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APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 1

APA Citation Style

Media Library

Office of Educational Development and Internationalisation

Last update: 13/01/2016 19:27

GENERAL INFORMATION

Copying elements from different sources without crediting the source is considered plagiarism. If you

verbally copy a text (quotation) or want to refer to a publication in your text (citation), you have to do

this adequately and clearly. In order to make adequate quotations and citations, we aim at agreements

made by and for this educational institution. We follow the APA style that was developed by the

American Psychological Association and has received international recognition.

INDEX

B A S I C R U L E

►In-Text Citations

►Basic Rule

►Author

►Year of Publication

►Main Features

►Multiple Authors

►Lists

►Author

►Source

►Appendices,

Illustrations and Tables

►Reference List

►Basic Rule

►Layout

►1. Author

►2. Year or Date of

Publication

►3.Title

►Extra Information

►4. Information about the

Publication

E X A M P L E S

R E F E R E N C E L I S T

►Book

►Journal Article

►Document on a Website

►Electronic Version of a

Journal Article

►Audio Visual Material

Q U O T A T I O N S A N D

P A R A F R A S E S

►How to Quote

►How to Paraphrase

T I P S & T R I C K S

►Add References through Word

►Add References through Other

Programs

SUPPORT

►Contact

►Reference List


BASIC RULE

Twofold rule for correct references according to the APA style:

- Firstly, mention the reference (author’s last name and year of publication) in the text.

- Finally, add the complete source to a reference list at the back of your text.

In-Text Citations

Basic Rule

In the text, briefly refer to the source you are using. Only mention the author’s last name and the year of

publication.

There are several ways to do this: functionally within the sentence, adding information in parentheses, or

a combination of these two options.

a) Davison (2011) researched the use of social media, which shows that ...

b) Research into the use of social media (Davison, 2011) has shown that ...

c) Davison’s research in 2011 has shown that the use of social media ... (less common)

Author

Only mention the author’s last name.

Year of Publication

The second element is the year of publication. It is very important that you mention the publication year

of the publication that you worked with. In case there are several dates, the most recent date is

sufficient. If the publication does not have a date, use ‘n.d.’ for ‘no date’.

Main Features

Multiple Authors

It is possible that a publication was written by multiple authors. We distinguish between references in

the text or in parentheses.

Follow the appropriate grammar rules if the reference appears within the sentence. If there are two,

three, four or five authors, separate the last and second last name by using the conjunction ‘and’.

Separate the other authors by using commas. In the text, mention all authors in the same sequence used

in the publication. If there are six or more authors, only use the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’.

For a reference in parentheses, mention the author followed by a comma and the year of publication. If

there are two authors, separate the first and last name by an ampersand (&). For three, four or five


authors, put a comma between the first names and a comma followed by an ampersand between the

second last and last name. For six or more authors, use the first author’s name followed by et al.

For the following references in a text written by three or more authors, you only have to use the first

author’s name followed by et al.

Number of authors Author(s) in the main text Author(s) and year of publication in

parentheses

1 Smith (2011) states ... … (Smith, 2011)

2 According to Norton and Williams

(2005) …

Another research (Norton & Williams, 2005)…

3, 4 or 5 O’Sullivan, Stevens and Richards

(2004) postulate that …

… (O’Sullivan, Stevens, & Richards, 2004)

6 or more Katz et al. (2010) demonstrate that … (Katz et al., 2010)

Lists

The following rules have to be followed for a list of different sources:

If you refer to multiple publications of different authors in a text, classify them alphabetically, based on

the author’s last name and separate them by a semicolon. If you refer to different publications of the

same author(s), the last name followed by the years of publication and separated by commas is

sufficient. Different publications of the same author(s) in the same year can be distinguished by adding a

letter. That letter also has to be added to the reference list.

List in parentheses with two or several… Example

publications of different authors Different studies (Higgins & Jones, 2010;

Vanderstraeten, 2005; Williamson, 2007) indicate …

publications of the same author(s) Polsma (2000, 2005, 2008) did extensive research …

publications of the same author(s) from the same

year

In different publications, Janssens (2007a, 2007b)

demonstrates that ...


Author

If the author is not a person but an organisation (e.g. department, working group, association,

government institution, etc.), use the full name for the first reference. If an organisation is often referred

to with an abbreviation, you may use this abbreviation in your text. If the name of the organisation is

mentioned in parentheses, use square brackets. Note: write down the full name in the reference list.

(Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ergotherapeutische Schoenzolen1 [VVES], 2008)

From then on: (VVES, 2008)

If a publication does not mention any author, use the title. Only use the first words for longer titles.

Italicise the (first words of the) title of a journal or book. Use double quotation marks for the (first words

of the) title of an article, book chapter or webpage.

Several recent initiatives concerning health in Flemish secondary schools

(“Gezondheidsbeleid op school”2, n.d.) show that the official recommendations for a better

health policy are taken seriously.

Although there has been a lower illiteracy rate in our society in the last decades, the ‘digital

divide’, a new form of illiteracy, is constantly increasing (Het onderwijs: een bondgenoot3,

2006).

Write the following title in the reference list:

Gezondheidsbeleid op school4 [Website]. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

http://www.gezondopschool.be

Het onderwijs: een bondgenoot in de bestrijding van armoede en uitsluiting. (2006). Ghent:

Beweging van Mensen met Laag Inkomen en Kinderen.5

Source

A source can also be a type of personal communication, e.g. emails, personal class notes or phone calls. These information sources need a very detailed reference in parentheses in the main text:

the initials and surname of the person from whom you received the information

the announcement that it concerns personally obtained information

the date on which you received the information, e.g. the date on which you received the

email or had the phone call

1 Flemish Association for Therapeutic Shoe Insoles 2 Health Policy at School 3 Education: an Ally 4 Health policy at school 5 Education: an ally in the reduction of poverty and exclusion. (2006). Ghent: Movement of People with Low Income and Children.


This information should never be included in the reference list because it is not relevant for the reader or

third parties. However, you do have to mention the initials of the first name.

According to K.W. Schaie (personal communication, 18 April 2012)…

If you are referring to an entire website, mention the URL in parentheses.

I found the following information concerning digital literacy on the website of the

Department of Educational Studies (http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be).

If you were not able to consult the original (primary) source, you can make an indirect reference to a

secondary source in which your original source was cited. Write down the original source with a

reference to the secondary source in parentheses. Put the (secondary) source you consulted yourself in

the reference list. Because you cannot check whether your secondary source has dealt with your original

source correctly, we advise you to use as little secondary sources as possible.

… the Claeys note (as referred to by Vanden Broeck, 2011)

Appendices, Illustrations and Tables At the back of your paper or bachelor’s thesis, you may also add appendices. List the appendices with a

capital letter and give them a title. This way, you can also refer to them in parentheses in the text.

(see appendices A and B)

The appendices will be listed in the appendix list in the same order they were mentioned in the text.

Illustrations and tables in the text have to be listed with a number. They also get a title. If the illustration

or table was taken from an article, book or website, you have to put the reference under the

illustration/table. If possible, also include the page number. This reference also has to be mentioned in

the reference list.

Illustration 1: Unshelved

Ambaum, G., & Barnes, B. (2012, 16 April). Unshelved. Retrieved 9 May 2015 from

http://www.unshelved.com/2012-4-16

http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/



REFERENCE LIST

Basic Rule

The reference list is an overview of all sources consulted. Each source you referred to, has to be found in

this list. Conversely, a reference that has not been referred to in the text, may not be mentioned in the

reference list. Personal communication such as emails or phone calls are also not mentioned in this list.

Alphabetise each source you mention in the text (books, journals, websites, etc.) by the author’s

surname. Refer to the source that you actually used. Is it the third or fifth edition, an English version or

Dutch translation, etc.

Copy the information from the title page. In other words, use the language of the source. For a Dutch

book, add (Red.) for the editor after the author(s), followed by a full stop. For an English book, add (Ed.)

for one editor or (Eds.) for multiple editors. Also copy the edition and place of publication from the title

page.

Each reference in the reference list consists of four basic elements:

1. author(s): surname(s) and initial(s)

2. year or date of publication

3. source title

4. information about the publication

Each part is followed by a full stop, except after a website.

Piot, P., & Carael, M. (2009). Over aids: de aidsepidemie en de mondialisering van de risico’s. 6

Antwerp: Houtekiet.

