apa citation style 8-25-07

8/2/2019 APA Citation Style 8-25-07

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CITATION STYLES:

AmericanPsychological

Association

Presented by Pam Selby, Editor, UF College of Nursing, 2007


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Contents

Why Use APA Format? 3Where Do I find APA Format? 4

APA Title Page 5

Example of Title Page 6

APA Headings 7Example of Headings 8

Citations in the Text 9-15

Sample of APA Citations in Text 16

APA Reference List 17-26

Review Checklist: Reference Bugaboos 27-28

Quick Guide: APA 5th Edition 29-30


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Allows readers to cross-reference

sources easily.

Provides consistent format within

a discipline (nursing).

Provides credibility as a writer.

Protects students from

inadvertent plagiarism.

Why Use APA Format?(Retrieved [and adapted] from:Documenting Sources: Using APA Format,

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/APA.PPT )
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/APA.PPThttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/APA.PPT


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Where Do I Find APA Format? APA Style Home: http://www.apastyle.org/

UF Online Writing Lab: http://www.cwoc.ufl.edu/owl/ UF College of Nursing:

http://www.nursing.ufl.edu/research/research_faculty_resources_writers.shtml?ID=40#3

Purdue Online website:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

University of WisconsinMadison:http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Research Haven (APA Formatting):http://www.researchhaven.com/Style/APAFormatting.htm

Bedford/St. Martins Citation Styles:

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html Cuddy, M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing,

21(5), 35-42. Hallas, D. & Feldman, H. R. (2006). A guide to scholarly writing in

nursing. Imprint, 53(4), 80-83.
http://www.apastyle.org/http://www.cwoc.ufl.edu/owl/http://www.nursing.ufl.edu/research/research_faculty_resources_writers.shtml?ID=40http://www.nursing.ufl.edu/research/research_faculty_resources_writers.shtml?ID=40http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://www.researchhaven.com/Style/APAFormatting.htmhttp://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.htmlhttp://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.htmlhttp://www.researchhaven.com/Style/APAFormatting.htmhttp://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://www.nursing.ufl.edu/research/research_faculty_resources_writers.shtml?ID=40http://www.nursing.ufl.edu/research/research_faculty_resources_writers.shtml?ID=40http://www.cwoc.ufl.edu/owl/http://www.apastyle.org/


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APA Title PageRetrieved [and adapted] on August 9, 2007, from:

http://www.uca.edu/cfac/wrsp/OWL/LINKS/OnlineHandouts/apabasics.PDF

Identification information: Should include title, your name, andinstitutional affiliation. Name typed in upper and lower case letters, centered,and double-spaced one line below title. Institutional affiliation follows sameformat just below your name.

Page header: First two or three words or two important words in title.Should appear in upper right hand corner of every page. Put five spacesbetween header and page #.

Running head: Abbreviated title not exceeding 50 characters, including allpunctuation and spaces. All uppercase letters, flush left at top of title page

just below header. Typically, only necessary for publication although manyinstructors require it.

Title: Summarizes main idea of paper. Should be very simple andfully explanatory when standing alone. Upper and lower case lettersand centered on page (double-spaced if more than two lines).
http://www.uca.edu/cfac/wrsp/OWL/LINKS/OnlineHandouts/apabasics.PDFhttp://www.uca.edu/cfac/wrsp/OWL/LINKS/OnlineHandouts/apabasics.PDF


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Example of Title Page(Retrieved [and adapted] on August 9, 2007, from:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Learning to Format 1

Running Head: LEARNING TO FORMAT

Learning to Format Papers

In APA Style

Judith Wagner

Purdue University

Page Header

Running Head

Title
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/


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APA HeadingsRetrieved [adapted and reformatted] on August 9, 2007, from:

http://www.uca.edu/cfac/wrsp/OWL/LINKS/OnlineHandouts/apabasics.PDF

Headings and subheadings: Necessary to organize sections of your paperand can serve as an outline to help you stay organized! Articles in some journalsuse from one to five levels but for many papers in APA style, two levels meetrequirements (use levels 1 and 3). When three levels are needed, use levels 1, 3,and 4. For further levels, refer to APA manual pages 113-116. (No bold formatting!)

