apa documentation 5th edition

8/3/2019 APA Documentation 5th Edition

1/8

School of Liberal Arts

University Writing CenterBecause writers need readers

Cavanaugh Hall 427 University Library 2125(317)274-2049 (317)278-8171

www.iupui.edu/~uwc

APA Documentation Style, Fifth Edition

Collegestudentsoftenencountermorethanonestyleofdocumentation:mostEnglishclassesrequirestudentsto

followtheMLAstylemanual,whilesomeclassesrequirethemtofollowthestylemanualpublishedbythe

AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).ThebasicrulesofAPAarelistedbelowfirsttherulesfordocumenting

sourceswithintheparagraphandthentherulesforthereferencepage.Thefollowingrulesandexamplesare

derivedfromthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,FifthEdition.

ReferenceListGuidelinesforAPA

First,titlethepageReferences(withoutquotations,underlining,oritalics). Then,makesurethesourcesarearrangedinalphabeticalorderbythelastnameofthefirst

authorlistedonthesourceor(ifnoauthorisgiven)bythefirstimportantwordofthetitle

(excludinga,anorthe).

Asyoulisteachsource,usehangingindentation(thefirstlineisflushtotheleftandeachsubsequentlineisindented).Begineachsourcecitationwiththeauthorslastname.Useinitials

forthefirstandmiddlenames.Donotlistdegrees,likeM.D.orPh.D.(seetheexamplesbelow).

(NOTE:InWord,chooseFormat,thenParagraph,thenSpecial,thenHanging.)

Next,writethedateofpublicationinparentheses.Thedatefollowstheauthorsnameorthetitle(ifnoauthorisnamed).Aperiodfollowsthedate(seetheexamplesbelow).Note,ifthe

sourceappearsinanewsletterormonthlymagazine,themonthitisissuedshouldalsobe

includedaftertheyear.Ifitisanewspaper,thenthedayissuedshouldfollowthemonthwith

nocommabetweenthemonthanddayissued.

Followingthedateofpublication,writethetitleofthework(book,article,pamphlet,website,etc.),capitalizingonlythefirstwordandthefirstwordofasubtitle(followingacolon).Seethe

examplesbelow.Ifabooktitle,italicizethecompletetitle.

Ifthesourceisajournalarticle,writethetitleofthejournalafterthetitleofthearticle.Capitalizeeachimportantword(notconjunctions,prepositions,orarticles)ofthejournaltitle.

Addacomma.Thenwritethevolumenumber(donotincludethewordvolumeorits

abbreviation),andfollowwithacomma.Italicizethetitleofthejournal,thevolume(butnot

issuenumbers),andthecommas.(Note:ifeachissueofthejournalbeginswithpage1,then

writetheissuenumberinparenthesesafterthevolumenumber).Finally,writethepage

numbersonwhichthearticleappears,butdonotitalicizethem,anddonotusep.orpp.for

amagazineorjournal,butdoforanewspaper.

Ifyoursourceiselectronic,writetheretrievaldate,URLordatabase,andDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)next. Noretrievaldateisnecessaryforcontentthatisunlikelytobechangedorupdated,suchasjournalarticlesorbooks.


2/8

ExamplesofPeriodicalCitations

Journalarticlewithoneauthor,journalpaginatedbyvolume:

Berkerian,D.A.(1993).Insearchofthetypicaleyewitness.AmericanPsychologist,48,574576.

Here are a coup le o f tem p la tes to ge t you s ta r ted . There w i l l be o thertem pla tes g iven on ly fo r some o f the more compl i c a ted cases.Lastname, in i t ia ls o f f i rs t name and midd le name. (year o f publ ica t ion).

Ar t ic le t i t le : The f i rs t w ord and proper nouns are the on ly words t hat

are c ap i ta l ized. Journa l T i t le Capi ta l ized and I ta l ic ized, Volume

Number I ta l ic ized( issue number i f appl ic able), page numbers.

Journalarticlewithtwotofiveauthors,journalpaginatedbyvolume:

Bowman,W.C.,Hanson,M.A.,Opples,S.H.,Pulakos,E.,&White,L.A.(1993).Roleofearlysupervisory

experienceinsupervisorperformance.JournalofAppliedPsychology,78,443449.

Lastname of the f i rs t aut hor l is ted, in i t ia ls o f f i rs t name and midd le name,

Lastname of the second author l is t ed, in i t ia ls o f f i rs t name and midd le

name, & Lastnam e of the last author l is t ed, in i t ia ls o f f i rs t name and

midd le name. (Year o f Pub l ica t ion). Ar t ic le t i t le : The f i rs t w ord and

proper nouns are the on ly w ords that are cap i ta l ized. Journa l T i t le

Capi ta l ized and I ta l ic ized, Vo lume Number I t a l ic ized( issue number i f

appl ic able), page numbers.