Smet, P. (2009). Beleidsnota onderwijs 2009-2014: onderwijs, samen grenzen verleggen voor

elk talent. 7Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.vlaanderen.be

Layout

Start the reference list on a new page after your paper or bachelor’s thesis and give it the title ‘Reference

List’. Each reference has a hanging indent. The first line starts next to the margin, any other lines should

be indented 0.5 inch or 1.27 cm from the left margin. You can adjust this in the paragraph settings in

Word or by dragging the lower part of the hourglass in the ruler to the appropriate option.

6 On aids: the aids epidemic and the globalisation of the risks. 7 Policy document education 2009-2014: Education, stretching the boundaries for each talent together. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.vlaanderen.be


Author

Start with the author’s surname, followed by a comma and one up to maximum three initials.

The reference list is alphabetised by author or by the first word of the title if the author is not mentioned.

Keep the following guidelines into account:

nothing comes before something:

Jansen, V.

Janssen, F.

Van Den Broeck, A.

Vandenbroeck, A.

authors with the same surname have to be alphabetised by their initial:

De Smet, B.

De Smet, H.

different publications of the same author have to be classified chronologically:

Boonen, B. (2007)

Boonen, B. (2011)

different publications of the same author in the same year are distinguished by a letter after the

year of publication:

Eyre, J. (2006).


Eyre, J. (2008a).

Eyre, J. (2008b).

sources that are written by one author come before sources written by him/her in cooperation

with others. These are alphabetised by the second author’s name.

Wilder, K. (2005).

Wilder, K. (2008).

Wilder, K., & Grant, C. (2006).

Wilder, K., & Rubens, S. (2005).

sources of organisations are entered into the list with their full name:

American Psychological Association. (2009).

sources without an author are alphabetised by the first significant word in the title, i.e. no article

or conjunction:

‘De vijand in de televisie8’ is classified under ‘v’.

If there are two authors, use an ampersand (&) between both names. If there are three to seven

authors, write all names in full, put a comma between the two successive authors and put a comma and

ampersand before the last author. Do not write more than seven authors. It there are eight or more

authors, only mention the first six, followed by three dots and the last author.

Neven, L.,Vanhauwaert, E., & Morren, K. (2012). Bewust eten: kiezen, kopen en

klaarmaken. 9 Leuven: Acco.

Piot, P., & Carael, M. (2009). Over aids: de aidsepidemie en de mondialisering van de

risico’s. 10 Antwerp: Houtekiet.

If the author is indicated as editor, write the name of the author followed by (Ed.) in parentheses. This is

usually the case for a collection.

De Vos, M. (2012). Communicatie en cultuur. In S. De Bie & W. Standaert (Red.),

Communicatiemanagement11 (pp. 102-127). Leuven: Acco.

Year or Date of Publication

Put the year of publication in parentheses next to the author. Also indicate the month of publication for

articles from monthly journals. Write the year, day and month for articles from popular magazines and

newspapers. If the year or date of publication is unknown, use ‘n.d.’ for ‘no date’.

Janssens, N. (2010).

Stevens, M. (2009, 3 May).

8 The Enemy in the Television 9 Conscious eating: deciding, buying and preparing. 10 On aids: the aids epidemic and the risk globalisation. 11 Communication and culture. In S. De Bie & W. Standaert (Ed.), Communication management


Maes, A. (n.d.).

Title

Copy the title from the title page. In Dutch titles, only the first word of the title is capitalised. English titles

capitalise all major words. Italicise the entire title.

If it is part of a different source, indicate this by italicising the main source’s title, e.g. for a journal article

or a book chapter.

Schmidt, A. (1990). Drie ouwe ottertjes. In T. Van Buul (Red.), Als je goed om je heen kijkt

zie je dat alles gekleurd is12 (p. 109). Amsterdam: Querido.

Van Zanten, M. (2012). Commissaris is de sigaar: RvC moet nodig werken aan coming-

out. Communicatie13, 18(1/2), 24-28.

Extra Information After the Title of the Source

For a book, also mention the edition you consulted, except when it is the first edition. Do not mention

the issue.

Descamps, L. (2012). De autisme survivalgids (3de dr.). 14 Sint-Niklaas: Abimo.

If it is part of a book, e.g. a quotation or a reference to a book chapter, let the page precede by p. or pp.

A journal article requires the volume and issue number. The volume refers to the number of years the

journal has been published. The issue number refers to the number of an issue in the relevant year.