LEVEL 5CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING

Level 1Centered Upper- and Lowercase Heading

Level 2Centered, Italicized, Upper and Lowercase Heading

Level 3Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading

Level 4.Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
http://www.uca.edu/cfac/wrsp/OWL/LINKS/OnlineHandouts/apabasics.PDFhttp://www.uca.edu/cfac/wrsp/OWL/LINKS/OnlineHandouts/apabasics.PDF


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Example of Headings

The numberof levels used will dictate whichlevels to use.

One level of heading

Two levels

Three levels

Four levels

Five levels

Level 1

Levels 1, 2 (in that order)

Levels 1, 3, 4

Levels 1, 2, 3, 4

Levels 5, 1, 2 3,

Retrieved (and adapted) on August 9, 2007, from: http://nutsandbolts.washcoll.edu/apa.html

The Philosophy of Nursing

The Fundamental Components of a Philosophy

Concepts from social sciences.

In the following sample, three headings are used: Levels 1, 3, and 4.

Level 1

Level 3

Level 4
http://nutsandbolts.washcoll.edu/apa.htmlhttp://nutsandbolts.washcoll.edu/apa.html


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Citations in the Text


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One author:(Simpson, 2007).

Two authors:Cite both names every time (Yoon & Schaffer, 2006). (Noteampersand.)

Three, four or five authors:Cite all authors the first time; in subsequent citations, include only

surname of first author, followed by et al.and the year.Example of first citation: (Elder, Kneipp, Lutz, Rowe, & Thomas, 2004).Example of second time cited: (Elder et al., 2004) or Elder et al. (2004)found that.

If two references with three or more authors shorten to the same form,cite surnames of first authors and as many of the subsequent authorsas necessary to distinguish the two.Example: One citation includes Elder, Kneipp, Lutz, & Yoon, 2004;another includes Elder, Kneipp, Stechmiller, & Rowe, 2004.

You would cite them thus: (Elder, Kneipp, Lutz et al., 2004) and(Elder, Kneipp, Stechmiller et al., 2004).

Text Citations: Authors


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Text Citations: Authors (contd)Six or more authors:

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al.Example: (Roberts et al., 2005).

Authors with same surname:If there are two or more primary authors with the same surname,include first authors initials in all citations, even if the year of

publication differs.

Example: You have three different first authors with a surname ofJones: Daryl Jones, H. P Jones, and Indiana Jones.Cite as follows: In studies on disturbed archeological tombs, D. Jones(2000) and I. Jones (2001) found that. Recently, new evidence was

uncovered in a study(H. P. Jones, 2006).

Different authors in the same parentheses:List them alphabetically.

Example: (Anderson, 1990; Baldwin et al., 2001; Rodriguez &

Campbell, 2001).


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Text Citations: Authors (contd)More than one work by the same author with same

publication date:

Distinguish between works by using suffix a, b, c and so forth after theyear. (Suffixes are also assigned in the reference list, orderedalphabetically by title).

Example: Several studies have documented the effects of(Miles,2007a, 2007b)

No author listed or anonymous author:If a work has no author listed, cite the first word(s) of the reference listentry, usually the title, followed by the year. Use quotation marks aroundtitles of articles or chapters. Italicizetitles of journals, books, brochures,

or reports.If the reference list entry is an article titled: Conceptual Framework forNurses in Hospice, the in-text entry would look like this:(Conceptual, 2006)


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Text Citations: Authors (contd)

Group authors:Spell out names of organizations, corporations, agencies and studygroups every time they are used unless they are very cumbersomeand/or very familiar to your readers. In that case, spell them out thefirst time and abbreviate in brackets. In subsequent citations use theabbreviated form.Example: (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2007).

