD

$ccording to the +th edition o the $P$ manual, 5The names o the authors should appearin the order o their contributions, centered between the side margins. or names with

sui-es (e.g., r. and 888), separate the sui- rom the rest o the name with a spaceinstead o a comma. The institutional ailiation should be centered under the authorRs

name, on the ne-t line5 (p. 0E).

'ome e-amples include the ollowing:

Two authors, one ailiation:

ohn . oster 88 and oy . =a*is r.#ducational Testing 'er*ice, Princeton, 7ew ersey

Three authors, one ailiation:

uanita uentes, Paul =y%es, and 'usan Watanabe

9ni*ersity o 1olorado at oulder

Two authors, two ailiations:

=a*id Wol 9ni*ersity o 1aliornia, er%eley

$manda lue

randon 9ni*ersity

Three authors, two ailiations:

!ariah !eade and 'yl*ia #arleywineIeorgetown 9ni*ersity



#;m including clip art in m, APA st,le

Po! rPoint

presentation= o! do # properl, cite the clip art that

#;m going to useD

8 you are using the clip art simply to adorn your PowerPoint presentation, you donRt

need to cite it. The +th

#dition o the $P$ manual does not oer a speciic discussion othis issue, but it seems unnecessary to pro*ide citation on a document presented *ia the!icrosot program or stoc% images that a speciic to that sotware pac%age.

Bowe*er, i the clip art is presented in a separate medium (li%e a handout), and you wantto be *ery thorough about citation or i your presentation is speciically about clip art and

the point is to discuss clip art rom dierent sources, then you should cite the source.

Bere is the ormat you should ollow:

Title o Program (Jersion number)G=escription o ormatH. Location: 7ame

o producer.

BereRs the e-ample in the + th #dition o the $P$ manual:

1omprehensi*e !eta$nalysis (Jersion 0) G1omputer 'otwareH. #nglwood, 7:

iostat.

or the clip art rom online sources, because these are te-ts that are relocated rom an

outside source, you should probably cite them regardless o the situation. BereRs the

ormat:

7ame o image creator, $. $. (2ear images was made). Title o image in

italics Gmedium o image i.e ile typeH. etrie*ed rom http://.....

o! do # cite unpublished !or4s in APAD

Bere is the rele*ant ormat rom the $P$ manual, + th edition, p. 066:

9npublished manuscripts with a uni*ersity cited:

lac%well, #., ? 1onrod, P.. (0;;F). A fi6e dimensional measure of

drin%ing moti*es. 9npublished manuscript, =epartment o

Psychology, 9ni*ersity o ritish 1olumbia, Jancou*er, 1anada.

!anuscript in progress or submitted or publication:

Ting, . 2., lorsheim, P., ? Buang, W. (0;;3). Mental health hel7!see;ing

in ethnic minority populations: $ theoretical perspecti*e.

!anuscript submitted or publication Gor 5!anuscript in preparation5H.

$long with the ormat or the latter wor%, you can add the uni*ersity where the author



wor%s (i indeed they are doing research as part o their position with a uni*ersity or

college).

#;m !riting a paper about computer$aided !riting

instruction= o! do # cite pieces o1 so1t!are in APAD

$ccording to the +th edition o the $P$ manual, here is the general ormat

or citing sotware:

ightsholder, $.$. (2ear). Title o program (Jersion number) G=escription

o ormH. Location: 7ame o producer.

$lternati*ely, instead o using 5Location:...5 you can use 5etrie*ed rom

http://www....5

8 you cant ind who the rightsholder is (i.e. the company or person who

made the sotware), you can start the citation with the name o the program.

BereRs another e-ample rom the manual:

1omprehensi*e !eta$nalysis (Jersion 0) G1omputer sotwareH. #nglewood, 7: iostat.

The date may be e-cluded i it is not a*ailable.

8 you are citing a piece o sotware or a smartphone o a *ideo game console, 8 would

use the most descripti*e term or the %ind o sotware youRre using, i.e., GiPhoneapplicationH.

o! do # cite m, pro1essor;s classroom

Po! rPoint

presentations in APAD

2our irst choice is to ollow the ormat or online PowerPoint presentation slides

e-empliied on this page o the Purdue OWL, and to simply not include the url:

2ou would reerence this source inte-t as you normally would by the authorRs last name

and date.