A contribution to an unbound work does not require the pages but all information necessary to find it

again. Put this information in parentheses.

If there is uncertainty about the source or merely to clarify, put the type of source in square brackets

after the title.

[CD-ROM]

[Electronic Version]

[Manual]

[Website]

12 Three old otters. In T. Van Buul (Ed.), If you look carefully around you, you will notice that everything is coloured 13 Commissioner gets the blame: supervisory board needs to work on coming out. Communication 14 The autism survival guide (3rd edition)


Information About the Publication

The last information in the reference is the ‘place of publication: name of publisher’. If there are multiple

places, mention the first one.

If no name of the publisher or place of the publication is given, write n.p. (no publisher/no place).

Examples Reference List

BOOK

Basic Rule

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book: any subtitle (edition/issue). Place of

publication: publisher.

Example

Budde, E. (2012). Alle kikkers in de kruiwagen: steun in de rug voor de manager15. The Hague:

Academic Service.

Struyven, K., Baeten, M., Kyndt, E., & Sierens, E. (2009). Groot worden: de ontwikkeling van baby

tot adolescent: handboek voor (toekomstige) leerkrachten, opvoeders en verzorgers.16 Leuven:

LannooCampus.

Vandeweghe, W. (2004). Grammatica van de Nederlandse zin (3de herz. dr.) 17. Antwerp: Garant.

Main Features

Bachelor’s Thesis

If the source is a bachelor’s thesis, mention this in square brackets. Instead of the publisher, write down

the name of the educational institution and perhaps even the study programme/department.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the bachelor’s or master’s thesis: any subtitle [Bachelor’s Thesis].

Place of publication: Name of the educational institution Study programme/department.

Deblauwe, M., & Vandewalle, C. (2011). Wegen van geboorte naar dood: rituelen rond de

geboorte en dood bij het jodendom, christendom en de islam18 [Bachelor’s Thesis]. Ghent:

Artevelde University College Bachelor of Secondary Education.

Vandewiele, M. (2001). De impact van toerisme op Cuba: van revolutie tot evolutie19 [Bachelor’s

Thesis]. Ghent: Artevelde University College Bachelor of Management.

15 All frogs in a wheel barrow: support for the manager. 16Growing up: the development of baby to adolescent: manual for (future) teachers, educators and caretakers. 17 Grammar of the Dutch sentence

18 Paths from birth to death: rituals for birth and death in Judaism, Catholicism and Islam 19 The impact of tourism on Cuba: from revolution to evolution


Book without Author

The title is moved to the place of the author. Put a full stop after the title.

100 paarden onder de motorkap: ontdek alles over techniek en auto's20. (2006). Tielt: Lannoo.

Editorial Book

For a Dutch book, write (Red.) after the author(s), followed by a full stop. An English book requires (Ed.)

for one editor or (Eds.) for more editors.

Author, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book: any subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Oonk, W. (Red.). (2010). Reken-wiskunde in de praktijk: bovenbouw.21 Groningen: Wolters-

Noordhoff.

Course Book

An unpublished course book has to be put in square brackets. Instead of the publisher, write down the

name of the educational institution and perhaps even the study programme/department.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book: any subtitles [Course Book]. Place of publication: Name of

the educational institution Study programme/department.

Van Damme, V. (2012-2013). Microbiologie22 [Course Book]. Ghent: Artevelde University College

Bachelor of Nursing.

Book Chapter

If you are only referring to a part of a book, italicise the book title instead of the chapter title.

If there are only two editors, do not put a comma between both names.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xx-xx).

Place of publication: Publisher.

Sierens, E., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Wanneer “meer minder betekent”: motivatieprofielen

van leerlingen in kaart gebracht. In A. Desoete & P. Ghesquière (Red.), Leerproblemen evidence-

based voorspellen, onderkennen en aanpakken: bijdragen uit onderzoek23 (pp. 73-87). Leuven:

Acco.

Internal Document

You could use an internal document spread within but not beyond the own organisation. You could, for

example, withdraw information from certain research results that were spread by staff members, refer to

a policy plan, etc.