Subsequent: (NIH, 2007).Example: (University of Florida, 2007). Do not abbreviate insubsequent in-text citations.

Personal Communication:This category includes letters, memos, emails, electronic bulletin

boards, personal interviews, and phone callscommunication thatis typically not retrievable. As such, they are cited in the text only.Example: (D. Doolittle, personal communication, August 20, 2007).


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Text Citations: Authors (contd)Works by different authors in thesame citation are alphabetized andseparated by a semicolon:

(Earle, Linden, & Weinberg, 1999;Goldstein et al., 1999; Luecken et al.,1997).

Two or more works by the sameauthor can be included in thecitation:

(Goldstein et al., 1999, 2000).

If you include a quotation, give theexact page number:

(Goldstein, 1999, p. 22).


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Text Citations: General Information

Citations usually appear at endsof sentences:

In middle-class men, distress asreflected by mood states wasassociated with higher cortisol levels

(Van Eck, Berkhof, Nicolson, & Sulon,1996).

You may refer directly to an

author in the sentence:Steptoe and Berger (2000) found thatteachers who reported high levels of jobstrain had higher morning elevations ofcortisol than those who did not.


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Sample of APA Citations in Text

Retrieved (and revised) June 18, 2007, from:http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~awc/files/apa.doc

Citationsusuallyappear at the

end of thesentence.

Works bydifferentauthorsinthe same

citation arealphabetizedandseparated bya semicolon.

In the late 1970s, Japan began to fix ODA commitment levels in its

medium-term plans (Martinussen, 2003). By the early 1990s, Japan

was disbursing aid at a faster pace than other donors (Kobayashi, 1999;

Petersen, 1997; Stone et al., 2006). Sunaga (2004) argues thatthroughout this period, ODA functioned as a key instrument of Japans

foreign policy. However, others have pointed out that Japan has been

very selective in using aid to directly influence or punish another

countrys behavior (Soderberg, 1996, 2003). One example was in 1995

when, under pressure from public opinion at home, Japan cut aid to

China to protest its testing of nuclear weapons (Soderberg, 1996, p. 22).

Although Japan is no longer the leading ODA donor, foreign aid is stilla key foreign policy instrument.

Two or more worksby the same author can be included inthe same citation.

You mayreferdirectly to

the authorin yoursentence.

If youinclude aquotation,

give theexact pagenumber.
http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~awc/files/apa.dochttp://www3.grips.ac.jp/~awc/files/apa.doc


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APAReference

List


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Test Your Attention to Detail

Is anything wrong or missing

in the following citation?

Horgas, A., Yoon, S, Roberts, B. & Stechmiller, J. (2007).Insisting on correct citation style in student research

papers: an indicator of future thoroughness andattention to detail. Educational Research, 76,143-168.


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Reference List (contd)

Horgas, A., Yoon, S., Roberts, B., & Stechmiller, J. (2007). Insistingon correct citation style in student research papers: An indicatorof future thoroughness and attention to detail. EducationalResearch, 76, 143-168.

comma before ampersand

capital after colon in title

period after authors initial

italicized volume number andcomma


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Reference List

References are arranged alphabetically by the surnameof the first author.

Several works by the same author (one author):Arrange by year of publication, earliest first:Example: Long, K. (2004).

Long, K. (2006).

Several references with the same first author and differentsecond or third authors:Arrange alphabetically by surname of second author (if second author is thesame, use third author):Example: Rowe, M. A., Poe, A., Weber, B., & Welch, D. (2007).

Rowe, M. A., Poe, A., Yoon. S. J. (2004).Rowe, M. A., Yoon, S. J. (2001).

More than 1 reference with the same authors in same order:Arrange by publication date, earliest first.Example: Krueger, C., & Snyder, J. (2000).