2our second choice is to reer to the lecture as personal communication. or an e-ample,

please see this resource on the Purdue OWL.

Please note: personal communication is only cited inte-t and not within your

eerences list.

o! do # cite lecture notes in m, APA$st,le research paperD







The citation on the eerence page or the lecture notes would loo% li%e the ollowing in

$P$:

$uthor. (year). 8n italics write the name or title o the lecture. Personal 1ollection o (the

lecturerRs name), school or organi"ation they teach or, city, state.

erliner, $. (6@4@). Lecture on eminiscences o Wundt and Leipsig.

Personal 1ollection o $. erliner, 9ni*ersity o $%ron, $%ron OB.

o! do # cite a !or4 o1 art) li4e Sal2ador 8ali;s

Th

-cum nical "ouncil) in APAD

There is no Soicial $P$ citation style or paintings or other wor%s o art, but the $P$

'tyle log recently addressed this >uestion with the in a recent post. 2ou can access that

post by clic%ing here.

$s they say, 5There are no guidelines or paintings, sculptures, or more complicatedinstallations (e.g., a chair, a photo o a chair, and a deinition o Schair). 'o letRs use the

ran%en reerence concept to model a ew ways to handle art in your reerence list.5

The basic ormat they suggest is below (using WyethRs painting ChristinaJs world as an

e-ample:

Wyeth, $. (6@E3). ChristinaJs world GPaintingH. etrie*ed rom

http://www.moma.org/e-plore/collection/inde-

# created and administered m, o!n sur2e, 1or a project= o!

!ould # cite this sur2e, in an APA$st,le paperD

'ince a sur*ey you conducted yoursel is not published elsewhere by someone else, you

do not cite it in the same way you cite other materials. 8nstead, in your paper you describeyour sur*ey and ma%e it clear that the data youRre reerring to is rom the sur*ey, usually

by saying so in introductory sentences. 8n your paper, you should include a short

o*er*iew o your sur*ey method: whom the sur*ey was administered to, how it was

administered, how many responses you got, and what %ind o >uestions you as%ed. 2oushould include a copy o the sur*ey instrument (the ull set o >uestions as%ed) as an

appendi- to your paper. 2ou do not need to include your sur*ey in your wor%s cited list.

o! does one cite state bills in APAD

$P$ ollows the guidelines or legal citations in the 9nited 'tates as outlined in The "lueboo; . 2ou can access a *ersion o The lueboo% by clic%ing here.

Bowe*er, guidelines or reerences to legal materials can also be ound on

pages 06+00E in the +th o the Publication Manual of the APA.

The ollowing sample reerence to a statute in a state code and its

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/04/theres-an-art-to-it.html


http://www.legalbluebook.com/Public/Introduction.aspx






e-planation can be ound on page 00;:

!ental 1are and Treatment $ct, E &an. 'tat. $nn. 4@0@;60@E6 (6@3F ?'upp. 6@@0).

#-planation: This &ansas act can be ound in codiied *ersion between sections 0@;6 and0@E6 in 1hapter 4@ o *olume E o the 6@3F edition o &ansas 'tatutes $nnotated. Two

amendments to the act and additional reerences are pro*ided in the 6@@0 supplement or

the &ansas 'tatutes $nnotated.

o! do # cite arti1acts in an APA$st,le paperD

$rtiacts may all under 5$rchi*al =ocuments and 1ollections.5 $n e-tensi*e

e-planation o this can be ound in the +th edition o the $P$ publication manual. The

general ormat or this reerence is as ollows:

$uthor, $. $. (2ear, !onth =ay). Title of material . G=escription o materialH. 7ame o 1ollection (1all number, o- number, ile name or

number, etc.). 7ame o epository, Location.

This general ormat may be modiied or collections re>uiring more or less speciic

inormation to locate materials, or dierent types o collections, or or additional

descripti*e inormation. 8 the artiact you are reerencing is not accessible by others, noris it reproducible, it may not need to be cited.

o! do # cite a products instructional guide 9e=g=) the

Apple iPad user;s manual: in APAD

While the $P$ publication manual lists many dierent reerences, product instructionsare not something that has a speciic reerence e-ample. 'ince there is not a speciic

reerence guideline or instructions, 8 would adapt another similar reerence or your uses.

or e-ample:

Title o the 8nstructions (2ear). Name of the 7roduct . 1ompany 7ame, 1ity, 'tate.