20 100 horses underneath the bonnet: discover everything about engineering and cars. 21 Calculation-mathematics in practice: primary school. 22 Microbiology 23 When “more means less”: recorded motivation profiles of pupils. In A. Desoete & P. Ghesquière (Ed.), Predicting, recognising and approaching learning problems in an evidence-based way: research contributions


Dienst Onderwijsontwikkeling & Internationalisering. (2011). Organisatorische werking van de

dienst O&I24 [Unpublished internal document]. Ghent: Artevelde University College.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Basic Rule

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the article. Journal title, volume number(issue

number), xx-xx.

Italicise the journal title instead of the title of the article.

Examples

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Faber, O. (2009). Erfgoededucatie. Praxisbulletin25, 26(6), 24-28.

If the pages of the journal are numbered continuously within the same volume, you do not have to

mention the issue number of the journal.

Sierens, E., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Dochy, F. (2006). De authoritatieve

leerkrachtstijl: een model voor de studie van leerkrachtstijlen. Pedagogische studiën26, 83, 419-

431.

Main Features

Newspaper Article

Author, A.A. (year, day and month). Title of the article. Title of the newspaper,

p./pp. xx-xx.

Unlike a journal article, a newspaper article requires the date of the publication. Furthermore, the page

number is preceded by p. or pp. for multiple pages. If an article is spread over multiple consecutive

pages, you have to put a hyphen between the first and last page of the article. If the article is spread over

non-consecutive pages, use a comma.

Dumon, P. (2012, 30 March). Uw smartphone is smarter dan u denkt27. De Morgen, pp. M2-M3.

24 Office of Educational Development & Internationalisation. (2011). Organisation of the office E&I 25 Heritage education. 26 The authoritative teaching style: a model for the study of teaching styles. Educational studies 27 Your smartphone is smarter than you think


Hancké, C. (2007, 12 September). Islamitische school begint morgen28. De Standaard, p. 6.

Unbound Work

Vanotterdijk, R. (2002, June). ICT als kwaliteitsstandaard in het Vlaams onderwijs [Contribution in

an unbound work]. In ICT en onderwijsvernieuwing (Onderwijs en leren - Algemeen kader -

Eindtermen en ontwikkelingsdoelen 1)29. Mechelen: Wolters Plantyn.

DOCUMENT ON A WEBSITE

Basic Rule

Author, A. A. (year or date on which the information was drawn up). Title of the

source/text. Retrieved day month year from http://www...

No full stop after a website.

Because the content of a website can change from time to time, you always have to mention the date on

which you consulted the source.

Example

Anne Frank [Website]. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.annefrank.org/nl

Jacobs, M. (2002). Fraude en plagiaat voorkomen30. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/wp/?p=119

Smet, P. (2009). Beleidsnota onderwijs 2009-2014: onderwijs, samen grenzen verleggen voor elk

talent31. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.vlaanderen.be

Wormald, A. M. (2011). Autism Spectrum Disorder: examining current diagnosis strategies and

assessment tools [Master’s Thesis]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

http://search.ebscohost.com

Main Features

E-book

Van Putten, M. A. (2008). Voeten en diabetes32. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. Retrieved 9

September 2015 from http://link.springer.com

28 Islamic school starts tomorrow 29 ICT as qualitative standard in Flemish education. In ICT and educational innovation (Education and learning – general frame – attainment targets and development goals 1) 30 Prevention of fraud and plagiarism 31 Policy document education 2009-2014: Education, stretching the boundaries for each talent together 32 Feet and diabetes

http://www/

http://www.annefrank.org/nl

http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/wp/?p=119

http://www.vlaanderen.be/

http://search.ebscohost.com/

http://link.springer.com/


Facebook Message

The publication manual and the website of APA do not give any guidelines for social media (yet).

Therefore, the following examples have to be considered as suggestions: for Twitter, use the complete

message (never more than 140 signs); for Facebook, use the first sentence of the message due to the lack

of titles.

Mediatheek Kantienberg. (2012, 20 February). Wist je dat je ook bij andere bibliotheken van de

Associatie Universiteit Gent gratis kan ontlenen?33 [Facebook]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

https://www.facebook.com/mediatheekkantienberg

Twitter Message

Digibieb. (2012, 29 March). Facebook wordt het internationale paspoort voor inloggen op sites

#db201234 http://pic.twitter.com/ZWU54BVJ [Twitter]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

https://twitter.com/#!/digibieb/status/185347913638084609

App

Author, A. A. (year). Title software or program (version) [App]. Retrieved day

month year from http://xxxxx

Skyscape. (2013). Skyscape Medical Resources (version 1.17.42) [App]. Retrieved 9 September

2015 from http://itunes.apple.com

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF A JOURNAL ARTICLE

Basic Rule

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the Article. Journal title, volume number(issue

number), xx-xx. Retrieved day month year from http://www...