Journal

article,

two

authors,

journal

paginated

by

issue:

Klimoski,R.,&Palmer,S.(1993).TheADAandthehiringprocessinorganizations.ConsultingPsychology

Journal:PracticeandResearch,45(2),1036.

Magazinearticle:

Posner,M.I.(1993,October29).Seeingthemind.Science,262,573674.

Newsletter

article,

no

author:

Thenewhealthcarelexicon.(1993,August/September).CopyEditor,4,12.

Dailynewspaperarticle,discontinuouspages:

Schwartz,J.(1993,September30).Obesityaffectseconomic,socialstatus.TheWashingtonPost,pp.A1,

A4.


3/8

ExamplesofBookandReportCitations

ABook:

Beck,C.A.J.,&Sales,B.D.(2001).Familymediation:Facts,myths,andfutureprospects.Washington,

DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

Book,

third

edition:

Mitchell,T.R.,&Larson,J.R.,Jr.(1997).Peopleinorganizations:Anintroductiontoorganizational

behavior(3rded).NewYork:McGrawHill.

Governmentreport:

U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.(1992).Pressureulcersinadults:Predictionand

prevention(AHCPRPublicationNo.920047).Rockville,MD:Author.

Articleorchapterinaneditedbookorananthology:

Bjork,R.A.(1989).Retrievalinhibitionasanadaptivemechanisminhumanmemory.InH.L.RoedigerIII

&F.I.M.Craik(Eds.),Varietiesofmemory&consciousness(pp.309330).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.

Lastname of ar t ic le s author , in i t ia ls o f f i rs t and midd le name. (Year ar t ic le

w as w r i t ten ) . T i t le o f the a r t i c le w i th f i rs t w ord and proper nouns

cap i t a l ized. In Midd le In i t ia ls o f the f i rs t ed i tors f i rs t and midd le

names. Last name of f i rs t ed i t or & Midd le In i t ia ls o f the second ed i tors

f i rst and middle nam es. Last nam e of second edit or (Eds.), Name of the

la rger vo lume of w ork i t a l ic ized: Only proper nouns and the f i rs t w ord

o f each phrase is c ap i ta l ized(pp. page numbers). Cit y of publ ic at i on,

Stat e of Publ icat ion: Publ isher.

Technicalorresearchreport:

Mazzaeo,J.,Druesne,B.,Raffeld,P.C.,Checketts,K.T.,&Muhlstein,A.(1991).Comparabilityof

computerandpaperandpencilscoresfortwoCLEPgeneralexaminations(CollegeBoardRep.

No.91

5).

Princeton,

NJ:

Educational

Testing

Service.

Reportfromprivateorganization:

EmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.(1992,February).Sourcesofhealthinsuranceandcharacteristicsof

theuninsured(IssueBriefNo.123).Washington,DC:Author.


4/8

Reportfromauniversity:

Broadhurst,R.G.,&Maller,R.A.(1991).Sexoffendingandrecidivism(Tech.Rep.No.3).Nedlands,

WesternAustralia:UniversityofWesternAustralia,CrimeResearchCentre.

ERICReport:

Mead,I.V.(1992).Lookingatoldphotographs:Investigatingtheteachertalesthatnoviceteachersbring

withthem(ReportNo.NCTRLRR924).EastLansing,MI:NationalCenterforResearchonTeacherLearning.(ERICDocumentReproductionServiceNo.ED346082)

Lastname, In i t ia ls o f f i rs t name and m idd le name. (Year o f Publ ica t ion). Ti t le

o f the ar t ic le i t a l ic ized: Wi th f i rs t w ord and proper nouns cap i ta l ized

(Report No. ). Cit y, Stat e: Inst i t ute Where Inform at i on Was Found.

(Document Number)

CitingElectronicSources

As with any published reference, the goals of an electronic reference are to credit the author and to enable the reader to

duplicate the research. If print forms and electronic forms of material are the same, a reference to the print form is currently

preferred. If you used the electronic form, include the same elements, in the same order as you would for a print source,

followed by as much electronic retrieval information as needed for other to locate the sources you cited. Below are some models

for formatting the main elements. Examples of how to document the most common types of electronic media are listed below.

For more examples, consult the APA Manual, fifth edition or the APA Style Guide to Electronic References. NOTE: Do not end a

path statement with a period because stray punctuation in a path will hinder retrieval.