1urrent Location o the Product.

7ote: 8 the product is maintained at a business, list the name o the business and city,

state or the 5current location o product.5 8 you own the product you are reerencing, list51opy in possession o author.5

o! do # cite genealogies in APAD

The $P$ does not seem to speciically address this issue, probably because it is *ery

particular. BereRs what weR*e been able to ind rom other sources:



Ienealogy.com oers a method o citing birth/death certiicates, which can be ound by

clic%ing here and scrolling down to the SOicial ecords section o the page.

$rchi*e.go* also oers suggestions on how to cite birth/death certiicates, which can beaccessed by clic%ing here.

1opyright X6@@40;6+ by The Writing Lab ? The OWL at Purdue and Purdue

9ni*ersity. $ll rights reser*ed. This material may not be published, reproduced,

broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. 9se o this site constitutesacceptance o our terms and conditions o air use.

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/4+;/

>uoting) Paraphrasing) and Summari(ing

Summary:

This handout is intended to help you become more comortable with the uses o and

distinctions among >uotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares andcontrasts the three terms, gi*es some pointers, and includes a short e-cerpt that you can

use to practice these s%ills.

Contributors:=ana Lynn =riscoll, $llen ri"ee

+ast dited: 0;6F;064 ;@:EE:E4

This handout is intended to help you become more comortable with the uses o and

distinctions among >uotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and

contrasts the three terms, gi*es some pointers, and includes a short e-cerpt that you can

use to practice these s%ills.

hat are the di11erences among *uoting) paraphrasing) and

summari(ingD

These three ways o incorporating other writers wor% into your own writing dier

according to the closeness o your writing to the source writing.

uotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment o the source. They

must match the source document word or word and must be attributed to the originalauthor.

Paraphrasing in*ol*es putting a passage rom source material into your own words. $

paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually

http://www.archives.gov/publications/general-info-leaflets/17-citing-records.html

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/writinglab/

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/


http://www.purdue.edu/



https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/551/01


https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/560/

http://www.archives.gov/publications/general-info-leaflets/17-citing-records.html

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/writinglab/





https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/560/



shorter than the original passage, ta%ing a somewhat broader segment o the source and

condensing it slightly.

Summari*ing in*ol*es putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only themain point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summari"ed ideas to the original

source. 'ummaries are signiicantly shorter than the original and ta%e a broad o*er*iewo the source material.

h, use *uotations) paraphrases) and summariesD

uotations, paraphrases, and summaries ser*e many purposes. 2ou might use them to:

• Pro*ide support or claims or add credibility to your writing

• eer to wor% that leads up to the wor% you are now doing

• Ii*e e-amples o se*eral points o *iew on a sub<ect

• 1all attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

•

Bighlight a particularly stri%ing phrase, sentence, or passage by >uoting theoriginal

• =istance yoursel rom the original by >uoting it in order to cue readers that the

words are not your own

• #-pand the breadth or depth o your writing

Writers re>uently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and >uotations. $s part o a

summary o an article, a chapter, or a boo%, a writer might include paraphrases o *arious

%ey points blended with >uotations o stri%ing or suggesti*e phrases as in the ollowing

e-ample:

8n his amous and inluential wor% The Inter7retation of ,reams, 'igmund reudargues that dreams are the 5royal road to the unconscious5 (page Q), e-pressing in coded

imagery the dreamers unulilled wishes through a process %nown as the 5dreamwor%5(page Q). $ccording to reud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and

sub<ected to coding through layers o condensation and displacement beore emerging in

a %ind o rebus pu""le in the dream itsel (page Q).

o! to use *uotations) paraphrases) and summaries

Practice summari"ing the essay ound here, using paraphrases and >uotations as you go.8t might be helpul to ollow these steps:

• ead the entire te-t, noting the %ey points and main ideas.

• 'ummari"e in your own words what the single main idea o the essay is.

• Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.

• 1onsider any words, phrases, or brie passages that you belie*e should be >uoted

directly.





https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/4+F/;6/

There are se*eral ways to integrate >uotations into your te-t. Oten, a short >uotation

wor%s well when integrated into a sentence. Longer >uotations can stand alone.emember that >uoting should be done only sparinglyC be sure that you ha*e a good

reason to include a direct >uotation when you decide to do so. 2oull ind guidelines orciting sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.

apa format

Documents