The normal rules apply for references to electronic versions of journals. Give the link through which you

found the article.

In most databases, you will find a permanent link to the article, such as a DOI code. If there is no

permanent link, give the main link of the database.

Example

Audenaert, M., Denys A., & Van de Veire, H. (2010). Handelingsgericht samenwerken: school-

ondersteuning in de praktijk. Caleidoscoop35, 22(1), 34-40. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

http://www.caleidoscoop.be/index.php?ID=41484

33 Media Library Kantienberg. (2012, 20 February). Did you know that you can also borrow books from other libraries of Ghent University Association? 34 Digi Library. (2012, 29 March). Facebook is becoming the international passport to log in on sites #dl2012 35 Cooperation in an action-oriented way: academic support in practice. Kaleidoscope

https://www.facebook.com/mediatheekkantienberg

https://twitter.com/#!/digibieb/status/185347913638084609

http://xxxxx/

http://itunes.apple.com/

http://www/

http://www.caleidoscoop.be/index.php?ID=41484


Main Features

Article with DOI

Most articles in a database give you a DOI code (Digital Object Identifier). This code contains a permanent

link to the article. If a document has a DOI code, you have to mention this at the back of the reference.

Write doi: (in small letters) followed by the code as the final information of your reference. Do not add a

full stop. For example, if you would find the reference to the doi in a database such as

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005, change it to doi:

10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005.

Magiati, I., Moss, J., Yates, R., Charman, T., & Howlin, P. (2011). Is the Autism Treatment

Evaluation Checklist a useful tool for monitoring progress in children with autism spectrum

disorders? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(3), 302-312. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-

2788.2010.01359.x

Article without DOI

For an article without a DOI code, you have to give the website or the main URL of the database on

which you found the article.

Van Boven, C. (2012). Klachten en aandoeningen van het (geh)oor in de huisartsenpraktijk.

Bijblijven36. 28(2), 7-17. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://link.springer.com/bsl

Online Newspaper Article

For an online newspaper article, add the link of the newspaper’s homepage.

De Koning, M. (2012, 30 March). Slopen met subsidie: Griekse traditionele bootjes vernietigd met

Europees geld37. De Standaard. Retrieved 9 September 2015 form http://destandaard.be

Did you consult an article through GoPress? Give the main URL of the database.

Artevelde-studenten zorgen zaterdag voor Omloop-onthaal38. (2012, 23 February). De

Gentenaar. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://academic.gopress.be

36 Complaints and disorders of the (h)ear(ing) in the medical practice. Keeping up-to-date. 37 Demolition of subsidy: traditional Greek boats demolished with European money. 38 Artevelde students in charge of Omloop reception.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005

http://link.springer.com/bsl

http://destandaard.be/

http://academic.gopress.be/


AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL

Basic Rule

For special material, we advise you to mention the type of source between square brackets.

CD

Van Loo, B. (2011). Chanson: een gezongen geschiedenis van Frankrijk39[CD]. Brussels: Klara.

CD-ROM

Van Meenen-Claassen, R., & van Heijningen, F. (2011). Woorden te kort: werkboek voor afasie- en

andere taalgroepen40 [CD-ROM]. Antwerp: Garant.

DVD

Van Es, K. (Director). (2010). Verdwaald in het geheugenpaleis41 [DVD]. Antwerp: Associate

Directors.

Online Video

Mediatheek Artevelde. (2011, 8 November). Mediatheek Kantienberg Introductie [Online

Video]42. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://youtu.be/3zuySN8IOx8

Canvas. (2012, 18 April). Virus 18/4: come fly with me[TV Show]. Retrieved 9 September 2015

from http://www.canvas.be/programmas/virus

Podcast

Trio, W. (Host). (2014, 14 June). Trio [Podcast]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from

http://www.klara.be

QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES

How to Quote

Quoting someone means you copy text written by someone else. Of course, you always have to mention

the reference and the page after your quotation. You may never translate a quotation written in a

different language to the language used in your paper or bachelor’s thesis.