ExamplesofElectronicSources

Standalonedocument,noauthoridentified,nodate:

GVUs8thWWWusersurvey.(n.d.).RetrievedAugust8,2000,from

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey199710/

Internetarticlebasedonaprintsource:

VandenBos,G.,Knapp,S.,&Doe,J.(2001).Roleofreferenceelementsintheselectionofresourcesby

psychologyundergraduates[Electronicversion].JournalofBibliographicResearch,5,117123.

Articlein

an

Internet

only

journal:

Fredrickson,B.L.(2000,March7).Cultivatingpositiveemotionstooptimizehealthandwellbeing.

Prevention&Treatment,3,Article0001a.Retrievedfrom

http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Lastname, In i t ia ls o f f i rs t name and m idd le name. (Year, Month Day). Ar t ic le

t i t le cap i t a l izing on ly the f i rs t le t te r o f phrase and proper nouns.

Journa l T i t le I t a l ic ized and Capi ta l ized, Vo lume Number, Ar t ic le

Number. Ret r ieva l Month Day, Year, f rom w ebsi te ur l


5/8

Multipagedocumentcreatedbyprivateorganization,nodate:

GreaterNewMilford(Ct)AreaHealthyCommunity2000,TaskForceonTeenandAdolescentIssues.

(n.d.).Whohastimeforafamilymeal?Youdo!RetrievedOctober5,2000,from

http://www.familymealtime.org

Electroniccopyofanabstractobtainedfromasecondarydatabase:

Fournier,M.,deRidder,D.,&Bensing,J.(1999).Optimismandadaptationtomultiplesclerosis:What

doesoptimismmean?JournalofBehavioralMedicine,22,303326.Abstractretrievedfrom

PsycINFOdatabase.

DocumentavailableonuniversityprogramordepartmentWebsite:

Chou,L.,McClintock,R.,Moretti,F.,&Nix,D.H.(1993).Technologyandeducation:Newwineinnew

bottles.RetrievedfromColumbiaUniversity,InstituteforLearningTechnologiesWebsite

http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

U.S.governmentreportavailableongovernmentagencyWebsite,nopublicationdateindicated:

UnitedStatesSentencingCommission.(n.d.).1997sourcebookoffederalsentencingstatistics.Retrieved

December8,1999,fromhttp://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

Reportfromaprivateorganization,availableonorganizationWebsite,noauthorindicated:

Canarie,Inc.

(1997,

September

27).

Towards

aCanadian

health

IWAY:

Vision,

opportunities

and

future

steps.Retrievedfromhttp://www.canarie.ca/press/publications/pdf/health/healthvision.doc

Dailynewspaperarticle,electronicversionavailablebysearch:

Hilts,P.J.(1999,February16).Inforecastingtheiremotions,mostpeopleflunkout.NewYorkTimes.

Retrievedfromhttp://www.nytimes.com


6/8

InTextGuidelinesforAPA

TheRoleofSignalPhrasesinAPA

Signalphrasesinatextintroduceauthorstothereader.Signalphrasesallowyoutoblendthesourcesmoothlyinto

yourownsentencesandclearlyshowreaderswhereyoufoundtheborrowedmaterial.Whenreferringtoasource

withinthebodyofyourpaper,inserttheauthoranddateusingasignalphrase.APAformatusesperfecttense

(underlinedinFigure1)andpasttense(boldinFigure1)verbsinsignalphrases.

UsingInTextCitations

Givetheauthorcreditinthetextinthefollowingways:

Usetheauthorslastnameinthesentence,orwithinparentheses,iftheauthorsideasorwordsareused.

Includetheyearofpublication,withinparentheses,followingtheauthorslastname. Usequotationmarksbeforeandaftertheauthorswords(periodsforquotationsgoafterthe

parenthesesindicatingtheauthoranddateofpublication,orjustthedate.

Usepagenumbers,withintheparentheses,iftheauthorswordsareused.

ExamplesofInTextCitations

Authorsnameanddateinsentence:

In1989,Jorgensoncomparedformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires.

Withmultipleauthors

In1992,LeonardandTrentarguedthat...

NOTE:Spell

out

the

word

and

if

you

name

the

authors

in

your

sentence.

Authorsnameanddatecitedparenthetically:

Inonetextbook(Jorgenson,1989),formalinterviewsandquestionnaireswerecompared.

or

Formalinterviewshavebeencomparedtoquestionnaires(Jorgenson,1989).

Figure1:SignalPhrases

Managementthatrecognizestheeffortsofemployeescanincreaseproductivity.

