APA Citation

Presented by the WRC

What is APA style?• Standardized system for giving

credit to others for their contribution to your work

• Is parenthetical (cited in the text)• Guidelines for headings and a

reference list

What is APA style?

1.Author’s Last Name2.Year of Publication3.Page Number (if a direct quote)

Why Should I Use APA?• Shows honesty about borrowing

others’ intellectual property • Provides evidence of your research• Allows readers to locate your sources• Prevents plagiarism

What kind of source do I have?

Book

Page from a Website

Academic (Peer-Reviewed) Journal

In-text Citations: Direct Quote

• Example from article (Original Sentence)

• “This case study showed that the dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker.”

1. Authors’ names 2. Year of Publication 3. Page number

(2013)• Hwang-Bo, Lee, & Kim discovered“dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker” (p. 611).

• Inserted authors’ names, year, and page number at beginning and end

Citation at end of sentence “dominant upper

back pain decreased after the RSP decreased

through application of RST by using kinesiology

tape in a female sedentary worker”

Researchers discovered that

(Hwang-Bo,

Lee, & Kim, 2013, p. 611).

Subsequent References• 1-2 authors-----Always spell out all names

Smith (2001) said….

Smith and Jones (1980) examined…

Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith, 2001).

Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith and Jones, 1980).

*Note that these are paraphrases.

Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors

First Reference:

Wiley, Smith, & Jones (2015) stated most left-handers are artistic.

Most left-handers are artistic (Wiley, Smith, & Jones, 2015).

Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors

Subsequent Reference: Wiley et al. (2015) state scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers.

Scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers (Wiley et al., 2015).

6 or more Authors• Start with first author, then use “et al.”• Johnson et al. (2015) defend the claim

that…..

No Author Named• Use shortened title of work and year• Kinesiology tape helps with shoulder pain

(“Efficacy,” 2013).

In-text Citations: Paraphrase

• A paraphrase is the original ideas and thoughts from a source put into your own words.

• ALWAYS NEED A CITATION

• Only use quotes when the information bears repeating exactly as it was written.

Why so many different ways to cite?

• Using the same way to incorporate sources every time gets redundant and bores your reader

• Shows lack of versatility in writing skills• A writer may want to focus on something

particular when incorporating a source.

Here are three ways

Idea-focused• Place the author(s) and date(s) in

parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence

• Example

Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali, Phillips, & Fischer, 2009; Siegler, 1976).

Researcher-focused• Place only the date in parentheses

• Example

Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt the taught strategies?” (p. 96).

Used when doing literature reviews, critiques, or focusing on method

Chronology-focused• Integrate both the author and date into

your sentence

• Example

In 2009 Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third- and fourth-grade students improved their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve their problem representation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy

Used when doing literature reviews or when the time of the research is important

Secondary Source Citation

• Sometimes, you find a source that quotes another author, and you like what that author said.

• If possible, always find the original source where the quote originated from.

• The secondary and primary source will have to be cited in the reference list AND in text

Secondary Source CitationParaphrase

Thonus emphasizes that creating an ethical solution requires participation by all parties (as cited in Brufee, 2003).

Direct quotation

Thonus remarks, “writing center literature is filled with reference to our marginality and status as outsiders” (as cited in Brufee, 2003, p. 170).

Reference Page• List of sources cited in paper

• Title– Type the word "References" at the top of a

new page, centered. • Spacing

– All entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment instructs you otherwise.

• Indentation– First line is flush left. Subsequent lines have

handing indent• Author names

– Last name, first initial: Smith, R.– Only use the author shortcut “et al.” if there

are 8 or more authors.

Capitalization Rule in APA• For article title, capitalize

– First word of title– First word of subtitle– Any proper nouns (the name of a person or

city, for example)

• From the sample– Computer-mediated communication effects on

disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a little bit at a time.

Citing a Book• Print

– Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and

less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books.

• E-book– Last name, First initial. (date). Title. Retrieved

from www.webpage.com

Chapter in a book or entry in a reference book

• Use for anthologies, textbooks, or edited books

Complete Citation

North, P. (1984). The idea of a writing center. In C. Murphy & S. Sherwood (Eds.), The St. Martin’s sourcebook for writing tutors (pp. 44-58). Boston, MA: Bedford.

Journal Article

• Mostly found through library databases

Journal Article• What’s needed

– Author(s) name(s)– Year of publication– Article title (follows capitalization rule)– Title of Journal (italicized)– Volume and issue or number of journal – Pages numbers of article– DOI number or URL

Journal Article• Example

Hwang-Bo, G., Lee, J., & Kim, H. (2013). Efficacy of kinesiology taping for

recovery of dominant upper back pain in female sedentary worker having a rounded shoulder posture. Technology & Health Care, 21(6), 607-612. doi:10.3233/THC-130753

Government Report• Technical, research,

and government reports “can serve a valuable supplementary role” to your research.

• Come from government agencies, profit/non-profit research institutes, and educational institutions.

Government Report• Author, A.A. (Date). Title of work (Report

No. xxx). Location: Publisher.

• List all levels of the government agency.• GPO Reports have publisher location and

name as…• Washington, D.C.: Government Printing

Office

Government Report• U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved fromhttp://www/

nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf

Page from a Website

Page from a Website

California State University, Bakersfield. (2015). Complaints and

grievances. Retrieved July, 7 2015, from http://www.csub.edu

/academicprograms/Complaints%20and%20Grievances/index.html

Page from a Website

Publication date of webpage can found

at the top or very bottom of the page

Other Sources• Consult your

APA Style Manual or reliable usage handbook

Headings