Krueger, C., & Snyder, J. (2002).


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Reference List(contd)

Same author(s), same order, same publication date:arrange by title (alphabetically), excluding A or The:

Example:Seiger, S., & Smith, S. (2005). Comparable differences in womens perceptions

of health. Womens Health, 23, 114-119.

Seiger, S., & Smith, S. (2005). A new look at an old paradigm: Womens healthin a technological age. Womens Health, 20, 115-200.

Exception:If references are identified as items in a series (e.g.,Part 1 & 2), arrange in the series order, not alphabetically bytitle.

Example:Horgas, A. (2006a). Pain tolerance in nursing home residentsHorgas, A. (2006b). Assessing pain tolerance in elderly community residents


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Reference List (cond)Report from a private organization with no author listed:Example:

National League for Nursing. (1990). Bolstering community resources. (Pub.No. 21-2329). New York: Author.

Chapter in an edited book:Example:Tenwick, D. J. III. (2005). Time management and the single parent graduate

student. In H. L. Moby and A. Pope (Eds.), The art of graduate scholarship.

(pp. 158-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Abstract:Example:Ball. M. P., Buchanan R. W., & Conley, R. (2003). Distribution of weight gain in

patients taking new generation psychotics [Abstract]. SchizophreniaResearch, 60(1), 351.

Paper presented at a state conference:Example:Selby, P.C., & Gerber, S. T. (1991, April). Couples counseling: A new paradigm for

treating communication deficits. Paper presented at the 3rd annual meeting of theWashington Association for Marriage and Family Counseling Conference,Leavenworth, WA.


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Reference List (contd)Local poster presentation:

Example:Depp, J., & Hook, C. (2006, April). Age differences in self-reported sobrietyamong pirates of the Caribbean. Poster presented at the 3rd AnnualUniversity of Florida College of Nursing Research Day, Gainesville, FL.

State poster presentation:Example:

McLennon, S. H., & Horgas, A. L. (2003, February). The association of painand symptoms with behavior disturbances in nursing home residents.Poster session presented at the 17th annual meeting of the SouthernNursing Research Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Orlando, FL.

National poster presentation:

Example:Hamilton, D. L., Marston, M., & Allen, F. (1998, November). Attrition in a large-

scale longitudinal survey of elderly community residents: Effect of healthstatus variables. Poster presented at the 51st Annual Scientific Meeting ofthe Nursing Society of America, San Francisco, CA.


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Published grants:Examples: (Generally, you will not need to cite full name of well known organizations like US

Department of Health and Health Services unless publisher requires it.)National Institute of Mental Health. 2003 [cited 2004 February 24]. Childhood-onset

schizophrenia: An update from the National Institute of Mental Health. Bethesda(MD): National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USDepartment of Health and Human Services; (NIH Publication Number: NIH 5124). 4pages. Available from:http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/schizkids.cfm

(If available from the Government Printing Office, name GPO as the publisher.)National Institute of Nursing Research. (1998). Multidisciplinary research: A collaboration

model. (NIH Publication No. 90-1286). Washington, DC: US Government PrintingOffice.

Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary:Example:Subatomic particles: Quarks and antiquarks. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8,

2004, from Britannica Online. (Note: (n.d.)=no date.)

CD Rom:Example:

Willet, M. (2003). Interactive Grammar (Version 4.0) [CD-Rom]. Pasadena, CA:WriteWare, Inc.


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Retrieved on August 21, 2007, from:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.html

How do I cite PowerPoint presentation slides? (unpublished paperor presentation)Use the format given for conference handouts. If the slides arefrom a class, be sure to indicate the date, class, and university. When makingreference to a particular slide in the text of your work, refer to the slide's numberin place of the page number so that readers can quickly find the relevant

information.

Example:Smith, A. B. (2003, March 4). Abnormal Behaviors. Presented at a PSY 235

lecture at Purdue University.