Soper(1995),asocialscientist,hasdiscoveredthevalueofgivingtangiblerewards

asameansofrecognition.Heasserted,"Insurveyswithemployeesatten

differentfastfoodbusinesses,tangiblerewardsraisedthemoraleand,therefore,

increasedtheproductivityofemployees"(p.9).

(Note:BesuretocheckthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological

Association,pp.4144,forwaysverbtensecanchangeinanarticle.)


7/8

Withmultipleauthors

TheArawakshadbeenlivingontheislandforseveralthousandyears(Fleming&Morris,1994).

Interviewshavebeenfoundtoproducereliableinformation(Jong,Syre,&Bradley,1992).

NOTE:Whenthecitedworkhasmorethanoneauthor,useanampersand(&sign)tojoin

thenamesinparentheticalcitationsandreferencelists,asseenintheexamplesabove.With

35names,usecommasandanampersandtojointhenames.

Authorsnameinasentence,datecitedparenthetically:

Jorgenson(1989)comparedformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires.

Withmultipleauthors

LeonardandTrent(1992)arguedthat...

Bourneetal.(1994)foundthatthiskindofactivitycomparesfavorablytothenationallevelof

outdoorrecreation(p.83).

Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothlastnameseverytimethereferenceoccursin

thetext.Iftherearethree,four,orfiveauthors,citealltheauthorsandtheyearof

publicationthefirsttime,thenincludeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyet

al.andtheyearforeachfirstcitationofthereferencewithinanewparagraph.

Whenaworkhassixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthor,followedby

etal.Afterthisabbreviatedauthornotation,givetheyearasinothercitations.Noticeinthe

exampleabovethatthetermetal.hasaperiodafteralbutnotafteretandthatthe

phraseisnotunderlined.Followthispracticeeverytimeyouciteintextaworkwithsixor

moreauthors.Inthereferencelist,however,providetheinitialsandsurnamesofallauthors.

Whenanorganizationservesasauthor:

TheFederalAviationAgency(1990)concludedthatequipmentfailurecausedthecrash.

or

Astudyconcludedthatequipmentfailurecausedthecrash(FederalAviationAgency,1990).

Whennoauthorisnamed:

UsethefirstfewwordsofthetitlecorrespondingtotheentryintheReferenceslist.

Dreamsexpressaspectsofpersonality(Dreams,1980).

Whencitingaworkthatisdiscussedwithinyoursource:

Nametheoriginalworkalongwithcitationofyoursource.

McQueenandWeedensstudy(ascitedinMiller,1999)foundthatsubjectscouldnotdiscern

thepatterns.

NOTE:ListonlytheMillersourceonthereferencelist.


8/8

Usingpagenumbersinyourparentheticalcitations:

Whencitingaspecificpartofasource,givethepagenumberaspartoftheparenthetical

citation.

(Lindley,1994,p.42)

Alwaysgivepagenumbersforquotations.Usethep.orpp.abbreviations.

SportsfansknowthattheFinalFouristheapexofcollegeathletics(Yancey,1995,p.23).

PersonalCommunication:

Personalcommunicationslikepersonalinterviews,letters,memos,someelectronic

communications[e.g.email,discussiongroups,messagesfromelectronicbulletinboards]and

telephoneconversationsdonotproviderecoverabledata.Thesearecitedintextonlyand

notonthereferencelist.Givethesourcesinitialsandlastname,andprovideasexactadate

aspossible.

TrentPresto(personalinterview,November5,1998)foundtheworkrewarding.

G.Sumner(personalcommunication,March21,2000)believedthatthischangemarkedtheend

ofan

era.

V.G.Nguyen(Email,September25,1997)confirmedthesestatisticsstatingagainthemarginof

errorwaslessthan1percent.

CitingElectronicSourcesinText

Followtheauthor/date/pagenumberformatdescribedunderInTextGuidelinesdescribedearlierin

thishandout;however,iftheelectronicsourcedoesnotprovidepagenumbers,usetheparagraph

number,ifavailable,precededbythesymbolortheabbreviationpara. Ifneitherparagraphnor

pagenumbersarevisible,citetheheadingandthenumberoftheparagraphfollowingittodirectthe

readertothelocationofthematerial.

(Myers,2000,5)

(Beutler,2000,Conclusionsection,para.1)

TociteanentireWebsite(butnotaspecificdocumentonthesite),givetheaddressofthesiteinthe

text.Forexample:

KidspsychisawonderfulinteractiveWebsiteforchildren(http://kidspsych.org).

Source:PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.5thed.(2001)APA:Washington,

D.C.

SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTSINDIANA UNIVERSITYUniversity Writing Center

IUPUIRevised May 2008

apa documentation 5th edition

Documents