39 Chanson: a musical history of France 40 Lack of words: workbook on aphasia and other language groups 41 Lost in the memory palace 42 Media Library Artevelde. (2011, 8 November). Media Library Kantienberg Introduction

http://youtu.be/3zuySN8IOx8

http://www.canvas.be/programmas/virus

http://www.klara.be/


Copying a text means you also have to copy any language or typing errors. To indicate that you have

noticed the error, put the word sic between square brackets ([sic]), immediately after the incorrect word.

If you leave out part of a quotation, put three dots between square brackets ([…]).

Avoid unnecessary use of quotations.

Short Quotations (up to 40 words):

If the quotation consists of less than 40 words, you may put it in the text between double quotation

marks.

Mitchell (1996) suggests that “these are the best business processes for the future” (p.17).

The author rightly states: “Waarom zouden we nog insppanningen [sic] leveren om het

begrotingstekort aan te pakken?”43 (Peeters, 2001, p. 102).

Michiels (2006) already talked about a “onheilspellende situatie van de financiële markten […]

waarin de banken een voor een zouden sneuvelen44” (pp. 67-68).

Block Quotations (40 words or more):

Use an indent of 1.3 cm for the entire quotation of 40 words or more and put it in a separate paragraph.

Do not use any quotation marks.

The first explanation is that climate change is not likely to require substantial changes to public health practice other than increased investment and program expansion, that is, increasing resources and implementing adaptive measures are the primary means of increasing adaptive capacity. This perspective holds that climate change will primarily amplify known public health stressors, which affect vulnerable populations most dramatically. (Hess, 2012, p. 172)

How to Paraphrase

Paraphrasing a text means you represent the content of another author’s text in your own words. In this

case, you always have to refer to your source.

For example, Lumpkin (2008) paraphrases Gough (1998) in ‘Teachers as Role Models – Teaching

Character and Moral Virtues’:

According to Gough (1998), the ultimate goal of character development occurs when each person

reaches the point where doing “good” becomes automatic or habitual. (Lumpkin, 2008, p. 46)

43 Why would we try any harder to tackle the budget deficet [sic]? 44 “an ominous situation of the financial markets […] in which the banks would succumb”


Illustration 2: Unshelved

Ambaum, G., & Barnes, B. (2012, 18 April). Unshelved. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from


TIPS & TRICKS

Add References

Through Word

You can find more information in our manual

TIP: Word allows you to easily list your references according to the APA standards.

However, we advise you to always double check your references.

a) Click on the tab References and choose the format style APA in Citations and Bibliography.

b) Move the cursor to the place where you want to enter the shortened reference of your source. Click

Insert Citation in the tab References and then Add New Source. Tick Show All Bibliography Fields. After

you have filled in the necessary information, the author(s) and the year of publication (= step 1 of the APA

style) will appear in your text.



c) Word keeps record of the inserted sources. To display them as a reference list, go to References, next

Citations and Bibliography and finally Bibliography (= step 2 of the APA style).

Other programs

There are several programs that help you make the correct citations and quotations. On the website, you

can find manuals for Zotero, Mendeley and Reference Manager. Some, like Endnote or Reference

Manager, require a fee; others, like Zotero or Mendeley have a free basic version. You will find more

information and a trial version on their website.

http://www.arteveldehogeschool.be/informatievaardigheden/


Support

Contact

This file will be updated on a regular basis by Liesbeth De Vogelaere and Jo De Waele.

Reference List American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6thed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel. (2010). APA-richtlijnen Faculteit Taal & Letteren (editie 2010)45. Retrieved on

9 September 2015 from http://www.hubrussel.net/Pub/HUBrussel/HUBNET-PUBLIC-NL-

%28PUBLIC%29/Bijlagen/Eindproef/Taal-en-letteren/Taal-en-letteren-APA-richtlijnen-voor-de-

referentielijst.pdf

45 HUBrussels. (2010). APA Guidelines Department Language and Literature (edition 2010)

mailto:[email protected]?subject=APA

mailto:[email protected]?subject=APA

http://www.hubrussel.net/Pub/HUBrussel/HUBNET-PUBLIC-NL-%28PUBLIC%29/Bijlagen/Eindproef/Taal-en-letteren/Taal-en-letteren-APA-richtlijnen-voor-de-referentielijst.pdf



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