How do I cite my lecture notes?(personal communication)Consider it as a personal communication because it includes unrecoverable

data. Personal communications are only cited within the text and are notincluded in the reference list.

Example:

In a lecture on November 16, 2002, to a PSY 235 class, Professor Smith said (A. B. Smith, PSY 235 lecture, November 16, 2002).
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.html


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Reference List (contd)retrieved on August 21, 2007, from:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.html

How do I cite a class handout?(unpublished paper or presentation)

Since a handout could be requested by a reader from the professor of the class,unpublished paper or presentation seems like the most similar type of reference.Your professor should be considered the author. Be sure to provide informationabout the class and university.Example:Smith, A. B. (2003, Spring). Abnormal Behavior in Children. PSY 235:

Purdue University.

How do I cite an article from a course packet?Referencing information from a course packet really depends on the type of sourcewithin the course packet. The reference should be based on the specific source. Ifyou are using information from a handout in the course packet, use the formatsuggested for Class Handout. If it is a journal article, it should be cited as a journalarticle. Dont focus on the packet as a whole; focus on the individual source. Includeas much information in the citation as you can, and leave out what you don't know.

How do I cite laws or court decisions in APA style?

The best source we've found to explain these citations is Westfield State College's"Citing Legal Materials in APA style, which can be found athttp://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/legalapa.htm
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.htmlhttp://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/legalapa.htmhttp://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/legalapa.htmhttp://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/legalapa.htmhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.html


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Review Checklist:Reference Bugaboos

Spaces between author initials - Boyd, I. M.

Place & before last author- Li, S., & Davis, M.

Insert comma before & - Hall, M. C., &Livingston, R. W.

Authors name includes Jr. - Smith, J. T., Jr., &

Jones, I. (Note comma before Jr.) Capitalize first word following colon - Spiritual

healing: Themes in a new era

Definition: Bugaboo: A recurring or persistent problem:

Many professors consider certain APA citation rules bugaboosin some of their best

students writing. The following list is acompilation of the more prevalent of these, takenfrom graduate students who initially perceived themselves experts in APA style.


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Journal Supplements

Behavior, 24(Suppl. 2), 14-22.

In-text citation format - Jones and colleagues (2006) found that

Italicize journal name and volume numberPediatrics, 17

Issue number or not?Pediatrics, 17(2),12-15.In the past, APA guidelines required inclusion of the issue number only ifeach issue began with page 1. New electronic guidelines request that both

issue and volume number be included. The rule is to provide whatever thereader needs to find the article (see handout: On APA Style: Electronic Mediaand URL Updates.

Examples:

Whisman, M. A., Sheldon, C. T., & Goering, P. (1981). Psychiatric disordersand dissatisfaction with social relationships: Does type of relationship

matter? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585. (continuouspagination)

Chaplin, C. & Fields, W. C. (2000). Encouraging the student with comic

timing: Accommodation strategies. Classroom, 25(3), 54-61. (pagination

by issue)

Reference Bugaboos (contd)


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Abbreviation rules (pp. 103-111) APA headings (pp. 111-116, 289-290)

Running head (pp. 12, 296)

Appendix rules (pp. 205-207)

Converting the dissertation into a journal article(pp. 326-330)

Defects in design and reporting of research

(pp. 4-6) Difference between bibliography and reference

list (p. 215)

et al. (p. 209)

Quick Guide: APA 5th Edition(in alphabetical order)


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Footnotes and notes (pp. 202-205) Plagiarism (pp. 348-353)

Problematic grammar (e.g., Active vs. PassiveVoice, pp. 40-60)

Quotation rules (pp. 82-83,117-122)

Reducing language bias (p. 76)

Statistical symbols (i.e., n vs. N) (pp.139-144)

Third person we, first person I, and expositorywriting (pp. 37-40)

Title page (pp. 296-298)

Quick Guide (contd)


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Thank You!

apa citation style 8-25-07

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